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Resource Reservation Protocol
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<h2 id="main-attributes">Main attributes</h2> <ol><li>RSVP requests resources for <a href="/facts/Simplex_communication/vS2RBGI8">simplex</a> flows: a traffic stream in only one direction from sender to one or more receivers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>RSVP is not a routing protocol but works with current and future routing protocols.</li> <li>RSVP is receiver oriented in that the receiver of a data flow initiates and maintains the resource reservation for that flow.</li> <li>RSVP maintains <a href="/facts/Soft_state_(computer_science)/jXAL2dkw">soft state</a> (the reservation at each node needs a periodic refresh) of the host and routers' resource reservations, hence supporting dynamic automatic adaptation to network changes.</li> <li>RSVP provides several reservation styles (a set of reservation options) and allows for future styles to be added in protocol revisions to fit varied applications.</li> <li>RSVP transports and maintains traffic and policy control parameters that are opaque to RSVP.</li></ol> <h2 id="history-and-related-standards">History and related standards</h2> <p>The basic concepts of RSVP were originally proposed in 1993.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>RSVP is described in a series of RFC documents from the IETF: </p> <ul><li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2205">2205</a>: The version 1 functional specification was described in RFC 2205 (Sept. 1997) by <a href="/facts/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force/tIcCsFhX">IETF</a>. Version 1 describes the interface to admission (traffic) control that is based "only" on resource availability. Later RFC2750 extended the admission control support.</li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2210">2210</a> defines the use of RSVP with controlled-load RFC 2211 and guaranteed RFC 2212 QoS control services. More details in <a href="/facts/Integrated_Services/HTxRIh7X">Integrated Services</a>. Also defines the usage and data format of the data objects (that carry resource reservation information) defined by RSVP in RFC 2205.</li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2211">2211</a> specifies the network element behavior required to deliver Controlled-Load services.</li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2212">2212</a> specifies the network element behavior required to deliver guaranteed QoS services.</li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2750">2750</a> describes a proposed extension for supporting generic <a href="/facts/Policy/0DtXG95q">policy based</a> admission control in RSVP. The extension included a specification of policy objects and a description on handling policy events. (January 2000).</li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3209">3209</a>, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels" (December 2001).</li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3473">3473</a>, "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions" (January 2003).</li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3936">3936</a>, "Procedures for Modifying the Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)" (October 2004), describes current best practices and specifies procedures for modifying RSVP.</li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4495">4495</a>, "A Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Extension for the Reduction of Bandwidth of a Reservation Flow" (May 2006), extends RSVP to enable the bandwidth of an existing reservation to be reduced instead of tearing down the reservation.</li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4558">4558</a>, "Node-ID Based Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Hello: A Clarification Statement" (June 2006).</li></ul> <h2 id="key-concepts">Key concepts</h2> <p>The two key concepts of RSVP reservation model are <i>flowspec</i> and <i>filterspec</i>. </p> <h3>Flowspec</h3> <p>RSVP reserves resources for a flow. A flow is identified by the destination address, the protocol identifier, and, optionally, the destination port. In <a href="/facts/Multiprotocol_Label_Switching/k7cx1PWw">Multiprotocol Label Switching</a> (MPLS) a flow is defined as a <a href="/facts/Label-switched_path/k7cx1PWw">label-switched path</a> (LSP). For each flow, RSVP also identifies the particular <a href="/facts/Quality_of_service/joz9VkUm">quality of service</a> (QoS) required by the flow. This QoS information is called a <i>flowspec</i> and RSVP passes the <i>flowspec</i> from the application to the hosts and routers along the path. Those systems then analyse the <i>flowspec</i> to accept and reserve the resources. A <i>flowspec</i> consists of: </p> <ol><li>Service class</li> <li>Reservation spec - defines the QoS</li> <li>Traffic spec - describes the data flow</li></ol> <h3>Filterspec</h3> <p>The <i>filterspec</i> defines the set of packets that shall be affected by a <i>flowspec</i> (i.e. the data packets to receive the QoS defined by the flowspec). A <i>filterspec</i> typically selects a subset of all the packets processed by a node. The selection can depend on any attribute of a packet (e.g. the sender IP address and port). </p><p>The currently defined RSVP reservation styles are: </p> <ol><li>Fixed filter - reserves resources for a specific flow.</li> <li>Shared explicit - reserves resources for several flows and all share the resources</li> <li>Wildcard filter - reserves resources for a general type of flow without specifying the flow; all flows share the resources</li></ol> <p>An RSVP reservation request consists of a <i>flowspec</i> and a <i>filterspec</i> and the pair is called a <i>flowdescriptor</i>. The <i>flowspec</i> sets the parameters of the packet scheduler at a node and the <i>filterspec</i> sets the parameters at the packet classifier. </p> <h2 id="messages">Messages</h2> <p>There are two primary types of messages: </p> <ul><li>Path messages (<i>path</i>)</li></ul> The <i>path</i> message is sent from the sender host along the data path and stores the <i>path state</i> in each node along the path. The <i>path state</i> includes the IP address of the previous node, and some data objects: <ol><li><i>sender template</i> to describe the format of the sender data in the form of a Filterspec<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><i>sender tspec</i> to describe the traffic characteristics of the data flow</li> <li><i>adspec</i> that carries advertising data (see RFC 2210 for more details).</li></ol> <ul><li>Reservation messages (<i>resv</i>)</li></ul> The <i>resv</i> message is sent from the receiver to the sender host along the reverse data path. At each node the IP destination address of the <i>resv</i> message will change to the address of the next node on the reverse path and the IP source address to the address of the previous node address on the reverse path. The <i>resv</i> message includes the <i>flowspec</i> data object that identifies the resources that the flow needs. <p>The data objects on RSVP messages can be transmitted in any order. For the complete list of RSVP messages and data objects see RFC 2205. </p> <h2 id="operation">Operation</h2> <p>An RSVP host that needs to send a data flow with specific QoS will transmit an RSVP <i>path</i> message every 30 seconds that will travel along the unicast or multicast routes pre-established by the working routing protocol. If the <i>path</i> message arrives at a router that does not understand RSVP, that router forwards the message without interpreting the contents of the message and will not reserve resources for the flow. </p><p>Those who want to listen to them send a corresponding <i>resv</i> (short for <i>reserve</i>) message which then traces the path back to the sender. The <i>resv</i> message contains a <i>flowspec</i>. The <i>resv</i> message also has a <i>filterspec</i> object; it defines the packets that will receive the requested QoS defined in the flowspec. A simple filter spec could be just the sender’s IP address and optionally its UDP or TCP port. When a router receives the RSVP <i>resv</i> message it will: </p> <ol><li>Make a reservation based on the request parameters. <a href="/facts/Admission_control/amEBodmQ">Admission control</a> processes the request parameters and can either instruct the <a href="/facts/Packet_classifier/TWh7b4Jh">packet classifier</a> to correctly handle the selected subset of data packets or negotiate with the upper layer how the packet handling should be performed. If the cannot be supported, a reject message is sent to let the listener know.</li> <li>Forward the request upstream (in the direction of the sender). At each node the <i>flowspec</i> in the <i>resv</i> message can be modified by a forwarding node (e.g. in the case of a multicast flow reservation the reservations requests can be merged).</li> <li>The routers then store the nature of the flow and optionally set up <a href="/facts/Traffic_policing_(communications)/zNrtT9KP">policing</a> according to the flowspec for it.</li></ol> <p>If nothing is heard for a certain length of time the reservation will time out and will be canceled. This solves the problem if either the sender or the receiver crash or are shut down without first canceling the reservation. </p> <h2 id="other-features">Other features</h2> Integrity RSVP messages are appended with a message digest created by combining the message contents and a shared key using a message digest algorithm (commonly <a href="/facts/MD5/8WIXb9Dq">MD5</a>). The key can be distributed and confirmed using two message types: <i>integrity challenge request</i> and <i>integrity challenge response</i>. Error reporting When a node detects an error, an error message is generated with an error code and is propagated upstream on the reverse path to the sender. Information on RSVP flow Two types of diagnostic messages allow a network operator to request the RSVP state information on a specific flow. Diagnostic facility An extension to the standard which allows a user to collect information about the RSVP state along a path.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <h3>RFCs</h3> <ul><li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2205">2205</a></li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2210">2210</a></li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2211">2211</a></li> <li>RFC <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2212">2212</a></li></ul> <ul><li>John Evans; Clarence Filsfils (2007). <i>Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice</i>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-12-370549-5.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705125333/http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol">"Resource Reservation Protocol"</a>. Cisco. Archived from <a href="http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol">the original</a> on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</li> <li>Naveen Joy (2002-06-17). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629071118/http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2002/0617tech.html">"RSVP provides quality of service"</a>. <i>Network World</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2002/0617tech.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2012-02-14.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427101224/https://www.isi.edu/div7/rsvp/rsvp.html">"RSVP Project"</a>. USC Information Science Institute. Archived from <a href="http://www.isi.edu/div7/rsvp/rsvp.html">the original</a> on 2017-04-27.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Garrett, Aviva; Drenan, Gary; Morris, Cris (2002). Juniper Networks Field Guide and Reference. Addison-Wesley Professional. p. 583. ISBN 9780321122445. <a href="9780321122445" target="_blank">9780321122445</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Resource Reservation Protocol in Real-time Systems". GeeksforGeeks. 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2025-01-23. <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/resource-reservation-protocol-in-real-time-systems/" target="_blank">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/resource-reservation-protocol-in-real-time-systems/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Zhang, L., Deering, S., Estrin, D., Shenker, S., and D. Zappala, "RSVP: A New Resource ReSerVation Protocol", IEEE Network, September 1993 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Lixia, Zhang; Steve, Berson; Shai, Herzog; Sugih, Jamin (September 1997). Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1 Functional Specification. p. 19. doi:10.17487/RFC2205. RFC 2205. <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2205#section-2#page-19" target="_blank">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2205#section-2#page-19</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>RSVP Diagnostic Messages. doi:10.17487/RFC2745. RFC 2745. <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2745" target="_blank">https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2745</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>