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Afrotheria
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<h2 id="evolutionary-relationships">Evolutionary relationships</h2> <p>The afrotherian clade was originally proposed in 1998<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> based on analyses of <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> sequence data. However, previous studies had hinted at the close interrelationships among subsets of endemic African mammals; some of these studies date to the 1920s<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and there were sporadic papers in the 1980s<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The core of the Afrotheria consists of the <a href="/facts/Paenungulata/LrIvjQ0w">Paenungulata</a>, i.e., <a href="/facts/Elephant/6prrEFFK">elephants</a>, <a href="/facts/Sirenia/6KaaDKu5">sea cows</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hyrax/37F1c043">hyraxes</a>, a group with a long history among comparative anatomists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Hence, while <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> sequence data have proven essential to infer the existence of the Afrotheria as a whole, and while the <a href="/facts/Afroinsectiphilia/mVBvBbY7">Afroinsectiphilia</a> (<a href="/facts/Insectivora/LWpNdAC0">insectivoran</a>-grade afrotheres including <a href="/facts/Tenrec/mKlv2USc">tenrecs</a>, <a href="/facts/Golden_mole/ImaLb4J8">golden moles</a>, <a href="/facts/Elephant_shrew/M7VIfdX6">sengis</a>, and <a href="/facts/Aardvark/4v7cEqLy">aardvarks</a>) were not recognized as part of Afrotheria without DNA data, some precedent is found in the comparative anatomical literature for the idea that at least part of this group forms a <a href="/facts/Clade/XefyYmWn">clade</a>. The <a href="/facts/Paleocene/IWWoh8D9">Paleocene</a> genus <i><a href="/facts/Ocepeia/doyqINvf">Ocepeia</a></i>, which is the most completely-known Paleocene African mammal and the oldest afrotherian known from a complete skull, shares similarities with both Paenungulata and Afroinsectiphilia, and may help to characterize the ancestral body type of afrotherians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Since the 1990s, increasing molecular and anatomical data have been applied to the classification of animals. Both types of data support the idea that afrotherian mammals are descended from a single common ancestor to the exclusion of other mammals. On the anatomical side, features shared by most, if not all, afrotheres include high vertebral counts,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> aspects of <a href="/facts/Placentation/nqcxcaPM">placental membrane formation</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> the shape of the ankle bones,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> the relatively late eruption of the permanent dentition,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> and undescended <a href="/facts/Testicle/Doy40hoq">testicles</a> remaining in the body near the kidneys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The snout is unusually long and mobile in several Afrotherian species, and this was pointed out as a possible shared-derived character.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Studies of <a href="/facts/Genomics/pVU3BGpL">genomic</a> data, including millions of aligned <a href="/facts/Nucleotide/pQKEwlJI">nucleotides</a> sampled for a growing number of placental mammals, also support Afrotheria as a clade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Additionally, there might be some dental synapomorphies uniting afroinsectiphilians, if not afrotheres as a whole: p4 talonid and trigonid of similar breadth, a prominent p4 hypoconid, presence of a P4 metacone and absence of parastyles on M1–2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>Afrotheria is now recognized as one of the three major groups within the <a href="/facts/Eutheria/3fPKIKxx">Eutheria</a> (containing <a href="/facts/Placental_mammals/xegVWIRG">placental mammals</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Relations within the three cohorts, Afrotheria, <a href="/facts/Xenarthra/jEr4EcPD">Xenarthra</a>, <a href="/facts/Boreoeutheria/52YhbnGL">Boreoeutheria</a>, and the identity of the placental root, remain somewhat controversial.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Afrotheria as a clade has usually been discussed without a Linnaean rank, but has been assigned the rank of cohort, magnorder, and superorder. One reconstruction, which applies the <a href="/facts/Molecular_clock/wlM3LYmA">molecular clock</a>, proposes that the oldest split occurred between Afrotheria and the other two some 105 million years ago in the <a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">mid-Cretaceous</a>, when the African continent was separated from other major land masses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> This idea is consistent with the fossil record of <a href="/facts/Xenarthra/jEr4EcPD">Xenarthra</a>, which is restricted to South America (following recent consensus that <i><a href="/facts/Eurotamandua/gblWsIrd">Eurotamandua</a></i> is not a xenarthran<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a>). </p><p>However, Afrotheria itself does not have a fossil record restricted to Africa,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> and appears in fact to have evolved in the continent's isolation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a>[<i>contradictory</i>][<i>need quotation to verify</i>] More recent, genomic-scale phylogenies favor the hypothesis that Afrotheria and Xenarthra comprise sister taxa at the base of the placental mammal radiation, suggesting an ancient <a href="/facts/Gondwana/zqbAvsnY">Gondwanan</a> clade of placental mammals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> A 2021 morphological study also proposed to render <a href="/facts/Meridiungulata/kIWVnbSo">Meridiungulata</a> polyphyletic and recognise most of its clades as part of a group called Sudamericungulata, closely related to hyraxes, while <a href="/facts/Litopterna/VKH1B6pw">Litopterna</a> remains a sister taxon to <a href="/facts/Perissodactyla/wHFU3gFH">Perissodactyla</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Relations between the various afrotherian orders are still being studied. On the basis of molecular studies, elephants and manatees appear to be related, and likewise elephant shrews and aardvarks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> These findings are compatible with the work of earlier anatomists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Phylogeny</h3> <table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td>Afrotheria</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Paenungulata/LrIvjQ0w">Paenungulata</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hyrax/37F1c043">Hyracoidea</a></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Hyrax/37F1c043">Procaviidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tethytheria/0Dyl0esM">Tethytheria</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sirenia/6KaaDKu5">Sirenia</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Trichechidae/Dnphs0QB">Trichechidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Dugongidae/sYRIWECw">Dugongidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Proboscidea/Dzk4qsH0">Proboscidea</a></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Elephantidae/pE2dqhAB">Elephantidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Afroinsectiphilia/mVBvBbY7">Afroinsectiphilia</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tubulidentata/tSsxLB0F">Tubulidentata</a></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Orycteropodidae/tSsxLB0F">Orycteropodidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Afroinsectivora/QgF1wfXx">Afroinsectivora</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Macroscelidea/M7VIfdX6">Macroscelidea</a></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Macroscelididae/M7VIfdX6">Macroscelididae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Afrosoricida/G4YNvm1R">Afrosoricida</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Chrysochloridae/ImaLb4J8">Chrysochloridae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tenrecomorpha/2r278a74">Tenrecomorpha</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Potamogalidae/6NAI6EgW">Potamogalidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Tenrecidae/mKlv2USc">Tenrecidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td>A cladogram of Afrotheria based on molecular evidence<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="current-status-and-distribution">Current status and distribution</h2> <p>Many extant members of Afrotheria appear to have a high risk of extinction (perhaps related to the large size of many). Species loss within this already small group would comprise a particularly great loss of genetic and evolutionary diversity. The <a href="/facts/IUCN/QwV8JXup">IUCN</a> Afrotheria Specialist Group notes that Afrotheria, as currently reconstructed, includes nearly a third of all mammalian orders currently found in Africa and Madagascar, but only 75 of more than 1,200 mammalian species in those areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>While most extant species assigned to Afrotheria live in Africa, some (such as the Indian elephant and three of the four sirenian species) occur elsewhere; many of these are also endangered. Prior to the <a href="/facts/Quaternary_extinction_event/pMcgaUHC">Quaternary extinction event</a>, proboscideans were present on every continent of the world except <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> and <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a>. Hyraxes lived in much of Eurasia as recently as the end of the <a href="/facts/Pliocene/MjcIVQ86">Pliocene</a>. The extinct afrotherian orders of <a href="/facts/Embrithopoda/b7APBLMo">embrithopods</a> and <a href="/facts/Desmostylia/YlMaAjUu">desmostylians</a> were also once widely distributed. However, the desmostylians have recently been viewed as possible <a href="/facts/Perissodactyl/wHFU3gFH">perissodactyls</a>, rather than afrotheres,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> although this is still controversial.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The taxonomic placement of embrithopods is also not clear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>Afrotheria is a clade of placental mammals, the stem designation for which is <a href="/facts/Eutheria/3fPKIKxx">Eutheria</a>. Based on precedent, some clades are junior synonyms and arguably should be replaced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Afrotheria <ul><li>Family †<a href="/facts/Hyopsodontidae/rABI63xm">Hyopsodontidae</a>: (possible member of <a href="/facts/Stem_group/fHDhwp5x">stem group</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> possibly <a href="/facts/Perissodactyla/wHFU3gFH">perissodactyls</a> related to horses instead<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li>Clade <a href="/facts/Afroinsectiphilia/mVBvBbY7">Afroinsectiphilia</a> <ul><li>Order <a href="/facts/Tubulidentata/tSsxLB0F">Tubulidentata</a>: aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara)</li> <li>Order †<a href="/facts/Ptolemaiida/YKYAfIuN">Ptolemaiida</a>: poorly understood carnivorous mammals<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li>Clade <a href="/facts/Afroinsectivora/QgF1wfXx">Afroinsectivora</a> <ul><li>Order <a href="/facts/Macroscelidea/M7VIfdX6">Macroscelidea</a>: elephant shrews (northwest and sub-Saharan Africa)</li> <li>Order <a href="/facts/Afrosoricida/G4YNvm1R">Afrosoricida</a>: otter shrews, tenrecs and golden moles (sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Clade <a href="/facts/Paenungulatomorpha/quwc01lR">Paenungulatomorpha</a> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/facts/Hadrogeneios/oTI1eMwS">Hadrogeneios</a></i> (basal)</li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Ocepeia/doyqINvf">Ocepeia</a></i>: (basal) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/facts/Abdounodus/GcIRqnPS">Abdounodus</a></i> (basal) sister taxa to <i>Ocepeia</i></li> <li>Clade <a href="/facts/Paenungulata/LrIvjQ0w">Paenungulata</a> <ul><li>Order <a href="/facts/Hyracoidea/37F1c043">Hyracoidea</a>: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Middle East)</li> <li>?Order †<a href="/facts/Pyrotheria/HJkhyYSg">Pyrotheria</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li>?Order †<a href="/facts/Astrapotheria/9M8zaWRe">Astrapotheria</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>?Order †<a href="/facts/Desmostylia/YlMaAjUu">Desmostylia</a> (tentatively placed in <a href="/facts/Perissodactyla/wHFU3gFH">Perissodactyla</a> by a 2014 cladistic analysis<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a>)</li> <li>Order †<a href="/facts/Embrithopoda/b7APBLMo">Embrithopoda</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/facts/Proboscidea/Dzk4qsH0">Proboscidea</a>: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)</li> <li>Order <a href="/facts/Sirenia/6KaaDKu5">Sirenia</a>: dugong and manatees (<a href="/facts/Cosmopolitan_(species)/bXgocWnV">cosmopolitan</a> tropical)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Evolution_of_mammals/KYQdXLwX">Evolution of mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fauna_of_Africa/afMBnKUs">Fauna of Africa</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Kriegs, Jan Ole; Gennady Churakov; Martin Kiefmann; Ursula Jordan; Juergen Brosius; Juergen Schmitz (2006). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1395351">"Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals"</a>. <i>PLOS Biol</i>. 4 (4): e91. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040091">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1395351">1395351</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16515367">16515367</a>. (<a href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&file=10.1371_journal.pbio.0040091-S.pdf">pdf version</a>)</li> <li>William J. Murphy; Eduardo Eizirik; Mark S. Springer; et al. (14 December 2001). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327084325/http://www.zi.ku.dk/evolbiology/courses/ME04/7_9/Murphy2001-phyl.pdf">"Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Science_(journal)/uTyzjkwD">Science</a></i>. 294 (5550): 2348–2351. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...294.2348M">2001Sci...294.2348M</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067179">10.1126/science.1067179</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11743200">11743200</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34367609">34367609</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.zi.ku.dk/evolbiology/courses/ME04/7_9/Murphy2001-phyl.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2014.</li> <li>Seiffert, Erik; Guillon, JM (2007). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2248600">"A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. 7 (1): 13. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007BMCEE...7..224S">2007BMCEE...7..224S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-7-224">10.1186/1471-2148-7-224</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2248600">2248600</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17999766">17999766</a>. (<a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-7-224.pdf">pdf version</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://afrotheria.net/">IUCN species survival commission: Afrotheria specialist group. Information on the members of Afrotheria, with pictures.</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0511344103">Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Stanhope, M. J.; Waddell, V. G.; Madsen, O.; de Jong, W.; Hedges, S. B.; Cleven, G. C.; Kao, D.; Springer, M. S. (1998). "Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (17): 9967–9972. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9967S. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9967. PMC 21445. PMID 9707584. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21445" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21445</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Springer, Mark S.; Michael J. Stanhope; Ole Madsen; Wilfried W. de Jong (2004). "Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree" (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 19 (8): 430–438. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006. PMID 16701301. S2CID 1508898. <a href="http://faculty.cns.uni.edu/~spradlin/evolution/Readings.blocked/mammaltrees.pdf" target="_blank">http://faculty.cns.uni.edu/~spradlin/evolution/Readings.blocked/mammaltrees.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Robinson, T. J.; Fu, B.; Ferguson-Smith, M. A.; Yang, F. (2004). "Cross-species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant-shrew: support for the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Afroinsectiphillia but not Afroinsectivora". 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