DF-ZF

<h2 id="development">Development</h2>
According to Ye Youda, a scientist who worked on China's hypersonic weapon project, development was slowed by inadequate computing resources. The weapons project did not have priority access to <a href="/facts/Supercomputer/HT9NwGAN">supercomputers</a>, or it was impractical to use available supercomputers due to their design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
Seven flight tests<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> — with one failure<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> — were conducted from 2014<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> through 2016;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> the launches were from the <a href="/facts/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center/qgEeV9KG">Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center</a> in <a href="/facts/Shanxi_Province/tNvSEe3v">Shanxi Province</a>, the <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Liberation_Army/nr4YlS9J">People's Liberation Army</a>'s main long-range missile testing center.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The DF-ZF was likely operational by 1 October 2019, when it made its first official public appearance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h2 id="capabilities">Capabilities</h2>
The DF-ZF is thought to reach speeds between Mach 5 (3,836 mph (6,173 km/h; 1,715 m/s)) and Mach 10 (7,680 mph (12,360 km/h; 3,430 m/s)).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The glider could be used for <a href="/facts/Nuclear_weapons_delivery/8jJuJnzD">nuclear weapons delivery</a> but could also be used to perform precision-strike conventional missions (for example, next-generation <a href="/facts/Anti-ship_ballistic_missile/xkpsxNBg">anti-ship ballistic missiles</a>), which could penetrate "the layered air defenses of a U.S. <a href="/facts/Carrier_strike_group/T7Khv8Q1">carrier strike group</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
Hypersonic glide vehicles are less susceptible to <a href="/facts/Anti-ballistic_missile/FsgNKeP4">anti-ballistic missile</a> countermeasures than conventional reentry vehicles (RVs).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Conventional RVs descend through the atmosphere on a predictable ballistic trajectory. In contrast, a hypersonic glide vehicle such as the DF-ZF can pull-up after reentering the atmosphere and approach its target in a relatively flat glide, lessening the time it can be detected, fired at, or reengaged if an initial attack fails. Gliding makes it more maneuverable and extends its range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Although gliding creates more drag, it flies further than it would on a higher trajectory through space, and is too low to be intercepted by exo-atmospheric kill vehicles. The tradeoff is that warheads have less speed and altitude as they near the target, making them vulnerable to lower-tier interceptors,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> such as the Mach 17 Russian <a href="/facts/53T6/k5Mzrjza">53T6, ABM-3 Gazelle</a>. Other potential counter-hypersonic interception measures may involve <a href="/facts/Laser_weapon/MpIhxecl">laser</a> or <a href="/facts/Railgun/fRjY3X5Y">railgun</a> technologies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> but such technologies are not currently available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
A vehicle like the DF-ZF could be fitted to various Chinese ballistic missiles, such as the <a href="/facts/DF-21/Ag5XmXzo">DF-21</a> medium-range missile (extending range from 2,000 to 3,000 km (1,200 to 1,900 mi)), and the <a href="/facts/DF-31/JJDD59WH">DF-31</a> <a href="/facts/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile/0vKnj2Y7">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> (extending range from 8,000 to 12,000 km (5,000 to 7,500 mi)).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> 

<h2 id="foreign-responses">Foreign responses</h2>
Since conventional interceptor missiles have difficulty against maneuvering targets traveling faster than Mach 5 (the DF-ZF reenters the atmosphere at Mach 10), a problem exacerbated by decreased detection times, the United States may place more importance on developing <a href="/facts/Directed-energy_weapon/lcBdDTLf">directed-energy weapons</a> as a countermeasure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> However, after decades of <a href="/facts/Research_and_development/2h5UddUu">research and development</a>, directed-energy weapons are still very much at the experimental stage and it remains to be seen if or when they will be deployed as practical, high-performance military weapons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
Despite the difficulties that HGVs pose for mid-course <a href="/facts/Anti-Ballistic_Missile/FsgNKeP4">ABM</a> interception by systems like <a href="/facts/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3/wG92btcA">SM-3</a> and <a href="/facts/Ground-Based_Interceptor/MH19SQpK">GBI</a>, HGVs have yet to overcome substantial obstacles in order to achieve the same success in the terminal phase. For one thing, HGVs can only maneuver drastically in the mid-course phase of their flight path due to extreme pressures during their terminal phase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Additionally, contemporary SAM systems like <a href="/facts/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense/K2qPwyoY">THAAD</a>, <a href="/facts/MIM-104_Patriot/qNH4yWeY">PATRIOT</a> and <a href="/facts/SM-6/hHj8rFn2">SM-6</a> are mostly optimized for terminal phase interception, with the exception of SM-3 and GBI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Furthermore, when HGVs re-enter the atmosphere at hypersonic velocities a <a href="/facts/Plasma_sheet/KJhDHwMA">plasma sheet</a> will develop which disrupts their communications and sensors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> There are two solutions to this. Firstly, HGVs can slow down to <a href="/facts/Supersonic_speed/D3VpzmlC">supersonic</a> speeds, but this wouldn't make their terminal phase interception any harder than the missiles that current SAMs are designed to intercept.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Secondly, HGVs can maintain <a href="/facts/Hypersonic_speed/QUsQbhur">hypersonic</a> speeds and rely on <a href="/facts/Inertial_navigation_system/UzUTMhK2">inertial navigation systems</a>, though this would mean that HGVs can't target maneuvering targets like expensive <a href="/facts/Aircraft_carrier/90vrSN0V">aircraft carriers</a>, yet these are the exact targets that are valuable enough for HGVs with costs in the tens of millions each, to be worth targeting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> These factors have likely contributed to DF-ZF currently being used for a land-attack role only, although an <a href="/facts/Anti-ship_missile/f6MbP8Ab">anti-ship</a> variant is in development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Aviation portal</li><li>Spaceflight portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Avangard_(hypersonic_glide_vehicle)/vCrkADBw">Avangard</a> – a Russian hypersonic glide vehicle</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hypersonic_Technology_Vehicle_2/TUF7dxw7">Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2</a> – a similar US test vehicle and warhead</li>
<li>HGV-202F – an Indian Hypersonic glide vehicle</li>
<li><a href="/facts/HYFLEX/6rtpMJQC">HYFLEX</a> – a Japanese Hypersonic Flight Experiment</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Long-Range_Hypersonic_Weapon/LXz1RWzu">Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rockwell_X-30/jMGm3cCq">Rockwell X-30</a>, 1990–1993 project for SSTO prototype</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Boeing_X-51_Waverider/YDpmaYc9">Boeing X-51 Waverider</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hypersonic_Flight_Experiment/PFhh1uly">Hypersonic Flight Experiment</a> – an Indian atmospheric re-entry technology demonstrator programme</li>
<li><a href="/facts/IXV/lwSnkgWb">IXV</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Claus, Malcolm (2 November 2020). "China extends range of its hypersonic missile system". Janes. Retrieved 9 March 2024. <a href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-extends-range-of-its-hypersonic-missile-system" target="_blank">https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-extends-range-of-its-hypersonic-missile-system</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Rahmat, Ridzwan; Udoshi, Rahul (3 August 2022). "Update: China releases rare footage of supposed DF-17 missile firing". Janes. Retrieved 9 March 2024. <a href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/update-china-releases-rare-footage-of-supposed-df-17-missile-firing" target="_blank">https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/update-china-releases-rare-footage-of-supposed-df-17-missile-firing</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Fisher, Richard D Jr (26 November 2015). "US officials confirm sixth Chinese hypersonic manoeuvring strike vehicle test". Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 2015-11-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129233721/https://www.janes.com/article/56282/us-officials-confirm-sixth-chinese-hypersonic-manoeuvring-strike-vehicle-test" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151129233721/https://www.janes.com/article/56282/us-officials-confirm-sixth-chinese-hypersonic-manoeuvring-strike-vehicle-test</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Claus, Malcolm (2 November 2020). "China extends range of its hypersonic missile system". Janes. Retrieved 9 March 2024. <a href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-extends-range-of-its-hypersonic-missile-system" target="_blank">https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/china-extends-range-of-its-hypersonic-missile-system</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:7">Fisher, Richard D Jr (26 November 2015). "US officials confirm sixth Chinese hypersonic manoeuvring strike vehicle test". Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 2015-11-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129233721/https://www.janes.com/article/56282/us-officials-confirm-sixth-chinese-hypersonic-manoeuvring-strike-vehicle-test" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151129233721/https://www.janes.com/article/56282/us-officials-confirm-sixth-chinese-hypersonic-manoeuvring-strike-vehicle-test</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Fisher, Richard D Jr (26 November 2015). "US officials confirm sixth Chinese hypersonic manoeuvring strike vehicle test". Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 2015-11-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129233721/https://www.janes.com/article/56282/us-officials-confirm-sixth-chinese-hypersonic-manoeuvring-strike-vehicle-test" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151129233721/https://www.janes.com/article/56282/us-officials-confirm-sixth-chinese-hypersonic-manoeuvring-strike-vehicle-test</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:11">Gady, Franz-Stefan (28 April 2016). "China Tests New Weapon Capable of Breaching US Missile Defense Systems". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2018-12-14. <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/china-tests-new-weapon-capable-of-breaching-u-s-missile-defense-systems/" target="_blank">https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/china-tests-new-weapon-capable-of-breaching-u-s-missile-defense-systems/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Rahmat, Ridzwan; Udoshi, Rahul (3 August 2022). "Update: China releases rare footage of supposed DF-17 missile firing". Janes. Retrieved 9 March 2024. <a href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/update-china-releases-rare-footage-of-supposed-df-17-missile-firing" target="_blank">https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/update-china-releases-rare-footage-of-supposed-df-17-missile-firing</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Gady, Franz-Stefan (28 April 2016). "China Tests New Weapon Capable of Breaching US Missile Defense Systems". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2018-12-14. <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/china-tests-new-weapon-capable-of-breaching-u-s-missile-defense-systems/" target="_blank">https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/china-tests-new-weapon-capable-of-breaching-u-s-missile-defense-systems/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Fisher, Richard D Jr (26 November 2015). "US officials confirm sixth Chinese hypersonic manoeuvring strike vehicle test". Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 2015-11-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129233721/https://www.janes.com/article/56282/us-officials-confirm-sixth-chinese-hypersonic-manoeuvring-strike-vehicle-test" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151129233721/https://www.janes.com/article/56282/us-officials-confirm-sixth-chinese-hypersonic-manoeuvring-strike-vehicle-test</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Gady, Franz-Stefan (28 April 2016). "China Tests New Weapon Capable of Breaching US Missile Defense Systems". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2018-12-14. <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/china-tests-new-weapon-capable-of-breaching-u-s-missile-defense-systems/" target="_blank">https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/china-tests-new-weapon-capable-of-breaching-u-s-missile-defense-systems/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:22">Hecht, Jeff (27 September 2017). "Laser Weapons Not Yet Ready for Missile Defense". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2018-12-14. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/no-quick-laser-missile-defense" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/no-quick-laser-missile-defense</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:24">Perrett, Bradley; Sweetman, Bill; Fabey, Michael (27 January 2014). "U.S. Navy Sees Chinese HGV as Part of Wider Threat". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on January 30, 2014. Retrieved 2018-12-14. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Sweetman" target="_blank">/wiki/Bill_Sweetman</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:27">Hecht, Jeff (27 September 2017). "Laser Weapons Not Yet Ready for Missile Defense". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2018-12-14. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/no-quick-laser-missile-defense" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/no-quick-laser-missile-defense</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1160437.pdf [bare URL PDF] <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1160437.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1160437.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"Patriot". Missile Threat. Retrieved 2023-08-06. <a href="https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/patriot/" target="_blank">https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/patriot/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)". Missile Threat. Retrieved 2023-08-06. <a href="https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/thaad/" target="_blank">https://missilethreat.csis.org/system/thaad/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Proceedings of the Third Symposium on the Plasma Sheath-Plasma Electromagnetics of Hypersonic Flight, OFFICE OF AEROSPACE RESEARCH, United States Air Force, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0825618.pdf <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0825618.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0825618.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Operational Intercepts by System – Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance". Retrieved 2023-08-06. <a href="https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/missile-defense-systems-2/operational-intercepts-of-missile-defense-systems/" target="_blank">https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/missile-defense-systems-2/operational-intercepts-of-missile-defense-systems/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and Alternatives | Congressional Budget Office". www.cbo.gov. 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2023-08-06. <a href="https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58924" target="_blank">https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58924</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"DF-17". Missile Threat. Retrieved 2023-08-06. <a href="https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/df-17/" target="_blank">https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/df-17/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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