Quebec City mosque shooting

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
The province of <a href="/facts/Quebec/4hhNvb4t">Quebec</a> prioritizes immigrants who speak fluent French, and therefore has many Muslim immigrants from former <a href="/facts/French_colonial_empire/IRauBDs1">French colonies</a> such as <a href="/facts/Senegal/PPaRNYJH">Senegal</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a>, <a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a>, and the North African countries of the <a href="/facts/Maghreb/oIcU24Mz">Maghreb</a>. A number of <a href="/facts/Muslim/W2ukq4pg">Muslim</a> French citizens with family origins in the former <a href="/facts/French_colonies/T1pTy70Y">French colonies</a> have immigrated to Quebec from France. Arab residents of the province make up a larger share of its population than in any other Canadian province. Like most immigrants to Quebec, they are concentrated in <a href="/facts/Montreal/uQQaWd1b">Montreal</a>, Quebec's largest city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
Muslims and other religious minorities in Quebec have been at the centre of debate about <a href="/facts/Religious_dress/8BkT3DwD">religious dress</a>. The Bouchard-Taylor Commission on Reasonable Accommodation (2007–2008) was the first to recommend restrictions on religious dress. Subsequent governments have sought to place restrictions on religious items of clothing such as Muslim head scarves and Jewish skull caps through legislation such as the <a href="/facts/Charter_of_Quebec_Values/XwS6dUMM">Charter of Quebec Values</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
Quebec City has a Muslim population of about 10,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> It has a low crime rate — in 2015, there were only two homicides in the city <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> – but saw a threefold increase in the number of reported hate crimes against Muslims in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> It also has an active <a href="/facts/Far-right_politics/QpBMz5Ss">far-right</a> community, compared to other Canadian cities. A local chapter of <a href="/facts/Soldiers_of_Odin/44oIWpBJ">Soldiers of Odin</a> said it wanted to conduct safety patrols of neighbourhoods where Muslims live.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> 
A competitive media market of local right-wing radio talkshow hosts features regular attacks on Islam and Muslims as being incompatible with the values of Quebec society.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
The <a href="/facts/Islamic_Cultural_Centre_of_Quebec_City/oTob6rXc">Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec City</a>'s Grande Mosquée de Québec in the city's west-end <a href="/facts/Sainte-Foy%2c_Quebec_City/24uw8Cgr">Sainte-Foy</a> neighbourhood is one of several mosques in <a href="/facts/Quebec_City/l8pftRQK">Quebec City</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> The mosque is close to the <a href="/facts/Universit%25C3%25A9_Laval/4G2YvXkh">Université Laval</a>, which has many international students from <a href="/facts/French-speaking_Country/I9arP2JJ">French-speaking</a>, Muslim-majority African countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> In June 2016, during <a href="/facts/Ramadan/eBpGEkst">Ramadan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> it was the target of an incident in which a pig's severed head was left outside the mosque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The incident has been described as a <a href="/facts/Hate_crime/cLNWfXxm">hate crime</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> There had been at least seven prior incidents at the mosque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Because of the incidents, the mosque had installed eight <a href="/facts/CCTV/1JCtvSmx">CCTV</a> security cameras.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Two weeks before the shooting, the mosque had finalized plans to install a fortified main entrance and a back escape exit for <a href="/facts/Ramadan/eBpGEkst">Ramadan</a> in June.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

<h2 id="shooting">Shooting</h2>
The shooting took place at the Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec City in the Ste-Foy suburb of Quebec City between 7:54 and 7:56 p.m <a href="/facts/Eastern_Time_Zone/jP4S8j1V">EST</a> on Sunday 29 January 2017 after nightly evening prayers. The shooter, 27-year-old Alexandre Bissonnette, killed six people and injured five while firing five 10-round magazines from a 9 mm <a href="/facts/Glock/bslYcJQU">Glock</a> <a href="/facts/Semi-automatic_pistol/nlBHDhu2">semi-automatic pistol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The perpetrator fled the scene and gave himself up to police later that evening, and pleaded guilty as charged to six counts of first degree murder and six counts of attempted murder with a restricted firearm on January 30, 2017. Detailed facts of the attack using witness testimony and six security camera recordings were made public in April 2018 by the prosecution during the perpetrator's sentencing hearing and put to rest conspiracy theories that a second shooter was involved. Superior Court judge François Huot prohibited publication of the video footage, but allowed the press to publish descriptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Details were summarized in the sentence handed down on February 8, 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<h3>Context</h3>
In the month before the shooting, Bissonnette was on leave from his job at <a href="/facts/H%25C3%25A9ma-Qu%25C3%25A9bec/qHRB0cez">Héma-Québec</a> with an <a href="/facts/Anxiety_disorder/wh9zFH1V">anxiety disorder</a> following an altercation with a co-worker. In this month he obsessively visited the <a href="/facts/Twitter/VWwDNGUm">Twitter</a> accounts of several <a href="/facts/Pro-Israel/kL92sl76">pro-Israel</a> right wing media personalities including <a href="/facts/Ben_Shapiro/WjR2Jo57">Ben Shapiro</a>, <a href="/facts/Tommy_Robinson/HF96tXXa">Tommy Robinson</a>, <a href="/facts/Laura_Ingraham/QzVUd5X9">Laura Ingraham</a>, <a href="/facts/Alex_Jones/Kw10B5MN">Alex Jones</a>, <a href="/facts/Mike_Cernovich/6WN0eG0G">Mike Cernovich</a>, <a href="/facts/Gavin_McInnes/DYv2P5EX">Gavin McInnes</a> and <a href="/facts/Kellyanne_Conway/4KTqGCjM">Kellyanne Conway</a>. Bissonnette checked in on the Twitter account of <a href="/facts/Ben_Shapiro/WjR2Jo57">Ben Shapiro</a> 93 times in the month leading up to the shooting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> He was also on vacation from his university program of study in political science. He was due to go back to work the day after the shooting. During his time off, he would regularly visit Islamophobic websites and search the Web for information on mass shooters. On the day of the shooting, he had breakfast while reading web content dealing with jihadi attacks, mass murder, and suicide. Through the afternoon, he became drunk by consuming <a href="/facts/Sake/JAnXrMTz">sake</a> as he read about mass shooters. When he learned from television that the Canadian government would begin to welcome <a href="/facts/Refugee/VISfRRnT">refugee</a> claimants fearing <a href="/facts/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration/eQxWLThI">Trump administration immigration policies</a> and arriving at the U.S. border, he decided to proceed with the long-planned shooting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> At 4:14 PM, the shooter visited the <a href="/facts/Facebook/0IhXFR6u">Facebook</a> page of the Quebec City Mosque. At 5:28 p.m., he went to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's <a href="/facts/Twitter_account/VWwDNGUm">Twitter account</a> and read the tweet welcoming those seeking refuge in Canada.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> He went to his parents' house for dinner, and went to his bedroom to look at more websites on mass shootings and suicide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
At 7:00 p.m., Bissonnette turned off his computer and left his parents' home armed with a concealed 9mm semi-automatic <a href="/facts/Glock_17/bslYcJQU">Glock 17</a> pistol in his pocket and a Czech semi-automatic .223 caliber rifle that he had packed into a guitar case. He told his parents he was going to run errands and practise shooting at a gun club he frequented weekly. He drove his parents' Mitsubishi directly to the mosque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> At 7:37 p.m., he hesitated to follow through with the shooting and drove to a nearby convenience store to buy and quickly drink a <a href="/facts/Vodka/49G9hEo8">Vodka</a> Ice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>
He then returned to the mosque. Believing he had been seen in possession of firearms and that he would eventually be caught, he decided to go through with the shooting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
Prayers at the mosque started at 7:30 p.m. and ran for about 15 minutes. About half the attendees then left; 46 people remained for individual prayers and socializing in the large prayer hall. It was a cold, snowy evening at −22 °C (–7.6 °F) and no one lingered outside the building.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>

<h3>Attack on mosque</h3>

Just before 7:54 p.m, Bissonnette walked up the snow-covered driveway to the front of the mosque, opened the case carrying the rifle, and loaded it. Two brothers, Mamadou Barry, age 42, and Ibrahima Barry, age 39, put on their coats in the lobby of the mosque as others in the main room socialized or prayed privately. Just after 7:54, they left the building. The gunman pointed his rifle at them and pulled the trigger, but the gun jammed. Frightened, the brothers backed against the front door, slipped on the ice, and fell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> The shooter dropped the rifle, feigned a smile to indicate it was a joke, and took out the handgun from under his coat. The Barry brothers quickly got up to flee, but Bissonnette opened fire, hitting Ibrahima in the left arm, back, and abdomen, causing him to collapse. He then approached the fallen victim, shooting him in the head. Mamadou Barry, hit in the shoulder and thigh, attempted to flee before collapsing several feet away. Bissonnette then shot him in the head.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>
Two other worshippers at the doorway saw the gunman approach and fled down the lobby corridor to the main prayer room. Panic then ensued in the prayer room.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> The shooter entered the mosque, firing all ten rounds in his Glock pistol. He used the ensuing chaos to retreat into the lobby and reload. Several men rushed into the <a href="/facts/Mihrab/M7dLnFHd">mihrab</a> to hide, while others escaped through emergency exits. One man managed to grab a child and hide her behind a column.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a>
At 7:55 p.m., Bissonnette re-entered the prayer room. He would fire 30 rounds in 30 seconds during the second spree and would particularly target people attempting to take cover near the mihrab and the <a href="/facts/Imam/BKmjWDg0">imam</a>'s office. He calmly shot at people hiding in the mihrab, killing Khaled Belkacemi, a 60-year-old University of Laval professor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> Abdelkrim Hassane, age 41, was killed near the imam's office. Aymen Derbali, crouched near the shooter, attempted to distract the shooter from more crowded areas of the mosque by lurching towards him, but was shot in the knee and chin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> As Derbali slumped and crawled on the floor, Bissonette shot him 6 more times, but Derbali would survive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> Bissonnette then targeted 44-year-old Aboubaker Thabti, murdering him at point blank range with three bullets to the skull. About 20 seconds into the second round of the attack, 57-year-old Azzeddine Soufiane, a local grocer and butcher, rushed Bissonnette,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> propelling the shooter into a shoe rack against the wall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Bissonnette managed to push Soufiane back far enough to free his hand and shoot him twice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> The gunman then shot Nizar Gali in the back and shot Said Akjour in the left shoulder as he hid in the mihrab.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>
Bissonnette retreated into the lobby a second time, reloading his weapon and returning to the prayer room in four seconds. Finding Soufiane still moving, the assailant put a final bullet in his head.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> The attacker then moved to the middle of the prayer room to get a better angle,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> but most people who crowded in the mihrab were well protected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
At 7:56, the shooter finally exited the main entrance and fled the scene in his father's car, leaving his semi-automatic rifle and guitar case behind. He kept one round in his pistol to end his life in the <a href="/facts/Charlevoix/Wqs23fGk">Charlevoix</a> woods north of the city. Police would recover a total of 4 magazines and 48 9-mm casings from the attacker's Glock pistol at the scene. Police would find 28 rounds still in the rifle, with one jammed round, and would recover 48 9 mm casings from Bissonnette's Glock inside the mosque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>
Seconds later, Mohamed Belkadhir, a University of Laval engineering student who had left the meeting to shovel snow, arrived at the mosque entrance and called 911 when he found the Barry brothers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> He checked inside the mosque, then returned to tend the first two victims, removing his coat to cover Mamadou, who still showed signs of life. When police arrived with their weapons drawn, Belkadhir fled, believing the killer had returned. He was caught and arrested as a suspect and held overnight, but was released the next morning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> Reports of the arrest led to rumors and online conspiracy theories about a second shooter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> Police released an affidavit in March 2017 to confirm details of this arrest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>

<h2 id="victims">Victims</h2>
Six people were killed, and five were seriously injured in the attack. An additional 35 witnesses were inside the mosque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> Initial reports also said between eight and 19 others were treated for minor injuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>
The six murder victims were Ibrahima Barry (aged 39, Quebec government IT worker), Mamadou Tanou Barry (aged 42, accounting technician), Khaled Belkacemi (aged 60, professor at Laval University), Aboubaker Thabti (aged 44, pharmacy technician), Abdelkrim Hassane (aged 41, Quebec government computer analyst) and Azzedine Soufiane (aged 57, grocery store owner).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> Two were <a href="/facts/Guinea/MaBu4ysQ">Guineans</a>, two <a href="/facts/Algerians/FhFItJWk">Algerians</a>, one <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Moroccan</a> and one <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisian</a>, all <a href="/facts/Multiple_citizenship/kjN33Plr">dual citizens</a> of Canada.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Eyewitness and video surveillance indicate that Soufiane was fatally shot after rushing and grappling with the shooter, saving several lives. Many mourners described him as a hero.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> Soufiane was posthumously awarded the <a href="/facts/Star_of_Courage_(Canada)/xoseJRSj">Star of Courage</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>

<h2 id="perpetrator">Perpetrator</h2>

Alexandre George-Henri Bissonnette (born December 1, 1989), a student at <a href="/facts/Universit%25C3%25A9_Laval/4G2YvXkh">Université Laval</a> and former <a href="/facts/Canadian_Army/IdccmkJo">Canadian Army</a> <a href="/facts/Cadet/aVKXpQ1I">cadet</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> was identified as the suspect. He called police from the area near the <a href="/facts/%25C3%258Ele_d%2527Orl%25C3%25A9ans_Bridge/rUVo4IAd">Île d'Orléans Bridge</a>, and told them he was involved and wanted to surrender.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> Université Laval announced that Bissonnette would not be allowed on campus while judicial proceedings were underway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
Bissonnette grew up in <a href="/facts/Cap-Rouge%2c_Quebec_City/xdFDgeht">Cap-Rouge</a>. Neighbours said his father and mother were both present in his life and were model parents, adding that they had never had a problem with either him or his twin brother Mathieu.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> Former acquaintances say he was introverted and sometimes bullied at school.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> He was not known to police, and he had no court records other than traffic violations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> Before the shooting he had been living in an apartment near the mosque along with his twin brother.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a>
People who knew him said he had <a href="/facts/Far-right_politics/QpBMz5Ss">far-right</a>, <a href="/facts/White_nationalism/xh1ehEAl">white nationalist</a>, and anti-Muslim views.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> The manager of a refugee-support Facebook page said Bissonnette frequently denigrated refugees and feminists online.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> A member of the mosque said he had met and talked with him outside the mosque on January 26, believing he was interested in Islam, but he veered away from the subject.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>
Bissonnette checked in on the Twitter account of <a href="/facts/Ben_Shapiro/WjR2Jo57">Ben Shapiro</a>, editor-in-chief of the conservative news site the Daily Wire, 93 times in the month leading up to the shooting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> Bissonnette was also a supporter of <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/facts/Marine_Le_Pen/KUBjEx2D">Marine Le Pen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> Despite his support for right-wing politicians, he also praised separatist center-left Parti Québécois and promoted the party's <a href="/facts/Quebec_nationalism/PDCt351d">nationalist</a> policies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>
He later told police that he was motivated by the <a href="/facts/2014_shootings_at_Parliament_Hill%2c_Ottawa/vpdYwybA">2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa</a>, where a Canadian soldier guarding the <a href="/facts/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)/XH3P89hC">National War Memorial</a> was killed. Bissonnette was taking <a href="/facts/Paxil/FIR7QqMP">Paxil</a> at the time of the attack.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a>

<h3>Prosecution</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/R_v_Bissonnette/JJh1SPkX">R v Bissonnette</a>
<h4>Criminal trial</h4>
Bissonnette was charged with six counts of <a href="/facts/First-degree_murder/GV3zvVYY">first-degree murder</a> and six counts of attempted murder on January 30.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> Although the Canadian prime minister and Quebec premier both condemned Bissonnette's actions as a terrorist attack, charges of terrorism were not brought; according to Canadian legal experts, in the Canadian <a href="/facts/Criminal_Code_(Canada)/RrYNJ2U7">Criminal Code</a>, the offence of terrorism requires not only acts of violence, but usually also collaboration with a <a href="/facts/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups/LmnuRFFL">terrorist group</a>, which would be difficult to prove for a single gunman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> Bissonnette was included in 2018 Public Report on the Terrorism Threat to Canada in the context of <a href="/facts/Right-wing_terrorism/29Lw6lup">Right-Wing Extremism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> The six counts of murder would amount to a maximum possible sentence of 150 years without parole under the 2011 Ending Sentence Discounts for Multiple Murders Act (Criminal Code section 745.51).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> Evidence against the suspect was provided to the defence team on February 21. The defence team's request for a <a href="/facts/Publication_ban/pxB4A6JW">publication ban</a> on future proceedings was also granted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>
Bissonnette told police officers he was motivated by <a href="/facts/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769/mtcAtntC">Justin Trudeau's response</a> to <a href="/facts/Executive_Order_13769/6Sl8UowE">Donald Trump's travel ban</a>, and that he was convinced that refugees were a threat to his family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> After initially pleading not guilty to all charges on March 24, 2018,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> Bissonnette pleaded guilty to all charges on March 28, 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> On February 8, 2019, the court sentenced him to <a href="/facts/Life_imprisonment_in_Canada/cvHkUbe3">life imprisonment</a> with no <a href="/facts/Parole/85Iky6MC">parole</a> for at least 40 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> On March 8, 2019, it was reported Bissonnette would appeal the sentence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a>

<h4>Appeals Court</h4>
On November 26, 2020, the verdict on Bissonnette's appeal was delivered. A 3-panel judge of the <a href="/facts/Quebec_Court_of_Appeal/DHLAz7Dz">Quebec Court of Appeal</a> unanimously struck down section 745.51 of the Criminal Code. They found that it violated section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. Accordingly, Bissonnette's parole ineligibility was reduced from 40 to 25 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a>

<h4>Supreme Court of Canada</h4>
On January 30, 2021, the prosecution applied for leave to appeal the ruling to the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_Canada/RQJKhKzC">Supreme Court of Canada</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> The Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's ruling that consecutive life sentences are unconstitutional.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a>

<h2 id="aftermath">Aftermath</h2>
<h3>Police response and arrest</h3>
Police created a <a href="/facts/Dragnet_(policing)/Pkvbmpzk">dragnet</a> and closed the bridge to the Île d'Orléans while searching for suspects. One individual was initially detained at the mosque by police. Bissonnette surrendered near the Île d'Orléans after he contacted <a href="/facts/9-1-1/8IRJCy4X">9-1-1</a> at 8:10 pm,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> proclaimed himself as the shooter involved and gave them his location.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> According to one early report, a man who presented himself as a witness said two attackers dressed in black and with <a href="/facts/Qu%25C3%25A9b%25C3%25A9cois_(word)/3D1vNJdG">Québécois</a> accents entered the mosque and shouted "<a href="/facts/Takbir/GdUjt3Iw">Allahu Akbar</a>" before shooting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a>
Police later determined that there was only one gunman<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> and said only one of the detained individuals was considered a suspect. The other individual was released shortly afterwards, and is considered a witness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> He later said he was outside the mosque when he heard the shooting and went inside when it ceased. He added that he mistook the arrival of the armed police as the shooter returning and fled, after which he was arrested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> According to an affidavit released to the media in March, he was administering first aid to the victims when he was arrested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> It also said a chase of a possible suspect ensued after a police officer pulled a gun and ordered him to freeze. The man was later arrested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a>
Police began treating the attack as a terrorist incident at 10:00 pm, and activated the Structure de gestion policière contre le terrorisme (SGPCT) (Structure of police management against terrorism) protocol, a protocol for acts of terrorism in the region. It gave control of the investigation to the provincial <a href="/facts/Integrated_National_Security_Enforcement_Teams/oIavNz5l">Integrated National Security Enforcement Team</a>—a joint anti-terrorism task force comprising the <a href="/facts/Service_de_police_de_la_Ville_de_Montr%25C3%25A9al/4VxGyTKl">Montreal police</a>, the <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25BBret%25C3%25A9_du_Qu%25C3%25A9bec/RowufWnp">Sûreté du Québec</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police/yUUrtrGr">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> At 10:40 pm, police declared the situation under control, with the building secured and the occupants evacuated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a>

<h3>Treatment of the wounded</h3>
The injured were transported to different hospitals in Quebec City,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> such as the <a href="/facts/H%25C3%25B4pital_de_l%2527Enfant-J%25C3%25A9sus/9UQs7oj5">Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus</a> and the <a href="/facts/Centre_hospitalier_de_l%2527Universit%25C3%25A9_Laval/dCuTwTTQ">Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a>

<h3>Future security measures</h3>
Philippe Pichet, the chief of Montreal police, and <a href="/facts/Maxime_Pedneaud-Jobin/A6KGlYhu">Maxime Pedneaud-Jobin</a>, the mayor of <a href="/facts/Gatineau/6TracWk2">Gatineau</a>, both announced their cities would increase security around local mosques.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> <a href="/facts/Martin_Coiteux/2oNQ9fAE">Martin Coiteux</a>, the provincial public security minister, said religious buildings in the province would be protectively surveilled, those in the capital by the <a href="/facts/Service_de_police_de_la_Ville_de_Qu%25C3%25A9bec/tewWSDmj">Quebec City police</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>

<h3>Vigils and commemorations</h3>

On January 30, public vigils and gatherings were held across Canada to show sympathy to the victims of the shooting, their families and their community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> The largest assembly, held in Quebec City, was attended by the prime minister and his wife, and leaders of all official federal parties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> After speeches, a procession walked in silence to the site of the attack and left flowers before the mosque.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> The government of Quebec also set up a register of condolences where citizens can send testimonies to the victims of the attack and the families of the dead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a>

<h3>Impact on first responders</h3>
The shooting had secondary casualties that only manifested after the event. Andréanne Leblanc, 31, was found dead in March 2018, dressed in her paramedic's uniform. She was on duty that January night when she received the urgent call to head to the mosque in the city's Sainte-Foy district.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> She is regarded by the citizens of Québec City and her peers as the seventh victim of the shooting. Her suicide has highlighted the lack of mental health resources for first responders. They are often mentally injured with <a href="/facts/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder/9etKu7bX">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, or the same symptoms, sometimes years after similar or repeated traumatic interventions. Leblanc's case is regarded as a catalyst that brought Public Safety Minister <a href="/facts/Ralph_Goodale/fDv9lShd">Ralph Goodale</a> and Minister of Health <a href="/facts/Ginette_Petitpas_Taylor/rs882h6s">Ginette Petitpas Taylor</a> to release in April 2019 "Supporting Canada's Public Safety Personnel: An Action Plan on Post Traumatic Stress Injuries". The announcement brought with it $29 million in new funding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a>

<h3>Christchurch mosque shootings</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Christchurch_mosque_shootings/BcAN9sjT">Christchurch mosque shootings</a>
The suspect in the Christchurch mosque shootings, Brenton Tarrant, covered the weapons used in the attacks with various <a href="/facts/White_supremacy/RBQEYS2y">white-supremacist</a> and anti-Muslim symbols and references.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> He also wrote the names of various people, including Alexandre Bissonnette's.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a>

<h2 id="government-reactions">Government reactions</h2>
<a href="/facts/Mayor_of_Quebec_City/RVzRuyWI">Quebec City Mayor</a> <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A9gis_Labeaume/fnjPN1lB">Régis Labeaume</a> declared that the city would stand with the victims' families through what he called a "terrible ordeal that defies reason".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> <a href="/facts/Premier_of_Quebec/87oUrW5u">Quebec Premier</a> <a href="/facts/Philippe_Couillard/A72purrl">Philippe Couillard</a> offered solidarity with the families and friends of the victims, and tweeted, "Quebec categorically rejects this barbaric violence."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> He also denounced the attack as terrorism and ordered that flags at the <a href="/facts/National_Assembly_of_Quebec/hCKtAVhQ">National Assembly of Quebec</a> be flown at <a href="/facts/Half-mast/zjKhvcaU">half-mast</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> Labeaume and Couillard, along with <a href="/facts/Martin_Coiteux/2oNQ9fAE">Martin Coiteux</a>, the provincial Minister of Public Safety, held a joint press conference and called for unity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> At the conference, Couillard told Quebec's Muslim population "We're with you. You are home, you are welcome in your home. We're all Québécois."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a>
Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Justin_Trudeau/fmCWle6G">Justin Trudeau</a> also extended his condolences to the victims and denounced the shooting as a "cowardly attack" and as a "terrorist attack on Muslims in a centre of worship and refuge".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a> In a <a href="/facts/Senate_of_Canada/PVIyHAuV">Senate</a> hearing, <a href="/facts/List_of_Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police_commissioners/GGeX6l8W">Royal Canadian Mounted Police Commissioner</a> <a href="/facts/Bob_Paulson_(police_commissioner)/swqNgN5f">Bob Paulson</a> called the suspect a "criminal extremist" and warned about the type of terrorism arising from easily influenced people being radicalized because of growing political polarization and "caustic" political debate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a>
Various world leaders expressed their condolences over the attack. <a href="/facts/Pope_Francis/F2uNhKC9">Pope Francis</a>, <a href="/facts/President_of_Russia/B51rFJbT">Russian President</a> <a href="/facts/Vladimir_Putin/DcQdxqbj">Vladimir Putin</a>, and <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">U.S. President</a> <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> contacted Prime Minister Trudeau and offered him assistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a>
On the anniversary of the attack, January 29, 2018, Prime Minister Trudeau spoke before <a href="/facts/House_of_Commons_of_Canada/XAdyEgPs">the House</a> and said that the victims were "gunned down by ignorance and hatred, fuelled by Islamophobia and racism", and further stated: "These attacks sought to divide this country and its citizens, drive wedges between neighbours, and make enemies of strangers".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> <a href="/facts/Andrew_Scheer/NQ4eCybB">Andrew Scheer</a> also stated the "shooting was an act of terror", and that: "Last year's attack was a hate crime that took six innocent lives."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a>

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>

The Mosque: A Community's Struggle, a documentary film by <a href="/facts/Ariel_Nasr/JNAhxxQw">Ariel Nasr</a> about the shooting and its aftermath, premiered in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Canada portal</li><li>Islam portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Racism_in_Quebec/0zwSc1ud">Racism in Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Racism_in_Canada/XzjrR3XR">Racism in Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/2014_shootings_at_Parliament_Hill%2c_Ottawa/vpdYwybA">2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/London%2c_Ontario_truck_attack/2HEjIQH3">London, Ontario truck attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Saint_James_Church_massacre/ayWtk5Ed">Saint James Church massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/2022_Buffalo_shooting/Jloe6Pkj">2022 Buffalo shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Christchurch_mosque_shootings/BcAN9sjT">Christchurch mosque shootings</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Charleston_church_shooting/42a6osBa">Charleston church shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Istanbul_nightclub_shooting/qr90fu6q">Istanbul nightclub shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting/d9rp8XFc">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Poway_synagogue_shooting/eyyJtqwT">Poway synagogue shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Wisconsin_Sikh_temple_shooting/u8uGeSK5">Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_massacres_in_Canada/LslkHg0B">List of massacres in Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mass_shootings_in_Canada/EeKpmGWS">Mass shootings in Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Islamophobia_in_Canada/uFQfVcjY">Islamophobia in Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_rampage_killers_(religious%2c_political%2c_or_ethnic_crimes)/sPDom6PB">List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes)</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li>Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec: <a href="http://www.cciq.org/">"Centre Culturel Islamique de Québec"</a> (website)</li>
<li>Omnilos: <a href="https://omnilogos.com/moving-us-nowhere-politics-of-emotion-and-civility-in-wake-of-quebec-city-massacre/">"Moving Us Nowhere: The Politics of Emotion and Civility in the Wake of the Quebec City Massacre"</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Montpetit, Jonathan (April 25, 2019). "Quebec City Mosque Shooting". Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Quebec: Alexandre Bissonnette charged with six murders". Al Jazeera. January 31, 2017. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2017. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/quebec-alexandre-bissonnette-charged-murders-170131125704888.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/quebec-alexandre-bissonnette-charged-murders-170131125704888.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">The Queen v. Bissonnette, Canlii (Quebec Superior Court 2019-02-08). <a href="https://canlii.ca/t/j1672" target="_blank">https://canlii.ca/t/j1672</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Peritz, Ingrid (February 8, 2019). "Quebec City mosque shooter Bissonnette sentenced to life in prison, no parole for 40 years". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019. <a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-quebec-city-mosque-killer-bissonnette-sentenced-to-life-no-parole-for/" target="_blank">https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-quebec-city-mosque-killer-bissonnette-sentenced-to-life-no-parole-for/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Bissonnette v. The Queen (Court of Appeal of Quebec 2020-11-26), Text. <a href="https://courdappelduquebec.ca/en/judgments/details/bissonnette-v-the-queen/" target="_blank">https://courdappelduquebec.ca/en/judgments/details/bissonnette-v-the-queen/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Laframboise, Kalina (January 15, 2021). "Quebec to seek leave to appeal mosque shooter's sentence at Supreme Court". Global News. Canada. Retrieved January 30, 2021. <a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/7578576/quebec-alexandre-bissonnette-sentence-appeal-supreme-court/" target="_blank">https://globalnews.ca/news/7578576/quebec-alexandre-bissonnette-sentence-appeal-supreme-court/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Canada, Supreme Court of (January 1, 2001). "Supreme Court of Canada – SCC Case Information – Search". decisions.scc-csc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2021. <a href="https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-l-csc-a/en/item/18902/index.do" target="_blank">https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-l-csc-a/en/item/18902/index.do</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Quebec mosque disappointed with ruling allowing shooter to seek parole after 25 years | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved May 27, 2022. <a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8874902/quebec-mosque-disappointed-supreme-coourt-ruling/" target="_blank">https://globalnews.ca/news/8874902/quebec-mosque-disappointed-supreme-coourt-ruling/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Montpetit, Jonathan (April 25, 2019). "Quebec City Mosque Shooting". Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Russell, Graham (January 30, 2017). "Québec City mosque shooting: six dead as Trudeau condemns 'terrorist attack'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 29, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2017. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/30/quebec-mosque-shooting-canada-deaths" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/30/quebec-mosque-shooting-canada-deaths</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Kassam, Ashifa; Lartey, Jamiles (January 30, 2017). "Québec City mosque shooting: six dead as Trudeau condemns 'terrorist attack'". The Guardian. Retrieved January 30, 2017. Witnesses reported seeing two men dressed in black and wearing ski masks walking into the mosque and opening fire. One watched as one of the gunmen began shooting at "everything that was moving" <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/30/quebec-mosque-shooting-canada-deaths" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/30/quebec-mosque-shooting-canada-deaths</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Why accused in Quebec City mosque shooting isn't likely to face terrorism charges". CBC News. February 2, 2017. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/why-accused-in-quebec-city-mosque-shooting-isn-t-likely-to-face-terrorism-charges-1.3961837" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/why-accused-in-quebec-city-mosque-shooting-isn-t-likely-to-face-terrorism-charges-1.3961837</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Mitrovica, Andrew. "Canada's terror double standards". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 15, 2023. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2017/10/19/canadas-terror-double-standards" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2017/10/19/canadas-terror-double-standards</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Quebec to seek leave to appeal mosque shooter's sentence at Supreme Court". CTV News. Canada. January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021. <a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/7578576/quebec-alexandre-bissonnette-sentence-appeal-supreme-court/" target="_blank">https://globalnews.ca/news/7578576/quebec-alexandre-bissonnette-sentence-appeal-supreme-court/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Gagnon, Lysaine (November 20, 2013). "How Quebec chooses immigrants". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 30, 2017. <a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/how-quebec-chooses-immigrants/article15519576/" target="_blank">https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/how-quebec-chooses-immigrants/article15519576/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Montpetit, Jonathan (April 25, 2019). "Quebec City Mosque Shooting". Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Montpetit, Jonathan (April 25, 2019). "Quebec City Mosque Shooting". Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Hawkins, Derek; Freeman, Alan (January 30, 2017). "6 killed, 8 injured by gunmen who invaded Quebec City mosque". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 30, 2017. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2017/01/29/five-people-killed-during-evening-prayers-at-quebec-city-mosque-reuters-reports/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2017/01/29/five-people-killed-during-evening-prayers-at-quebec-city-mosque-reuters-reports/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Montpetit, Jonathan (April 25, 2019). "Quebec City Mosque Shooting". Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210130215949/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-mosque-shooting</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Monpetit, Jonathan (January 31, 2017). "Muslim leaders in Quebec City find it difficult to ignore tensions that preceded shooting". CBC News. <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/muslim-leaders-in-quebec-city-find-it-difficult-to-ignore-tensions-that-preceded-shooting-1.3958703" target="_blank">http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/muslim-leaders-in-quebec-city-find-it-difficult-to-ignore-tensions-that-preceded-shooting-1.3958703</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:167">"Debates (Hansard) No. 252 – January 29, 2018 (42–1) – House of Commons of Canada". Ourcommons.ca. Retrieved March 8, 2018. <a href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/house/sitting-252/hansard" target="_blank">https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/house/sitting-252/hansard</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Raquel Fletcher, "New documentary premieres on 3rd anniversary of Quebec City mosque shooting". Global News, January 28, 2020. <a href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6474351/quebec-city-mosque-shooting-anniversary-documentary-the-mosque-a-communitys-struggle/" target="_blank">https://globalnews.ca/news/6474351/quebec-city-mosque-shooting-anniversary-documentary-the-mosque-a-communitys-struggle/</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Quebec City mosque shooting open-in-new

Quebec City mosque shooting