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State funeral
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>State funerals already existed in <a href="/facts/Ancient_history/P0fFQ8z5">antiquity</a>. In ancient Athens, for example, fallen soldiers were regularly buried in a public ceremony.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> In the Roman Empire, a state funeral (<i>funera publica</i>) could be instructed by the senate for the city of Rome, whereas city councils could instruct a communal state funeral.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="by-country">By country</h2> <h3>Czech Republic</h3> <p class="note">Main article: List of Czech state funerals</p> <h3>Canada</h3> <p class="note">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/facts/State_funerals_in_Canada/v8lDg4DI">State funerals in Canada</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_funerals_in_Canada&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> <p><a href="/facts/State_funerals_in_Canada/v8lDg4DI">State funerals in Canada</a> are public events held to commemorate former <a href="/facts/Governor_General_of_Canada/jtxQLBDr">governors general</a>, <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Canada/XhKW7uSD">prime ministers</a>, other members of the <a href="/facts/Cabinet_of_Canada/9yHPB9m7">cabinet</a> who died in office, and, at the cabinet's discretion, other eminent Canadians. With ceremonial, military, and religious elements incorporated, state funerals are offered and executed by the governor general-<a href="/facts/Queen-in-Council/MVVmLI9o">in-council</a>, who provides a dignified manner for the Canadian people to mourn a national public figure. Provincial and territorial governments may also perform state funerals for citizens in their particular jurisdictions. However, most state funerals are federal affairs. </p> As Canada shares the person of <a href="/facts/Monarchy_of_Canada/nLzsocgJ">its monarch</a> with the other <a href="/facts/Commonwealth_realm/JeuLfn9q">Commonwealth realms</a>, funerals for Canada's sovereigns, as well as for their consorts, typically take place in the monarch's oldest and most populous realm, the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>. In Canada, a commemoration service is conducted by the federal crown-in-council and sometimes by provincial crowns, as well. <h3>India</h3> <p>On 17 November 2012, <a href="/facts/Bal_Thackeray/WdHB8Jnt">Bal Thackeray</a> was accorded a state funeral in the city of Mumbai. On 10 October 2024, businessman <a href="/facts/Ratan_Tata/8drL7wtI">Ratan Tata</a> was given a state funeral in <a href="/facts/Mumbai/BdoEc10R">Mumbai</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Former Prime Minister Dr. <a href="/facts/Manmohan_Singh/fxmyXUqU">Manmohan Singh</a> was given a State funeral on 28 December 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Italy</h3> <p>In <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> state funerals are granted<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> by law to the Presidents of the constitutional entities, such as the <a href="/facts/President_of_Italy/Upqlslrx">Presidency</a>, the <a href="/facts/Italian_Parliament/JFxX5z7d">Parliament</a>, the <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Italy/LRTyxot6">Government</a> and the <a href="/facts/Constitutional_Court_(Italy)/3AzjAdW8">Constitutional Court</a>, even after their terms have expired, and to <a href="/facts/Cabinet_of_Italy/c8uVj9qE">Ministers</a> who died during their <a href="/facts/Term_in_office/njYIhtkn">term in office</a>. State Funerals can also be granted, by decree of the <a href="/facts/Cabinet_of_Italy/c8uVj9qE">Council of Ministers</a>, to people who gave particular services to the <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">country</a>; to <a href="/facts/Italian_citizenship/KeDNkXEt">citizens</a> that brought honor to the <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">nation</a>; or to <a href="/facts/Italian_citizenship/KeDNkXEt">citizens</a> who died in the line of duty, or were victims of either <a href="/facts/Terrorism/DHJGPJ6P">terrorism</a>, or <a href="/facts/Organized_crime/m2eEga1z">organized crime</a>. </p><p>The official protocol provides for<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>the coffin surrounded by six members in high uniform of either the <a href="/facts/Carabinieri/Y4fxk5cw">Carabinieri</a> or the same <a href="/facts/Armed_forces_of_Italy/7uRFhnWL">Armed Forces</a> the departed belonged to;</li> <li>an <a href="/facts/Guard_of_honour/s422MPsu">honor guard</a> to the coffin at the entrance and the exit of the place in which the ceremony is held;</li> <li>the presence of one representative of the <a href="/facts/Cabinet_of_Italy/c8uVj9qE">Government</a>;</li> <li>an official commemorative oration;</li> <li>other honors that can be arranged by the <a href="/facts/Prime_minister_of_Italy/LRTyxot6">Prime Minister</a>.</li></ul> <p>Public mourning, either <a href="/facts/National_day_of_mourning/pf6m5XPx">national</a> or <a href="/facts/Mourning/fE5KYIww">local</a>, is declared following the dispositions of the <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Italy/LRTyxot6">Prime Minister</a>'s decrees. The <a href="/facts/Flag_of_Italy/k3bur538">flags</a> are flown at <a href="/facts/Half-mast/zjKhvcaU">half-mast</a> outside of public buildings, while inside they display two <a href="/facts/Black_ribbon/lfHTjzyc">black ribbons</a>, with the exceptions provided for military flags, when required by <a href="/facts/Military_protocol/ALgx5IG2">military protocol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>If the departed held a public office, the body can <a href="/facts/Lying_in_state/1BTKrcKL">lie in state</a> in the building of the office's institution. In other cases it is followed the will of the family, the traditions of the office or the local customs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Outside of the cases provided for by the protocol, for example during <a href="/facts/Natural_disaster/cCSK2uH0">natural events</a> that deeply impact the community, solemn funerals can be arranged and the six people who carry the coffins are members of the <a href="/facts/Protezione_Civile/wwqsFFd9">Civil Protection</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Thailand</h3> <p class="note">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Thai_royal_funeral/XzPVrHgS">Thai royal funeral</a>. See also: <a href="/facts/Thai_funeral/v7oMs4em">Thai funeral § Government officials.</a></p> <a href="/facts/Thai_royal_funeral/XzPVrHgS">Thai royal funerals</a> are elaborate events, organised as royal ceremonies akin to state funerals. They are held for deceased members of the <a href="/facts/Thai_royal_family/r49htdop">royal family</a>, and consist of numerous rituals which typically span several months to over a year. Featuring a mixture of Buddhist and <a href="/facts/Animist/jsPnJBuD">animist</a> beliefs, as well as Hindu symbolism, these rituals include the initial rites that take place after death, a lengthy period of <a href="/facts/Lying-in-state/1BTKrcKL">lying-in-state</a>, during which Buddhist ceremonies take place, and a final <a href="/facts/Cremation/2SkhoCly">cremation</a> ceremony. For the highest-ranking royalty, the cremation ceremonies are grand public spectacles, featuring the pageantry of large funeral processions and ornate purpose-built funeral pyres or temporary crematoria known as <i>merumat</i> or <i>men</i>. The practices date to at least the 17th century, during the time of the <a href="/facts/Ayutthaya_Kingdom/j1vbEsRB">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>. Today, the cremation ceremonies are held in the royal field of <a href="/facts/Sanam_Luang/0wHmCjj7">Sanam Luang</a> in the historic centre of <a href="/facts/Bangkok/WRxftcFz">Bangkok</a>. <h3>United Kingdom</h3> <p class="note">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/facts/State_funerals_in_the_United_Kingdom/MeRebrjp">State funerals in the United Kingdom</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_funerals_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> <p>In the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, state funerals are usually reserved for <a href="/facts/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom/hLC5tHrf">monarchs</a>. The most recent was the <a href="/facts/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II/b3UCydSP">state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II</a> on 19 September 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>A state funeral may also be held to honour a highly distinguished figure following the approval of the monarch and <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom/7bFbPI9g">Parliament</a> (of the expenditure of public funds).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The last non-royal state funeral in the United Kingdom was that of Sir <a href="/facts/Winston_Churchill/Wm8LXNzH">Winston Churchill</a> on <a href="/facts/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Winston_Churchill/S3BK5eAQ">30 January 1965.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Other funerals, including those of senior members of the <a href="/facts/British_royal_family/mx49mfWs">British royal family</a> and high-ranking public figures, may share many of the characteristics of a state funeral without being categorised as such; for these, the term "ceremonial funeral" is used. In the past fifty years, ceremonial funerals have been held for <a href="/facts/Louis_Mountbatten%2c_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma/ozgPMwTs">Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1979); <a href="/facts/Diana%2c_Princess_of_Wales/nNq36PRL">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997); <a href="/facts/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother/ueQxHt40">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> (2002); <a href="/facts/Margaret_Thatcher/E4JKgfJE">Margaret Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher</a> (2013);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Prince_Philip%2c_Duke_of_Edinburgh/bpTsnBv4">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (2021). Ceremonial funerals have tended in general to follow the ritual patterns of a state funeral (if on a somewhat smaller scale). </p> A <a href="/facts/Gun_carriage/fPdKvfYc">gun carriage</a> has been used to transport the <a href="/facts/Coffin/17LIeuK5">coffin</a> between locations since <a href="/facts/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Victoria/RyR8b1Wj">Queen Victoria's funeral</a> (1901); it is also accompanied by a procession of <a href="/facts/Military_band/mEGrpnb8">military bands</a> and detachments along with mourners and other officials. There may also be a <a href="/facts/Lying_in_state/1BTKrcKL">lying in state</a> and other associated ceremonies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <h3>United States</h3> <p class="note">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/facts/State_funerals_in_the_United_States/uTwSfL38">State funerals in the United States</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_funerals_in_the_United_States&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> In the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, state funerals are the official funerary rites conducted by the <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">federal government</a> in the nation's capital, <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, that are offered to a sitting or former <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">president</a>, a <a href="/facts/President-elect_of_the_United_States/K40w7wRM">president-elect</a>, high government officials and other civilians who have rendered distinguished service to the nation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Administered by the <a href="/facts/Military_District_of_Washington/6K9YkFto">Military District of Washington</a> (MDW), a command unit of the <a href="/facts/Joint_Force_Headquarters_National_Capital_Region/hson2Qon">Joint Force Headquarters National Capital Region</a>, state funerals are greatly influenced by <a href="/facts/Protocol_(diplomacy)/dvV6CNGA">protocol</a>, steeped in <a href="/facts/Tradition/5qkV7G2A">tradition</a>, and rich in <a href="/facts/History/bSKgXaCA">history</a>. However, the overall planning as well as the decision to hold a state funeral, is largely determined by the family of the honoree, upon invitation by the government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_people_who_have_received_a_state_funeral/HYnyATPC">List of people who have received a state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Funeral_train/Uz0qQIAm">Funeral train</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Limbers_and_caissons_(military)/mpIa4znV">Limbers and caissons</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lincoln_Catafalque/czvHTIWC">Lincoln Catafalque</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lying_in_repose/DhHKl3Nx">Lying in repose</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lying_in_state/1BTKrcKL">Lying in state</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Military_funeral/4Na2TBWq">Military funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Missing_man_formation/4q2LIQK1">Missing man formation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Riderless_horse/oEs9dPkU">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/State_funerals_in_Canada/v8lDg4DI">State funerals in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/State_funerals_in_the_United_States/uTwSfL38">State funerals in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vigil_of_the_Princes/awJf1EHL">Vigil of the Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/State_Funeral_(2019_film)/rmFmFRMd">State Funeral (2019 film)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Carl_Sandburg/omVNmNDe">Sandburg, Carl</a> (1936). <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80459"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The War Years IV</i></a>. Harcourt, Brace & World.</li> <li>Swanson, James (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/manhunttwelveday00swan"><i>Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer</i></a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-051849-3.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://www.trooping-the-colour.co.uk/funeral">The traditions of a British state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040909211956/http://usinfo.state.gov/is/Archive/2004/Jun/09-178215.html">Memorializing U.S. Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rcmp-learning.org/docs/ecdd1238.htm">Funeral Section of the RCMP Ceremonial and Protocol Guide</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051023201804/http://www.rcmp-learning.org/docs/ecdd1238.htm">Archived</a> 2005-10-23 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/p1_1.pdf">"STATE, OFFICIAL, AND SPECIAL MILITARY FUNERALS" by the U.S. Army</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/index.htm"><i>The Last Salute</i></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/Index.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (CMH Pub 90–1) published by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History/f0THjDEo">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.warmemorialsnsw.asn.au/pdf/s_funeral_policy.pdf">NSW Policy on State Funerals</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171410/http://www.warmemorialsnsw.asn.au/pdf/s_funeral_policy.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/why-the-money-was-on-the-obscene/2006/02/17/1140151809831.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2">Commentary on state funeral offer for Australian Kerry Packer</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210221042/http://palaceoffice.gov.to/content/view/137/92/">Royal Funeral of King Tafa'ahau Tupou IV - Royal Palace Office</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Wienand, Johannes (2023). Der politische Tod. Gefallenenbestattung und "Epitaphios Logos" im demokratischen Athen [The political death. The burial of the fallen and the ‘Epitaphios Logos’ in democratic Athens]. Historia Einzelschriften, vol. 272. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, ISBN 978-3-515-13389-0. <a href="/wiki/Historia_(classical_antiquity_history_journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Historia_(classical_antiquity_history_journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Wesch-Klein, Gabriele (1993). Funus publicum. Eine Studie zur öffentlichen Beisetzung und Gewährung von Ehrengräbern in Rom und den Westprovinzen [Funus publicum. A study on public burial and the granting of graves of honour in Rome and the western provinces]. Heidelberger Althistorische Beiträge und Epigraphische Studien, vol. 14. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, ISBN 3-515-06363-3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Fraser, Simon (10 October 2024). "India holds state funeral for tycoon Ratan Tata". BBC News. Retrieved 10 October 2024. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crm211ez121o%5b" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crm211ez121o%5b</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Manmohan Singh: Former India PM mourned in state funeral". BBC News. 2024-12-28. Retrieved 2025-03-12. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c878w5175n4o.amp" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c878w5175n4o.amp</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Protocol for State Funerals and National Mourning". Official website of the Italian Government - Department of State Ceremonies. <a href="http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html" target="_blank">http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Protocol for State Funerals and National Mourning". Official website of the Italian Government - Department of State Ceremonies. <a href="http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html" target="_blank">http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Protocol for State Funerals and National Mourning". Official website of the Italian Government - Department of State Ceremonies. <a href="http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html" target="_blank">http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Protocol for State Funerals and National Mourning". Official website of the Italian Government - Department of State Ceremonies. <a href="http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html" target="_blank">http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Protocol for State Funerals and National Mourning". Official website of the Italian Government - Department of State Ceremonies. <a href="http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html" target="_blank">http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/esequie.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Kirsty.Oram (2022-09-17). "The Funeral of Queen Elizabeth II". The Royal Family. Retrieved 2022-09-19. <a href="https://www.royal.uk/funeral-queen-elizabeth-ii" target="_blank">https://www.royal.uk/funeral-queen-elizabeth-ii</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"House of Commons briefing paper, 2013" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-09. <a href="http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06600/SN06600.pdf" target="_blank">http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06600/SN06600.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Croft, Rodney J. (2014). Churchill's Final Farewell: The State and Private Funeral of Sir Winston Churchill. Croft Publishing.[page needed] <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"House of Commons briefing paper, 2013" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-09. <a href="http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06600/SN06600.pdf" target="_blank">http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06600/SN06600.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Bland, Olivia (1986). The Royal Way of Death. London: Constable. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>APPENDIX A-3-TABLE OF ENTITLEMENT, 1965. United States Army. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213185708/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/AppA.htm#AppA1965" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071213185708/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/AppA.htm#AppA1965</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"State Funeral Traditions". United States Army. Archived from the original on 2011-09-06. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906162154/http://www.mdw.army.mil/statefcetradition.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110906162154/http://www.mdw.army.mil/statefcetradition.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Arlington's Ceremonial Horses and Funerals at the White House" (PDF). White House Historical Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-26. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626081049/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_publications/publications_documents/whitehousehistory_19.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100626081049/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_publications/publications_documents/whitehousehistory_19.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>