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Lymphocyte antigen 96
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<h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>The MD-2 protein appears to associate with toll-like receptor 4 on the cell surface and confers responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus providing a link between the receptor and LPS signaling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> That is, the primary interface between TLR4 and MD-2 is formed before binding LPS and the dimerization interface is induced by binding LPS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>MD-2 has a β-cup fold structure composed of two anti-parallel <a href="/facts/%25CE%2592_sheet/B6mwwR6H">β sheets</a> forming a large hydrophobic pocket for <a href="/facts/Ligand_(biochemistry)/44QLL4eU">ligand</a> binding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="interactions">Interactions</h2> <p>Lymphocyte antigen 96 has been shown to <a href="/facts/Protein-protein_interaction/etvm9Wmg">interact</a> with <a href="/facts/TLR_4/0EUN8zKI">TLR 4</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>When LPS binds to a hydrophobic pocket in MD-2, it directly mediates dimerization of the two TLR4-MD-2 complexes. Thus, TLR4 and MD-2 form a heterodimer that recognizes a common pattern in structurally diverse LPS molecules. These interactions allow TLR4 to recognize LPS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Macrophage/z7hkQu3o">Macrophages</a> in MD-2 <a href="/facts/Knockout_mouse/Aw50cobf">knockout mice</a> are unresponsive to LPS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>LPS is extracted from the bacterial membrane and transferred to TLR4-MD-2 by two accessory proteins, <a href="/facts/Lipopolysaccharide_binding_protein/jfGUepjL">LPS-binding protein</a> and <a href="/facts/CD14/pKXFR2d3">CD14</a>, to induce <a href="/facts/Innate_immune_response/lz4BpSQI">innate immune response</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Kato K, Morrison AM, Nakano T, Tashiro K, Honjo T (July 2000). "ESOP-1, a secreted protein expressed in the hematopoietic, nervous, and reproductive systems of embryonic and adult mice". <i>Blood</i>. 96 (1): 362–4. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V96.1.362">10.1182/blood.V96.1.362</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10891475">10891475</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Roman_Dziarski/GN8Sbehs">Dziarski R</a>, Wang Q, Miyake K, Kirschning CJ, Gupta D (February 2001). <a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.3.1938">"MD-2 enables Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated responses to lipopolysaccharide and enhances TLR2-mediated responses to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components"</a>. <i>Journal of Immunology</i>. 166 (3): 1938–44. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.166.3.1938">10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.1938</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11160242">11160242</a>.</li> <li>Schromm AB, Lien E, Henneke P, Chow JC, Yoshimura A, Heine H, et al. (July 2001). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2193443">"Molecular genetic analysis of an endotoxin nonresponder mutant cell line: a point mutation in a conserved region of MD-2 abolishes endotoxin-induced signaling"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Medicine</i>. 194 (1): 79–88. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.194.1.79">10.1084/jem.194.1.79</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2193443">2193443</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11435474">11435474</a>.</li> <li>Visintin A, Mazzoni A, Spitzer JA, Segal DM (October 2001). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59784">"Secreted MD-2 is a large polymeric protein that efficiently confers lipopolysaccharide sensitivity to Toll-like receptor 4"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 98 (21): 12156–61. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9812156V">2001PNAS...9812156V</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.211445098">10.1073/pnas.211445098</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59784">59784</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11593030">11593030</a>.</li> <li>Akashi S, Nagai Y, Ogata H, Oikawa M, Fukase K, Kusumoto S, et al. (December 2001). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fintimm%2F13.12.1595">"Human MD-2 confers on mouse Toll-like receptor 4 species-specific lipopolysaccharide recognition"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/International_Immunology/YvFKt82r">International Immunology</a></i>. 13 (12): 1595–9. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fintimm%2F13.12.1595">10.1093/intimm/13.12.1595</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11717200">11717200</a>.</li> <li>Abreu MT, Arnold ET, Thomas LS, Gonsky R, Zhou Y, Hu B, et al. (June 2002). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110333200">"TLR4 and MD-2 expression is regulated by immune-mediated signals in human intestinal epithelial cells"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 277 (23): 20431–7. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110333200">10.1074/jbc.M110333200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11923281">11923281</a>.</li> <li>Re F, Strominger JL (June 2002). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M202554200">"Monomeric recombinant MD-2 binds toll-like receptor 4 tightly and confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 277 (26): 23427–32. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M202554200">10.1074/jbc.M202554200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11976338">11976338</a>.</li> <li>Latz E, Visintin A, Lien E, Fitzgerald KA, Monks BG, Kurt-Jones EA, et al. (December 2002). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M207873200">"Lipopolysaccharide rapidly traffics to and from the Golgi apparatus with the toll-like receptor 4-MD-2-CD14 complex in a process that is distinct from the initiation of signal transduction"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 277 (49): 47834–43. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M207873200">10.1074/jbc.M207873200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12324469">12324469</a>.</li> <li>Schröder NW, Morath S, Alexander C, Hamann L, Hartung T, Zähringer U, et al. (May 2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M212829200">"Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus activates immune cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and CD14, whereas TLR-4 and MD-2 are not involved"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 278 (18): 15587–94. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M212829200">10.1074/jbc.M212829200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12594207">12594207</a>.</li> <li>Mullen GE, Kennedy MN, Visintin A, Mazzoni A, Leifer CA, Davies DR, et al. (April 2003). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153023">"The role of disulfide bonds in the assembly and function of MD-2"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 100 (7): 3919–24. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.3919M">2003PNAS..100.3919M</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0630495100">10.1073/pnas.0630495100</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153023">153023</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12642668">12642668</a>.</li> <li>Ohnishi T, Muroi M, Tanamoto K (May 2003). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154975">"MD-2 is necessary for the toll-like receptor 4 protein to undergo glycosylation essential for its translocation to the cell surface"</a>. <i>Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology</i>. 10 (3): 405–10. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fcdli.10.3.405-410.2003">10.1128/cdli.10.3.405-410.2003</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154975">154975</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12738639">12738639</a>.</li> <li>Thompson PA, Tobias PS, Viriyakosol S, Kirkland TN, Kitchens RL (August 2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M302921200">"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein inhibits responses to cell-bound LPS"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 278 (31): 28367–71. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M302921200">10.1074/jbc.M302921200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12754215">12754215</a>.</li> <li>Visintin A, Latz E, Monks BG, Espevik T, Golenbock DT (November 2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306802200">"Lysines 128 and 132 enable lipopolysaccharide binding to MD-2, leading to Toll-like receptor-4 aggregation and signal transduction"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 278 (48): 48313–20. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306802200">10.1074/jbc.M306802200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12960171">12960171</a>.</li> <li>Re F, Strominger JL (November 2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.171.10.5272">"Separate functional domains of human MD-2 mediate Toll-like receptor 4-binding and lipopolysaccharide responsiveness"</a>. <i>Journal of Immunology</i>. 171 (10): 5272–6. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.171.10.5272">10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5272</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14607928">14607928</a>.</li> <li>Hamann L, Kumpf O, Müller M, Visintin A, Eckert J, Schlag PM, et al. (June 2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.gene.6364068">"A coding mutation within the first exon of the human MD-2 gene results in decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling"</a>. <i>Genes and Immunity</i>. 5 (4): 283–8. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.gene.6364068">10.1038/sj.gene.6364068</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15057266">15057266</a>.</li> <li>Gruber A, Mancek M, Wagner H, Kirschning CJ, Jerala R (July 2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M400993200">"Structural model of MD-2 and functional role of its basic amino acid clusters involved in cellular lipopolysaccharide recognition"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 279 (27): 28475–82. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M400993200">10.1074/jbc.M400993200</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15111623">15111623</a>.</li> <li>Cario E, Golenbock DT, Visintin A, Rünzi M, Gerken G, Podolsky DK (April 2006). <a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.176.7.4258">"Trypsin-sensitive modulation of intestinal epithelial MD-2 as mechanism of lipopolysaccharide tolerance"</a>. <i>Journal of Immunology</i>. 176 (7): 4258–66. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.176.7.4258">10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4258</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16547263">16547263</a>.</li> <li>Jia HP, Kline JN, Penisten A, Apicella MA, Gioannini TL, Weiss J, et al. (August 2004). "Endotoxin responsiveness of human airway epithelia is limited by low expression of MD-2". <i>American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology</i>. 287 (2): L428-37. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajplung.00377.2003">10.1152/ajplung.00377.2003</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15121639">15121639</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13203884">13203884</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=lymphocyte+antigen+96%2C+human">lymphocyte+antigen+96,+human</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Shimazu R, Akashi S, Ogata H, Nagai Y, Fukudome K, Miyake K, et al. (June 1999). "MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 189 (11): 1777–82. doi:10.1084/jem.189.11.1777. PMC 2193086. PMID 10359581. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2193086" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2193086</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Abreu MT, Vora P, Faure E, Thomas LS, Arnold ET, Arditi M (August 2001). "Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide". Journal of Immunology. 167 (3): 1609–16. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1609. PMID 11466383. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.167.3.1609" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.167.3.1609</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Entrez Gene: LY96 lymphocyte antigen 96". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23643" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23643</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Park BS, Song DH, Kim HM, Choi BS, Lee H, Lee JO (April 2009). "The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4-MD-2 complex". Nature. 458 (7242): 1191–5. Bibcode:2009Natur.458.1191P. doi:10.1038/nature07830. PMID 19252480. S2CID 4396446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Entrez Gene: LY96 lymphocyte antigen 96". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23643" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23643</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Park BS, Song DH, Kim HM, Choi BS, Lee H, Lee JO (April 2009). "The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4-MD-2 complex". Nature. 458 (7242): 1191–5. Bibcode:2009Natur.458.1191P. doi:10.1038/nature07830. PMID 19252480. S2CID 4396446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kim HM, Park BS, Kim JI, Kim SE, Lee J, Oh SC, et al. (September 2007). "Crystal structure of the TLR4-MD-2 complex with bound endotoxin antagonist Eritoran". Cell. 130 (5): 906–17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.002. PMID 17803912. S2CID 18948568. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.08.002" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.08.002</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Ohto U, Fukase K, Miyake K, Satow Y (June 2007). "Crystal structures of human MD-2 and its complex with antiendotoxic lipid IVa". Science. 316 (5831): 1632–4. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1632O. doi:10.1126/science.1139111. PMID 17569869. S2CID 37539892. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Shimazu R, Akashi S, Ogata H, Nagai Y, Fukudome K, Miyake K, et al. (June 1999). "MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 189 (11): 1777–82. doi:10.1084/jem.189.11.1777. PMC 2193086. PMID 10359581. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2193086" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2193086</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Re F, Strominger JL (June 2002). "Monomeric recombinant MD-2 binds toll-like receptor 4 tightly and confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (26): 23427–32. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202554200. PMID 11976338. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M202554200" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M202554200</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Park BS, Song DH, Kim HM, Choi BS, Lee H, Lee JO (April 2009). "The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4-MD-2 complex". Nature. 458 (7242): 1191–5. Bibcode:2009Natur.458.1191P. doi:10.1038/nature07830. PMID 19252480. S2CID 4396446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ciesielska A, Matyjek M, Kwiatkowska K (2021). "TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 78 (4): 1233–1261. doi:10.1007/s00018-020-03656-y. PMC 7904555. PMID 33057840. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7904555" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7904555</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Park BS, Song DH, Kim HM, Choi BS, Lee H, Lee JO (April 2009). "The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4-MD-2 complex". Nature. 458 (7242): 1191–5. Bibcode:2009Natur.458.1191P. doi:10.1038/nature07830. PMID 19252480. S2CID 4396446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>