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Tripos
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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The word has an obscure <a href="/facts/Etymology/18QG6y67">etymology</a>, but possibly could be traced to the three-legged stool candidates once used to sit on when taking oral examinations, known as <i><a href="/facts/Tripod/E3tHzDe0">tripods</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> An apocryphal legend says that students used to receive one leg of a stool in each of their three years of exams, receiving the whole stool at graduation. Another tradition holds that the name derives from the three brackets printed on the back of the voucher.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>[<i>citation not found</i>] </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Initially, the only way to obtain an honours degree at Cambridge was the Mathematical Tripos examination. <a href="/facts/John_Jebb_(1736%25E2%2580%25931786)/E6w4YJ1C">John Jebb</a> proposed reforms in 1772, but implementation was blocked by various matters such as lack of expertise in the smaller colleges in a wider range of subjects. Classed examinations in law were introduced in 1816 by <a href="/facts/James_William_Geldart/sFdU64sU">James William Geldart</a>, who was then <a href="/facts/Regius_Professor_of_Civil_Law_(Cambridge)/b1S6xrl7">Regius Professor of Civil Law</a>. Although a classical tripos was created in 1822, it was only open to those who already had high honours in mathematics or those who were the sons of <a href="/facts/Peerage/D9NDbGPk">peers</a>. This restriction ended around 1850, and triposes in the moral sciences and natural sciences were introduced in the 1860s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> From Easter 2023, "overall degree classifications" were introduced to the Tripos system bringing Cambridge in line with other British universities. </p><p>The origin and evolution of the Cambridge Tripos can be found in William Clark's <i>Academic Charisma and the Origin of the Research University</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>A tripos is divided into two parts: <i>Part I</i>, which is broadly based, and <i>Part II</i>, which allows specialization within the student's chosen field. Since a <a href="/facts/Bachelor%2527s_degree/s739u69z">bachelor's degree</a> usually takes three years to complete, either Part I or Part II is two years, and the other one year. The details of this can vary from subject to subject. There is also an optional Part III offered in some subjects, such as the <a href="/facts/Cambridge_Mathematical_Tripos/4LDIeQSR">Mathematical Tripos</a>; these are not required to complete a bachelor's degree. Some <i>Part III</i> courses allow the student to graduate with both a <a href="/facts/Master%2527s_degree/lQ5hT1cH">master's degree</a> and a bachelor's degree: for example, scientific Part III courses allow the student to graduate with an M.Sci. degree in addition to the B.A. degree which all Cambridge graduates receive. The Engineering Tripos is divided into four Parts (IA, IB, IIA, IIB), each corresponding to one academic year, and leads to the simultaneous awarding of the B.A. and M.Eng. degrees. </p><p>Students are <a href="/facts/Test_(assessment)/CjK7g99B">examined</a> formally at the end of each part and are awarded a degree classification for each part. While each part receives its own classification, a student's performance in Part II is generally considered definitive for determining their overall ranking within their subject cohort (for example, the historic position of <a href="/facts/Senior_Wrangler/5bIe44lU">Senior Wrangler</a> in the Mathematical Tripos was determined by Part II performance). Most subjects are examined in all three years; for example, the <a href="/facts/Natural_Sciences_Tripos/cQlkVz2P">Natural Sciences Tripos</a> has examinations for Part IA, Part IB, Part II, and in some subjects, Part III. The English, History and ASNaC Triposes have preliminary rather than full examinations at the end of the first year, though History and English have recently scrapped Preliminary exams in the first year and moved to an IA, IB, II structure with classed examinations in all years. </p><p>The student who achieves the highest marks in their Tripos subject, commonly referred to as the 'Tripos topper', is awarded with the Winifred Georgina Holgate Pollard Memorial Prize.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious academic accolade awarded to students by the University of Cambridge. Each year, the University recognises these top students by publishing their names in the <i>Reporter</i>, the University of Cambridge's official journal, celebrating their academic excellence. </p><p>Degree regulations state that, to be awarded a degree, a student must have passed two honours examinations (i.e., two Tripos examinations) – this could include a Part I and a Part II, two Part I exams, or (in some cases) a Part I and a Part IA. From October 2011, students can only be awarded an <a href="/facts/British_undergraduate_degree_classification/fPs3fpsu">honours degree</a> if they have been awarded honours in a Part II or Part III examination;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> a combination of Part I examinations will allow a student to graduate with an <a href="/facts/British_undergraduate_degree_classification/fPs3fpsu">Ordinary degree</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> All students must complete at least nine terms of residence (three years of study) – making it impossible for students to simply complete two one-year tripos parts. This makes it easy for an undergraduate to switch out of a subject. So a one-year Part I (or Part IA) must be followed by a two-year Part II, and usually vice versa. More exotic combinations are possible, with the permission of the student's college and prospective department, but some combinations create a four-year bachelor's degree. A few subjects – i.e. Management Studies, Manufacturing Engineering, and Linguistics (prior to October 2010) – exist only as Part II, and can be preceded by any manner of Part I subject. </p><p>Students who already possess a bachelor's degree or equivalent from another university are generally permitted to skip Part I, and thus can complete a Cambridge bachelor's degree in two years or less. Students already holding a BA degree from Cambridge are not permitted to collect a second BA from the university. </p><p>A student requesting to graduate (technically, 'admitted to a degree') is assessed mainly on two criteria: not only the Triposes they have completed (requirements laid by the statutes and ordinances of Cambridge), as recorded in the <i><a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Reporter/QNWaJtX7">Cambridge University Reporter</a></i> (Cambridge's <a href="/facts/Gazette/t5TcPtWE">gazette</a> newspaper), but also the number of terms kept (at least nine required for a BA; 10 for an undergraduate master's degree). A student's requests to graduate should also be approved by their college, and be unopposed by the regent house, one of the university's governing bodies with vetoing powers. </p> <h2 id="list-of-triposes">List of Triposes</h2> <p>Below is the list of Triposes offered by the university (Latin numerals in brackets indicate the Parts available): </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Department_of_Anglo-Saxon%2c_Norse_and_Celtic%2c_University_of_Cambridge/BlD4aYgs">Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic Tripos</a> (ASNaC) (I, II) (two year part I)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Department_of_Archaeology%2c_University_of_Cambridge/hdwpeML0">Archaeology Tripos</a> (I, IIA, IIB)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Department_of_Architecture%2c_University_of_Cambridge/GV5nsaVT">Architecture Tripos</a> (IA, IB, II)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Asian_Studies/8a6PyGtc">Asian</a> and <a href="/facts/Middle_Eastern_Studies/kqNU2I2j">Middle Eastern Studies</a> (formerly Oriental Studies Tripos) (IA, IB, II)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Department_of_Chemical_Engineering_and_Biotechnology%2c_University_of_Cambridge/qtJ8U3Ra">Chemical Engineering Tripos</a> ("Chem Eng") (I, IIA, IIB) (part IIB completion leads to M Eng in addition to BA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Classical_Tripos/hpLTIs5t">Classical Tripos</a> (IA, IB, II) (pre IA year available to those without A-level Latin/Greek)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_Science_Tripos/B3Hgb3bp">Computer Science Tripos</a> ("Comp Sci") (IA, IB, II, III) (part III completion leads to M Eng plus BA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Faculty_of_Economics%2c_University_of_Cambridge/7oSNRNrs">Economics Tripos</a> (IA, IB, II)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Faculty_of_Education%2c_University_of_Cambridge/eo2m25z9">Education Tripos</a> (I, II) (two year part I)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Faculty_of_Engineering%2c_University_of_Cambridge/0F5GB9dJ">Engineering Tripos</a> (IA, IB, IIA, IIB) (part IIB completion leads to M Eng in addition to BA)</li> <li>English Tripos (IA, IB, II)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Department_of_Geography%2c_University_of_Cambridge/eEUetJej">Geographical Tripos</a> (IA, IB, II)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Faculty_of_History%2c_University_of_Cambridge/tHfATDdV">Historical Tripos</a> (I, II) (two year part I)</li> <li>Historical Tripos (from 2022) (IA, IB, II)</li> <li>History and Modern Languages Tripos (IA, IB, II) (two year part II)</li> <li>History and Politics Tripos (IA, IB, II)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Department_of_History_and_Philosophy_of_Science%2c_University_of_Cambridge/uIH1Psa3">History and Philosophy of Science Tripos</a> (HPS) (IB, II)</li> <li>History of Art Tripos (I, IIA, IIB)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Faculty_of_Human%2c_Social%2c_and_Political_Science%2c_University_of_Cambridge/hdwpeML0">Human, Social, and Political Sciences Tripos</a> (HSPS) (I, IIA, IIB)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Land_economy/aQsRP9q3">Land Economy Tripos</a> (IA, IB, II)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Faculty_of_Law%2c_University_of_Cambridge/lABST3sw">Law Tripos</a> (IA, IB, II)</li> <li>Linguistics Tripos (I, IIA, IIB)</li> <li>Management Studies Tripos ("Part II" only; the Management Studies Tripos is a one-year course)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Institute_for_Manufacturing/kbpX59B3">Manufacturing Engineering Tripos</a> (I, II) (part III completion leads to M Eng in addition to BA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mathematical_Tripos/4LDIeQSR">Mathematical Tripos</a> (IA, IB, II, III) (part III completion leads to MMath in addition to a BA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/School_of_Clinical_Medicine%2c_University_of_Cambridge/xBPyD7gC">Medical Sciences Tripos</a> (MedST) (IA, IB)</li> <li>Modern and Medieval Languages Tripos (MML) (IA, IB, II)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Faculty_of_Music%2c_University_of_Cambridge/NGx6Sbt7">Music Tripos</a> (IA, IB, II)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Natural_Sciences_(Cambridge)/cQlkVz2P">Natural Sciences Tripos</a> ("Nat Sci") (IA, IB, II, III) (part III completion leads to M Sci in addition to a BA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Faculty_of_Philosophy%2c_University_of_Cambridge/McLrdb4c">Philosophy Tripos</a> (IA, IB, II)</li> <li>Psychological and Behavioural Sciences Tripos (I, IIA, IIB)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Faculty_of_Divinity%2c_University_of_Cambridge/SRLdMp4F">Theological and Religious Studies Tripos</a> (I, IIA, IIB)</li> <li>Veterinary Sciences Tripos (VetST) (IA, IB)</li></ul> <h3>Triposes recently abolished, renamed or restructured</h3> <ul><li>Oriental Studies Tripos</li> <li>Education Studies Tripos</li> <li>Linguistics Tripos (Old Regulations)</li> <li>Archaeology and Anthropology Tripos</li> <li>Politics, Psychology and Sociology [PPS] Tripos</li> <li>Medical and Veterinary Sciences Tripos (MVST); split into separate Medical and Veterinary Sciences Triposes (MedST/VetST) from October 2018.</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Honour_Moderations/3VKQsxYz">Honour Moderations</a> (Oxford)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)/kx7NTGR1">Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wooden_spoon_(award)/Wbq3UF3w">Wooden spoon (award)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)/qFAG006m">Wrangler (University of Cambridge)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"The Jargon | Queens' College". Queens' College, Cambridge. Retrieved 6 April 2015. <a href="http://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/life-at-queens/about-the-college/university/the-jargon" target="_blank">http://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/life-at-queens/about-the-college/university/the-jargon</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Structure of our courses". University of Cambridge. <a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/structure.html" target="_blank">http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/structure.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Essay on Triposes" in The Classical Journal, Volume 13; p. 83; No. XXV, March 1816. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Smith, Jonathan C. (2002). Teaching and learning in nineteenth-century Cambridge. Ipswich: Boydell Press. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-85115-783-1. <a href="0-85115-783-1" target="_blank">0-85115-783-1</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Clark, William (2006). Academic Charisma and the Origin of the Research University, chapter 4, University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Chapter Xii : Trusts - Funds, Studentships, Prizes, Lectureships, Etc". <a href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/2017/chapter12-section2.html#heading2-250" target="_blank">https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/2017/chapter12-section2.html#heading2-250</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"New prize for Tripos toppers announced". <a href="https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/10466" target="_blank">https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/10466</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Joint Report of the Council and the General Board on the requirements for the B.A. Degree by Honours". Cambridge University Reporter, Thursday 23 July 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2011. <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2008-09/weekly/6158/17.html" target="_blank">http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2008-09/weekly/6158/17.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Joint Report of the Council and the General Board on the future of Ordinary Examinations and the Ordinary B.A. Degree". Cambridge University Reporter, Wednesday 24 November 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2011. <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2010-11/weekly/6204/section7.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2010-11/weekly/6204/section7.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>