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Testate amoebae
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<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="taxonomy-and-classification">Taxonomy and classification</h2> <p>Testate amoebae are a polyphyletic assemblage. The main testate amoebae groups are the <a href="/facts/Lobosa/c2lLsC0V">lobose</a> <a href="/facts/Tubulinea/aI08l8gV">Tubulinea</a>, which include <a href="/facts/Arcellinida/xgdRAEUq">Arcellinida</a>, Difflugina and <a href="/facts/Phryganellina/xgdRAEUq">Phryganellina</a> (within the <a href="/facts/Amoebozoa/6wBSrR9h">Amoebozoa</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Filopodia/wA6xunR3">filose</a> <a href="/facts/Euglyphida/K5EeIdup">Euglyphida</a> (within the <a href="/facts/SAR_supergroup/XCgKgojf">SAR supergroup</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> although there are smaller groups that also include other testate amoebae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h3>Order Arcellinida</h3> Family Arcellidae <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Arcella/Y4vT85E7">Arcella</a></i> - Ehrenberg 1832</li> <li><i>Antarcella</i> - Deflandre 1928</li></ul> Family Netzeliidae <ul><li><i>Netzelia</i> - Ogden 1979</li></ul> Family Hyalospheniidae <ul><li><i>Quadrulella</i> - Cockerell 1909</li> <li><i>Hyalosphenia</i> - Stein 1859</li> <li><i>Alocodera</i> - Jung 1942</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Apodera/kdV9yL35">Apodera</a></i> - Loeblich & Tappan 1961</li> <li><i>Certesella</i> - Loeblich & Tappan 1961</li> <li><i>Porosia</i> - Jung 1942</li> <li><i>Nebela</i> - Leidy 1874</li> <li><i>Padaungiella</i> - Lara & Todorov 2012</li></ul> Family Microchlamyiidae <ul><li><i>Microchlamys</i> - Cockerell 1911</li> <li><i>Spumochlamys</i> - Kudryavtsev & Hausmann 2007</li></ul> Family Plagiopyxidae <ul><li><i>Bullinularia</i> - Deflandre 1953</li> <li><i>Geoplagiopyxis</i> - Chardez 1961</li> <li><i>Protoplagiopyxis</i> - Bonnet 1962</li> <li><i>Paracentropyxis</i> - Bonnet 1960</li> <li><i>Plagiopyxis</i> - Penard 1910</li> <li><i>Hoogenraadia</i> - Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958</li> <li><i>Planhoogenraadia</i> - Bonnet 1977</li></ul> Family Cryptodifflugiidae <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Cryptodifflugia/lCfK7Jb6">Cryptodifflugia</a></i> - Penard 1890</li> <li><i>Wailesella</i> - Deflandre 1928</li></ul> Family Microcoryciidae <ul><li><i>Amphizonella</i> - Greeff 1866</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Diplochlamys_(protist)/xgdRAEUq">Diplochlamys</a></i> - Greeff 1888</li> <li><i>Microcorycia</i> - Cockerell 1911</li> <li><i>Penardochlamys</i> - Deflandre 1953</li> <li><i>Zonomyxa</i> - Nusslin 1882</li> <li><i>Parmulina</i> - Penard 1902</li></ul> Family Phryganellidae <ul><li><i>Phryganella</i> - Penard 1902</li></ul> Family Lamtopyxidae <ul><li><i>Lamtopyxis</i> - Bonnet 1974</li></ul> Family Distomatopyxidae <ul><li><i>Distomatopyxis</i> - Bonnet 1964</li></ul> Family Paraquadrulidae <ul><li><i>Paraquadrula</i> - Deflandre 1932</li> <li><i>Lamtoquadrula</i> - Bonnet 1974</li></ul> Family Centropyxidae <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Centropyxis/g61J61kG">Centropyxis</a></i> - Stein 1857</li> <li><i>Proplagiopyxis</i> - Schonborn 1964</li></ul> Family Trigonopyxidae <ul><li><i>Trigonopyxis</i> - Penard 1912</li> <li><i>Cyclopyxis</i> - Deflandre 1929</li> <li><i>Geopyxella</i> - Bonnet & Thomas 1955</li> <li><i>Cornuapyxis</i> - Couteaux and Chardez 1981</li></ul> Incertae sedis <ul><li><i>Argynnia</i> - Vucetich 1974</li> <li><i>Awerintzewia</i> - Schouteden 1906</li> <li><i>Cucurbitella</i> - Penard 1902</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Difflugia/ERo4NkvC">Difflugia</a></i> - Leclerc 1815</li> <li><i>Geamphorella</i> - Bonnet 1959</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Heleopera/tMzHccrY">Heleopera</a></i> - Leidy 1879</li> <li><i>Jungia</i> - Loeblich and Tappan 1961</li> <li><i>Lagenodifflugia</i> - Medioli & Scott 1983</li> <li><i>Leptochlamys</i> - West 1901</li> <li><i>Lesquereusia</i> - Schlumberger 1845</li> <li><i>Maghrebia</i> - Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960</li> <li><i>Mediolus</i> - Patterson 2014</li> <li><i>Microquadrula</i> - Golemansky 1968</li> <li><i>Oopyxis</i> - Jung 1942</li> <li><i>Pentagonia</i> - Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960</li> <li><i>Physochila</i> - Jung 1942</li> <li><i>Pomoriella</i> - Golemansky 1970</li> <li><i>Pontigulasia</i> - Rhumbler 1896</li> <li><i>Protocucurbitella</i> - Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960</li> <li><i>Pseudawerintzewia</i> - Bonnet 1959</li> <li><i>Pseudonebela</i> - Gauthier-Lievre 1953</li> <li><i>Pyxidicula</i> - Ehrenberg 1838</li> <li><i>Schoenbornia</i> - Decloitre 1964</li> <li><i>Schwabia</i> - Jung 1942</li> <li><i>Sexangularia</i> - Awerintzew 1906</li> <li><i>Suiadifflugia</i> - Green 1975</li> <li><i>Zivkovicia</i> - Ogden 1987</li> <li><i>Ellipsopyxis</i> - Bonnet 1965</li> <li><i>Ellipsopyxella</i> - Bonnet 1975</li></ul> <h3>Order Euglyphida</h3> <table><tbody><tr><td>Family Euglyphidae<ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Euglypha/PSWB2xRM">Euglypha</a></i> - Dujardin, 1841</li><li><i>Scutiglypha</i> - Foissner and Schiller, 2001</li></ul>Family Trinematidae<ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Trinema/lBCzcFjW">Trinema</a></i> - Dujardin 1841</li><li><i>Corythion</i> - Taranek 1881</li><li><i>Puytoracia</i> - Bonnet, 1970</li><li><i>Playfairina</i> - Thomas 1961</li><li><i>Pileolus</i> - Coûteaux and Chardez 1962</li></ul>Family Sphenoderiidae<ul><li><i>Sphenoderia</i> - Schlumberger 1845</li><li><i>Trachelocorythion</i> - Bonnet 1979</li><li><i>Deharvengia</i> - Bonnet 1979</li></ul></td><td>Family Assulinidae<ul><li><i>Assulina</i> - Leidy 1879</li><li><i>Placocista</i> - Leidy 1879</li><li><i>Valkanovia</i> - Tappan 1966</li></ul>Family Cyphoderiidae<ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Cyphoderia/cWnbF3JB">Cyphoderia</a></i> - Schlumberger 1845</li><li><i>Corythionella</i> - Golemansky 1970</li><li><i>Campascus</i> - Leidy 1879</li><li><i>Messemvriella</i> - Golemansky 1973</li><li><i>Pseudocorythion</i> - Valkanov 1970</li><li><i>Schaudinnula</i> - Awerintzev 1907</li></ul></td><td>Family Paulinellidae<ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Paulinella/WU3J0qYj">Paulinella</a></i> - Lauterborn 1895</li><li><i>Ovulinata</i> - Anderson, Rogerson & Hannah 1996</li><li><i>Micropyxidiella</i> - Tarnawski & Lara 2015</li></ul>Incertae sedis<ul><li><i>Pareuglypha</i> - Penard 1902</li><li><i>Ampullataria</i> - Van Oye 1956</li><li><i>Euglyphidion</i> - Bonnet 1960</li><li><i>Heteroglypha</i> - Thomas and Gauthier-Lièvre 1959</li><li><i>Tracheleuglypha</i> - Deflandre 1928</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Other Cercozoa</h3> <table><tbody><tr><td>Family Chlamydophryidae<ul><li><i>Capsellina</i> - Penard 1909</li><li><i><a href="/facts/Lecythium/qjRMwaIn">Lecythium</a></i> - Hertwig and Lesser 1876</li><li><i>Rhogostoma</i> - Belar 1921</li><li><i>Rhizaspis</i> - Skuja 1948</li><li><i>Chlamydophrys</i> - Cienkowsky 1876</li><li><i>Clypeolina</i> - Cienkowsky 1877</li><li><i>Penardeugenia</i> - Deflandre 1953</li><li><i>Leptochlamydophrys</i> - Belar 1921</li><li><i>Diaphoropodon</i> - Archer 1869</li></ul>Family Pseudodifflugiidae<ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Pseudodifflugia/epYBcX5U">Pseudodifflugia</a></i> - Schlumberger 1845</li></ul></td><td>Family Psammonobiotidae<ul><li><i>Alepiella</i> - Golemansky 1970</li><li><i><a href="/facts/Centropyxiella/ulWVtTHo">Centropyxiella</a></i> - Valkanov 1970</li><li><i>Chardezia</i> - Golemansky 1970</li><li><i>Edaphonobiotus</i> - Schönborn, Foissner & Meisterfeld 1983</li><li><i>Micramphora</i> - Valkanov 1970</li><li><i>Micropsammella</i> - Golemansky 1970</li><li><i>Nadinella</i> - Penard 1902</li><li><i>Ogdeniella</i> - Golemanski 1982</li><li><i>Psammonobiotus</i> - Golemansky 1970</li><li><i>Propsammonobiotus</i> - Golemansky 1991</li></ul></td><td>Incertae sedis<ul><li><i>Feuerbornia</i> - Jung, 1942</li><li><i>Frenzelina</i> - Penard 1902</li><li><i>Lesquerella</i> - Chardez and Thomas, 1980</li><li><i>Matsakision</i> - Bonnet, 1967</li><li><i>Rhumbleriella</i> - Golemansky 1970</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Order Stramenopila</h3> <table><tbody><tr><td>Family Amphitremidae<ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Amphitrema/85Uz6EYl">Amphitrema</a></i> - Archer 1869</li><li><i>Archerella</i> - Loeblich and Tappan, 1961</li></ul>Family Diplophryidae<ul><li><i>Diplophrys</i> - Barker 1868</li></ul></td><td>Family Amphifilidae<ul><li><i>Amphifila</i> - Anderson and Cavalier-Smith 2012</li></ul>Family Sorodiplophryidae<ul><li><i>Sorodiplophris</i> - Dykstra and Olive 1975</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Unclassified testate amoebae</h3> <ul><li><i>Paramphitrema</i> - Valkanov 1970</li></ul> <p>The following table includes a few examples of testate amoebae genera, and reflects their position within the classification by Adl <i>et al.</i> (2012),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> where five supergroups (<a href="/facts/Amoebozoa/6wBSrR9h">Amoebozoa</a>, <a href="/facts/Opisthokont/y2AkoxVG">Opisthokonta</a>, <a href="/facts/Excavata/qnRADFMd">Excavata</a>, <a href="/facts/SAR_supergroup/XCgKgojf">SAR</a> and <a href="/facts/Archaeplastida/64UGVyKu">Archaeplastida</a>) were proposed to classify all <a href="/facts/Eukaryote/SkwyPLMA">eukaryotes</a>. This classification purposefully avoids the use of <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaean</a> higher category names (phylum, class, order, family). While it has been noted that the names that Adl <i>et al.</i> provide for the clades may result confusing or uninformative regarding the relative degree of <a href="/facts/Phenotype/vxWXKGLj">phenotypic</a> distinctiveness amongst groups when used in isolation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> this system avoids creating superfluous ranks where unnecessary and provides stable group names that can be retained even when a group is moved to a different <a href="/facts/Lineage_(evolution)/wIChE4CL">lineage</a>, as is often the case with protists, as their classification remains in constant review.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/Amoebozoa/6wBSrR9h">Amoebozoa</a></th><td rowspan="3">Tubulinea</td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Arcellinida/xgdRAEUq">Arcellinida</a></td><td>Arcellina</td><td colspan="4"><i>Amphizonella - <a href="/facts/Arcella/Y4vT85E7">Arcella</a> - Microchlamys - Microcorycia - Spumochlamys</i> </td></tr><tr><td>Difflugina</td><td colspan="4"><i>Bullinularia - <a href="/facts/Centropyxis/g61J61kG">Centropyxis</a> - <a href="/facts/Difflugia/ERo4NkvC">Difflugia</a> - Distomatopyxis - <a href="/facts/Heleopera/tMzHccrY">Heleopera</a> - Hyalosphenia - Lesquereusia - Nebela - Paraquadrula - Pontigulasia - </i><p><i>Plagiopyxis - Quadrulella - Trigonopyxis </i></p></td></tr><tr><td>Phryganellina</td><td colspan="4"><i><a href="/facts/Cryptodifflugia/lCfK7Jb6">Cryptodifflugia</a> - Phryganella - Wailesella</i></td></tr><tr><td>Discosea</td><td>Himatismenida</td><td colspan="5"><i><a href="/facts/Cochliopodium/774qeEGU">Cochliopodium</a></i></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="8"><a href="/facts/SAR_supergroup/XCgKgojf">SAR Supergroup</a></th><td>Stramenopila</td><td>Labyrinthulomycetes</td><td>Amphitremida</td><td colspan="4"><i><a href="/facts/Amphitrema/85Uz6EYl">Amphitrema</a> - Archerella</i></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7">Rhizaria</td><td rowspan="7">Cercozoa</td><td rowspan="2">Thecofilosea</td><td rowspan="2">Cryomonadida</td><td>Rhizaspididae</td><td colspan="2"><i>Capsellina - Rhizaspis - Rhogostoma</i></td></tr><tr><td>Ventricleftida</td><td colspan="2"><i>Ventrifissura - Verrucomonas</i></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Imbricatea</td><td rowspan="5">Silicofilosea</td><td rowspan="5"><a href="/facts/Euglyphida/K5EeIdup">Euglyphida</a></td><td>Euglyphidae</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Euglypha/PSWB2xRM">Euglypha</a> - Scutiglypha </i></td></tr><tr><td>Assulinidae</td><td><i>Assulina - Placocista - Valkanovia </i></td></tr><tr><td>Trinematidae</td><td><i>Corythion - Playfairina - Puytoracia - <a href="/facts/Trinema/lBCzcFjW">Trinema</a> </i></td></tr><tr><td>Cyphoderidae</td><td><i>Campascus - Corythionella - <a href="/facts/Cyphoderia/cWnbF3JB">Cyphoderia</a> - Messemvriella - Pseudocorythion - Schaudinnula.</i></td></tr><tr><td>Paulinellidae</td><td><i>Ovulinata - <a href="/facts/Paulinella/WU3J0qYj">Paulinella</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Traditionally, those species that form large networks of anastomosing <a href="/facts/Pseudopodia/EHHnuk4f">pseudopodia</a>, despite some of them having tests, are not counted amongst testate amoebae; this comprises genus <i><a href="/facts/Gromia/3ewAh4WI">Gromia</a></i> and the <a href="/facts/Foraminifera/8Yo9cPTI">Foraminifera</a> (both in Rhizaria).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Thecamoebida/thS52mL5">Thecamoebida</a> (Amoebozoa), with the genus <i><a href="/facts/Thecamoeba/7sqlrBMU">Thecamoeba</a></i>, despite their name, do not have tests. </p><p>Euglyphid testate amoebae are closely related to the <a href="/facts/Foraminifera/8Yo9cPTI">Foraminifera</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.arcella.nl/">Microworld - World of ameboid organisms</a> - A database of both testate and naked amoebae with over 6,700 microphotographs and videos and over 1,700 species descriptions, as well as dichotomous and visual keys for identification.</li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Testacea</i>. <ul><li>Medioli, F.S.; Scott, D.B.; Collins, E.; Asioli, S.; Reinhardt, E.G. (1999). The thecamoebian bibliography. <i>Palaeontologia Electronica</i>, 3: 1-161, <a href="http://palaeo-electronica.org/1999_1/biblio/text.pdf">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Medioli, F.S.; Bonnet, L.; Scott, D.B.; Medioli, B.E. (2003). The thecamoebian bibliography: 2nd edition. <i>Palaeontologia Electronica</i>, 61: 1-107, <a href="http://palaeo-electronica.org/2003_1/biblio/biblio.pdf">[2]</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>B., Scott, D. (2001). Monitoring in coastal environments using Foraminifera and Thecamoebian indicators. Medioli, F. S., Schafer, Charles T. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521561730. OCLC 70724931.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-0521561730" target="_blank">978-0521561730</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kosakyan, Anush; Gomaa, Fatma; Lara, Enrique; Lahr, Daniel J.G. (2016). "Current and future perspectives on the systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature of testate amoebae". European Journal of Protistology. 55 (Pt B): 105–117. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2016.02.001. hdl:11380/1302106. PMID 27004416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Sigala, Itzel; Lozano-García, Socorro; Escobar, Jaime; Pérez, Liseth; Gallegos-Neyra, Elvia (2016-06-28). "Testate Amoebae (Amebozoa: Arcellinida) in Tropical Lakes of Central Mexico" (PDF). Revista de Biología Tropical. 64 (1): 377–397. doi:10.15517/rbt.v64i1.18004. ISSN 2215-2075. PMID 28862826. <a href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/449/44943437032.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/449/44943437032.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Mitchell, Edward A. D.; Charman, Daniel J.; Warner, Barry G. (2008-08-01). "Testate amoebae analysis in ecological and paleoecological studies of wetlands: past, present and future" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 17 (9): 2115–2137. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9221-3. ISSN 0960-3115. S2CID 27912982. <a href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/17060/files/Mitchell_Edward_A._D._-_Testate_amoebae_analysis_in_ecological_20100125.pdf" target="_blank">http://doc.rero.ch/record/17060/files/Mitchell_Edward_A._D._-_Testate_amoebae_analysis_in_ecological_20100125.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Ralf Meisterfeld: Arcellinida, In: John J. Lee, Gordon F. Leedale, Phyllis Bradbury (Hrsg.): Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd Edition. Vol. 2, Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas 2000, ISBN 1-891276-23-9, pp. 827-860 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ralf Meisterfeld: Testate amoebae with filopodia , In: John J. Lee, Gordon F. Leedale, Phyllis Bradbury (Hrsg.): The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd Edition. Vol. 2, Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas 2000, ISBN 1-891276-23-9, pp. 1054-1084 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah (2012-09-01). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483872" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483872</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah (2012-09-01). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483872" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483872</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015-04-29). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah (2012-09-01). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. ISSN 1550-7408. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483872" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483872</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Kosakyan, Anush; Gomaa, Fatma; Lara, Enrique; Lahr, Daniel J.G. (2016). "Current and future perspectives on the systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature of testate amoebae". European Journal of Protistology. 55 (Pt B): 105–117. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2016.02.001. hdl:11380/1302106. PMID 27004416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Testate amoebae as environmental indicators (PDF) <a href="http://www6.plymouth.ac.uk/files/extranet/docs/ssb/quattestenv.pdf" target="_blank">http://www6.plymouth.ac.uk/files/extranet/docs/ssb/quattestenv.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>