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Bahram Afzali
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<h2 id="career">Career</h2> <p>Afzali was born in 1937<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> in the city of <a href="/facts/Qom/zqx5U0eP">Qom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> His father was a cleric.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> He entered the service of the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Iranian_Navy/1sFJ9eNE">Imperial Iranian Navy</a> in 1957 and was sent to Italy for further education.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In 1961, he was graduated from <a href="/facts/Italian_Naval_Academy/lWRtQJBp">Italian Naval Academy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> where he was trained in <a href="/facts/Mechanical_engineering/cbId4fye">mechanical engineering</a> and <a href="/facts/Shipbuilding/XLy9lj1W">shipbuilding</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> He later obtained a PhD in <a href="/facts/Naval_architecture/dJnh5bsd">boat and submarine architecture</a> in 1970.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Afzali was an engineer and a captain in the Imperial Iranian Navy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> After the 1979 revolution, he continued to serve in the Navy and took part in the <a href="/facts/Iran%25E2%2580%2593Iraq_War/DqD7W8vd">Iran–Iraq War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Then Iranian president <a href="/facts/Abolhassan_Bani_Sadr/RxS3u4rh">Abolhassan Bani Sadr</a> appointed him as the commander of the Navy in June 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> He was also special adviser of then speaker of the Iranian parliament, <a href="/facts/Ali_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani/1VSLLsd8">Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="arrest-trial-and-death">Arrest, trial and death</h2> <p>At the beginning of 1983, Afzali, along with more than a thousand members of the <a href="/facts/Tudeh_Party/BsyyPtAG">Tudeh Party</a> was arrested by the IRP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The trial carried out in the form of a military tribunal in December 1983, and 32 of them were sentenced to death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Their judge was <a href="/facts/Hojjat_al-Islam/4a0hthsm">Hojjat Al Islam</a> <a href="/facts/Mohammad_Reyshahri/uDqHfaxt">Mohammad Reyshahri</a>, who also interrogated <a href="/facts/Mehdi_Hashemi/l5AtwnSb">Mahdi Hashemi</a> in 1986.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The location of the tribunal has been never revealed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Ten of these Tudeh members were executed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> On 25 February 1984, Afzali was executed on charges of espionage for the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Iranian_commanders_in_the_Iran%25E2%2580%2593Iraq_War/Uet0RMuV">List of Iranian commanders in the Iran–Iraq War</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.bahramafzali.info/">Official website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780815654322. <a href="9780815654322" target="_blank">9780815654322</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780815654322. <a href="9780815654322" target="_blank">9780815654322</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, vol. 18, Echo of Iran, 1987, p. 304 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780815654322. <a href="9780815654322" target="_blank">9780815654322</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Nikola B. Schahgaldian, Gina Barkhordarian (March 1987), The Iranian Military Under the Islamic Republic (PDF), RAND, p. 113, ISBN 0-8330-0777-7, retrieved 15 January 2017 <a href="0-8330-0777-7" target="_blank">0-8330-0777-7</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, vol. 18, Echo of Iran, 1987, p. 304 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780815654322. <a href="9780815654322" target="_blank">9780815654322</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, vol. 18, Echo of Iran, 1987, p. 304 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018). Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook. Syracuse University Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780815654322. <a href="9780815654322" target="_blank">9780815654322</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Mr. Bahram Afzali". OMID. Retrieved 13 February 2013. <a href="http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--4343.php" target="_blank">http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--4343.php</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Mr. Bahram Afzali". OMID. Retrieved 13 February 2013. <a href="http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--4343.php" target="_blank">http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--4343.php</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"30 persons dead, 80 injured in Iranian-Iraqi frontier clash". The Calgary Herald. 2 June 1980. Retrieved 13 February 2013. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fHNkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1120,568623&dq=bahram+afzali&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fHNkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1120,568623&dq=bahram+afzali&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Shireen T. Hunter; Jeffrey L. Thomas; Alexander Melikishvili (2004). Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. M.E. Sharpe. p. 506. ISBN 978-0-7656-1282-3. <a href="978-0-7656-1282-3" target="_blank">978-0-7656-1282-3</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>George W. Breslauer (1990). Soviet Strategy in the Middle East. Unwin Hyman. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-04-445232-4. <a href="978-0-04-445232-4" target="_blank">978-0-04-445232-4</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Sepehr Zabir (2012). The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D). CRC Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-136-81270-5. <a href="978-1-136-81270-5" target="_blank">978-1-136-81270-5</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Ervand Abrahamian (1999). Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran. University of California Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-520-21623-5. <a href="978-0-520-21623-5" target="_blank">978-0-520-21623-5</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Ervand Abrahamian (1999). Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran. University of California Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-520-21623-5. <a href="978-0-520-21623-5" target="_blank">978-0-520-21623-5</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Sepehr Zabir (2012). The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D). CRC Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-136-81270-5. <a href="978-1-136-81270-5" target="_blank">978-1-136-81270-5</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Mr. Bahram Afzali". OMID. Retrieved 13 February 2013. <a href="http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--4343.php" target="_blank">http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--4343.php</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Sepehr Zabir (2012). The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D). CRC Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-136-81270-5. <a href="978-1-136-81270-5" target="_blank">978-1-136-81270-5</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Hunter, Shireen T. (Spring 1987). "After the Ayatollah". Foreign Policy. 66 (66): 77–97. doi:10.2307/1148665. JSTOR 1148665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>