Open method of coordination

<h2 id="development-of-the-omc-from-emu-to-the-ees">Development of the OMC: from EMU to the EES</h2>
<p><a href="/facts/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union/HQJ3AN9l">EMU</a> and in particular the <a href="/facts/Stability_and_Growth_Pact/9TdP8aJE">Stability and Growth Pact</a> as well as the <a href="/facts/Broad_Economic_Policy_Guidelines/2nB1PXJ5">Broad Economic Policy Guidelines</a> (which were introduced as an instrument to realise the goals set down in the <a href="/facts/Lisbon_Agenda/NVyQBkBW">Lisbon Agenda</a>) can be considered a sort of “proto-OMC” with comparatively hard sanctioning mechanisms. As a reaction to the economic integration of Europe, the European Employment strategy (EES) evolved in the 1990s with the rationale of rebalancing monetary and economic integration. The original EES thus consisted in more or less replicating the EMU process with mid-term objectives, indicators and pressure for convergence.  Legitimised through the Amsterdam treaty, the EES then became a process in its own right. As mentioned above, its principles were generalized and christened “Open Method of Coordination” at the Lisbon Summit (2000). Finally, the third phase of the EES began with the five year review in 2003 where the EES was <a href="/facts/Repoliticization/dlmMqhdJ">repoliticised</a>, due to the growing dominance of right wing governments in the EU. Nowadays the EES is a political compromise aimed to exclude both pure neo-liberal and social democratic approaches. 
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<h2 id="the-omc-in-social-inclusion">The OMC in social inclusion</h2>
<p>The social inclusion OMC, by contrast, was not directly linked to the EMU debate. Social inclusion was for many years a controversial topic to address at the European level due to the <a href="/facts/Subsidiarity/rKk0n9sJ">subsidiarity</a> concept. In 1999 the Commission finally adopted a communication for a concerted strategy on social protection, proposing a Social Protection Committee which was made official in the <a href="/facts/Nice_Treaty/2TALjC3P">Nice Treaty</a>. Said committee was responsible for the initial standard setting exercise. Next, each member state was asked to benchmark its situation by producing a two-year national action plan (NAP or NAPincl), presenting national-level strategies for improving the situation. These were made available in June 2001. 18 months later the EU released a joint report on social inclusion where the member state's approaches were compared and contrasted and recommendations were given. While the NAPs form a first level of action, the Community Action Programme to combat poverty and social exclusion, which aims to improve cooperation between the member states, can be considered the second level of action.
</p><p>In the social inclusion OMC some funds were made available for NGOs and consequently its "inclusive" approach to civil society has been favourably commented upon. However, this is not necessarily the case for other OMCs. According to FEANTSA (2005), the Pensions OMC is more closed and involves mainly the commission and national civil servants.
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<h2 id="comparing-the-employment-and-social-inclusion-omc">Comparing the employment and social inclusion OMC</h2>
<p>When comparing the EES and social inclusion OMC, Pochet (2005: 43) notes that the first seems to go more in a direction of <a href="/facts/Centralization/xgEewEy4">centralization</a>, naming and shaming without any broad discussion about the content on the European level (<a href="/facts/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design/MvtTkA3x">top-down</a>). The second process goes more towards an experimental dynamic with the involvement of local and regional actors (<a href="/facts/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design/MvtTkA3x">bottom-up</a>). However, the author also notes that this is probably an overgeneralization with tensions between centralization and <a href="/facts/Decentralization/5koMXAUs">decentralization</a> being present in both forms.
</p><p>Due to their different nature the impact of those two OMCs can be quite diverse as well. Ferrera and Sacchi (2004) analyse the impact of the EES and the Social Inclusion OMC in Italy. They conclude that the autonomous impact of the OMC has been relatively significant in the case of employment and relatively insignificant in the case of social inclusion. One key difference was the treaty status of the employment OMC which forced the Italian authorities to comply - this component was lacking for social inclusion. Furthermore, the issue of unemployment and labour market reform was simply more salient than social inclusion.
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<h2 id="health">Health</h2>
<p>As member states increasingly face common concerns  in healthcare (such as demographic <a href="/facts/Ageing/AxL4qCW4">ageing</a>), the application of the OMC has been discussed. In March 2004 the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the commission to present a proposal for the use of the OMC in health and long-term care. The April 2004 Communication by the Commission recommended to apply the OMC to the development and modernization of health care provision and funding. As potential advantages the Commission pointed to:
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<ul><li>greater consistency with existing social protection mechanism</li>
<li>closer coordination with other political processes such as the EES (in particular regard to the ageing workforce), As a result, the issues of health should better reflect the Lisbon strategy</li>
<li>involving the many actors in the sectors, particularly the social partners, the health care profession and patient representatives</li></ul>
<p>Further steps have been taken to start the introduction of the OMC.
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<h2 id="indicators-and-streamlining">Indicators and streamlining</h2>
<p>The choice of <a href="/facts/Economic_indicator/CtcWghuE">indicators</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> is of vital consequence for the OMC and critics have argued that, for instance in the Social Protection OMC, the quality of the indicators is not high enough or oriented too much on economic criteria and not social ones. Also, for health the <a href="/facts/Comparability/PvLeJXol">comparability</a> of national data has been doubted.
</p><p>In the social protection field the commission is preparing to <a href="/facts/Process_optimization/2Mu4Vevd">streamline</a> the methods used in the different OMCs (social inclusion, pensions etc.). In this context, critics fear that the number of indicators will be too much reduced.
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<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Enhanced_co-operation/DjCEe8Aa">Enhanced co-operation</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Peter_Nedergaard/XDVQgI5v">Nedergaard, Peter</a> (December 2007). "Maximizing policy learning in international committees: an analysis of the European Open Method of Coordination (OMC) committees". <i><a href="/facts/Scandinavian_Political_Studies/EuoF32mJ">Scandinavian Political Studies</a></i>. 30 (4): 521–546. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.2007.00191.x">10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00191.x</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peter_Nedergaard/XDVQgI5v">Nedergaard, Peter</a> (December 2009). <a href="https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/239517534/THERE_ARE_COALITIONS_EVERYWHERE_Coalitions_and_side_payments_in_the_committees_under_the_open_method_of_coordination_in_the_European_Union_1_.pdf">"There are coalitions everywhere"</a> (PDF). <i>European Societies</i>. 11 (5): 649–671. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616690802326418">10.1080/14616690802326418</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153452334">153452334</a>.</li>
<li><i>Study on Stakeholders’ Involvement in the Implementation of the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) in Social Protection and Social Inclusion. Final Report</i>, Brussels, INBAS GmbH and ENGENDER asbl, July 2010: <a href="http://www.engender.eu/documents_en.html">http://www.engender.eu/documents_en.html</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/definitions/openmethodofcoordination.htm">Open method of coordination - Eurofound</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/the_process_en.htm">European Commission: OMC in Social Protection and Social Inclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/issue15_hughes.html">Hughes, Kirsty (2000/2001) “The Open Method of Co-ordination: Innovation or Talking Shop?” CER Bulletin 15</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/the_process_en.htm">The OMC in social inclusion</a></li>
<li>Goetschy, Janine (2003) The open method of coordination. Leseprobe. Hochschulverbund Distance Learning. Brandenburg</li>
<li><a href="http://www.urge.it/papers/WP_2_2004.pdf">Maurizio Ferrera and Stefano Sacchi (2004) The Open Method of Coordination and National Institutional Capabilities. The Italian Experience. URGE Working Paper 2/2004</a></li>
<li>Overdevest, Christine	(2002) The Open Method of Coordination, New Governance & Learning: Towards a Research Agenda. New Governance Project Working Paper. University of Wisconsin.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ose.be/files/pie/PIEZeitlinCh1PP.pdf">Pochet, Philippe (2005) The Open Method of Co-ordination and the Construction of Social Europe. In: Zeitlin, J. and Pochet o. (eds.) The Open Method of Co-ordination in Action. The European Employment and Social Inclusion Strategies. Peter Lang: Brussels (forthcoming).</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.socialplatform.org/module/FileLib/MB_FEANTSAresponseOMCQ.pdf">FEANTSA (2005) Evaluation of the Open Method of Coordination in the field of social protection.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/governance/governance_eu/nat_policies_en.htm">European Commission: Governance in the European Union: A White Paper</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>"Social protection & social inclusion - Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission". <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=750" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=750</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>"EU social indicators - Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission". <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=756&langId=en#navItem-3" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=756&langId=en#navItem-3</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
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Open method of coordination open-in-new

Open method of coordination