Sarepta

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

Sarepta is mentioned for the first time in the voyage of an <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egypt/BDsEGK4g">ancient Egyptian</a> in the 14th century BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> <a href="/facts/Obadiah/FI6poNmy">Obadiah</a> says it was the northern boundary of <a href="/facts/Canaan/PyX3f92e">Canaan</a>: “And the exiles of this host of the sons of Israel who are among the Canaanites as far as Zarephath (צרפת), and the exiles of Jerusalem who are in Sepharad, will possess the cities of the south.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> The medieval lexicographer <a href="/facts/David_ben_Abraham_al-Fasi/ShU3royh">David ben Abraham al-Fasi</a> identified Zarephath with the city of Ṣarfanda (<a href="/facts/Judeo-Arabic_language/Aa7A8Rja">Judeo-Arabic</a>: צרפנדה).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Originally <a href="/facts/Sidon/S6fPpKPY">Sidonian</a>, the town passed to the <a href="/facts/Tyre%2c_Lebanon/RYMPTlJR">Tyrians</a> after the invasion of <a href="/facts/Shalmaneser_IV/xW40BuV8">Shalmaneser IV</a>, 722 BCE. It fell to <a href="/facts/Sennacherib/SxJYPXzq">Sennacherib</a> in 701 BCE.
<a href="/facts/1_Kings_17/tF2TxTPL">1 Kings 17</a>:8-24 describes the city as being subject to Sidon in the time of <a href="/facts/Ahab/GofBzNm5">Ahab</a> and says that the prophet <a href="/facts/Elijah/8u9SgWaM">Elijah</a>, after leaving the <a href="/facts/Chorath/wXsUK1IL">wadi Kerith</a> (<a href="/facts/Hebrew_language/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a>: נַחַל כְּרִית, <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Hebrew/lqWNLwgA">romanized</a>: naḥal Kəriṯ, multiplied the meal and oil of the widow of Zarephath and <a href="/facts/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Zarephath/gnSq5Awx">resurrected her son</a>, an incident also referred to by <a href="/facts/Jesus/Hcd9hEzI">Jesus</a> in <a href="/facts/Luke_4/W4h0c7uV">Luke 4</a>:26.
Zarephath (צרפת ṣārĕfáṯ) became the <a href="/facts/Eponym/2q9tXlTQ">eponym</a> in Hebrew for any <a href="/facts/Smelter/Ghdvhlga">smelter</a> or <a href="/facts/Forge/B1JVtzy4">forge</a>, or <a href="/facts/Metalworking/eAT0Pvz2">metalworking</a> shop. In the <a href="/facts/1st_century/ckcEcRNW">1st century</a>, the Roman port of Sarepta about 1 km (0.62 mi) to the south,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> is mentioned by <a href="/facts/Josephus/RgFoKIYH">Josephus</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> and by <a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Elder/grx67ghR">Pliny the Elder</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
Sarepta is the location of a <a href="/facts/Shia_Islam/JIQl7ooz">Shi'i</a> shrine to <a href="/facts/Abu_Dharr_al-Ghifari/TkRQJLPe">Abu Dharr al-Ghifari</a>, a <a href="/facts/Companion_of_Muhammad/ev5xGHLt">companion of Muhammad</a>. The shrine is believed to have been built several centuries after Abu Dharr's death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>
After the Islamization of the area, in 1185, the <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Greece/49pGu7tn">Byzantine</a> <a href="/facts/Monk/mDhTrNcB">monk</a> Phocas, making a gazetteer of the <a href="/facts/Holy_Land/lju6CuUX">Holy Land</a> (De locis sanctis, 7), found the town almost in its ancient condition. A century later, according to <a href="/facts/Burchard_of_Mount_Sion/v5xLXaWm">Burchard of Mount Sion</a>, it was in ruins and contained only seven or eight houses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Even after the <a href="/facts/Crusader_states/xCooE9pA">Crusader states</a> had collapsed, the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic Church</a> continued to appoint purely <a href="/facts/Titular_bishop/WJYxatKc">titular bishops</a> of Sarepta, the most noted being Thomas, the auxiliary Bishop of Wrocław, who held the post from 1350 until 1378.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

<h2 id="ecclesiastical-history">Ecclesiastical history</h2>

Sarepta as a Christian city was mentioned in the <a href="/facts/Itinerarium_Burdigalense/WzSaPyW2">Itinerarium Burdigalense</a>; the Onomasticon of <a href="/facts/Eusebius/JvkeIKcS">Eusebius</a> and in <a href="/facts/Jerome/0qVqVA73">Jerome</a>; by Theodosius and Pseudo-Antoninus who, in the 6th century call it a small town but very Christian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> It contained at that time a church dedicated to <a href="/facts/Elijah/8u9SgWaM">Elijah</a>. The <a href="/facts/Notitiae_Episcopatuum/DGVAo8l8">Notitiae Episcopatuum</a>, a list of bishoprics made in <a href="/facts/Antioch/Evq0VtjE">Antioch</a> in the 6th century, speaks of Sarepta as a suffragan <a href="/facts/See_of_Tyre/dkWJIjh9">see of Tyre</a>; all of its bishops are unknown.

<h3>Titular sees</h3>
The diocese was nominally restored as <a href="/facts/Titular_see/bSEAqrKe">titular see</a>, twice: in Latin and <a href="/facts/Maronite_Church/RAQFG8ex">Maronite</a> traditions.

<h4>Sarepta of the Maronites</h4>
This <a href="/facts/Titular_bishopric/bSEAqrKe">titular bishopric</a> was established in 1983.
It has had the following incumbents of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank:

<ul><li>Emile Eid (1982.12.20 – death 2009.11.30), in the <a href="/facts/Roman_Curia/LJ7r0uay">Roman Curia</a>: Vice-President of Pontifical Commission for the Revision of Code of Oriental Canon Law (1982.12.20 – 1990.10.18) and on emeritate; previously <a href="/facts/Defender_of_the_Bond/r8oA0eLY">Defender of the Bond</a> of <a href="/facts/Supreme_Tribunal_of_the_Apostolic_Signatura/n7aLvWn5">Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura</a> (1969? – 1974), <a href="/facts/Promoter_of_Justice/45e5rQBq">Promoter of Justice</a> of the same Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (1969 – 1980)</li>
<li>Hanna G. Alwan, <a href="/facts/Congregation_of_the_Lebanese_Maronite_Missionaries/3CXsPBA2">Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries</a> (L.M.) (2011.08.13 – ...), Bishop of Curia of the Maronites at the Patriarchate of Antioc; previously Prelate Auditor of <a href="/facts/Tribunal_of_the_Roman_Rota/9l1KjSyl">Tribunal of the Roman Rota</a> (1996.03.04 – 2011.08.13).</li></ul>
<h4>Sarepta of the Romans</h4>
It was established as titular bishopric no later than the 15th century.
It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents:

<ul><li>Theodorich, (around 1350), as <a href="/facts/Auxiliary_Bishop/6xuhzx9g">Auxiliary Bishop</a> of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Olomouc/7oIdHPyJ">Roman Catholic Diocese of Olomouc</a> (<a href="/facts/Moravia/35gbBhxa">Moravia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jaroslav_of_Bezm%25C3%25AD%25C5%2599e/W9AGJN8M">Jaroslav of Bezmíře</a>, appointed Bishop of Sarepta on 1394.7.15 by <a href="/facts/Pope_Boniface_IX/SBgXp8cy">Pope Boniface IX</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a></li>
<li>Guillaume Vasseur, <a href="/facts/Dominican_Order/n9l5y8Yk">Dominican Order</a> (O.P.) (1448.10.23 – death 1476?), no actual prelature</li>
<li>Gilles Barbier, <a href="/facts/Friars_Minor/gwohhd4C">Friars Minor</a> (O.F.M.) (1476.04.03 – death 1494.03.28) as <a href="/facts/Auxiliary_Bishop/6xuhzx9g">Auxiliary Bishop</a> of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tournai/4QFgsIzS">Diocese of Tournai</a> (<a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>) (1476.04.03 – 1494.03.28)</li>
<li>Nicolas Bureau, O.F.M. (1519.12.02 – death 1551) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tournai/4QFgsIzS">Diocese of Tournai</a> (Belgium) (1519.12.02 – 1551)</li>
<li>Guillaume Hanwere (1552.04.27 – 1560) as Auxiliary Bishop of above Tournai (Belgium) (1552.04.27 – 1560)</li>
<li>Johannes Kaspar Stredele 'Austrian) (1631.12.15 – death 1642.12.28) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Passau/G1Lp5pHW">Diocese of Passau</a> (<a href="/facts/Bavaria/CLbr6NIG">Bavaria</a>, Germany) (1631.12.15 – 1642.12.28)</li>
<li>Wojciech Ignacy Bardziński (1709.01.28 – death 1722?) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kujawy%25E2%2580%2593Pomorze/L2rDmHXg">Diocese of Kujawy–Pomorze</a> (Poland) (1709.01.28 – 1722?)</li>
<li>Charles-Antoine de la Roche-Aymon (1725.06.11 – 1730.10.02) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Limoges/exEWc2y7">Diocese of Limoges</a> (France) (1725.06.11 – 1730.10.02); later Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tarbes/nxHlMgL5">Tarbes</a> (France) ([1729.12.27] 1730.10.02 – 1740.11.11), Metropolitan Archbishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toulouse/e0JsIUM6">Toulouse</a> (France) ([1740.01.10] 1740.11.11 – 1752.12.18), Metropolitan Archbishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Narbonne/2UeDvXwk">Narbonne</a> (France) ([1752.10.02] 1752.12.18 – 1763.01.24), Metropolitan Archbishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Reims/tkp19LST">Reims</a> (France) ([1762.12.05] 1763.01.24 – death 1777.10.27), created <a href="/facts/Cardinal-Priest/Acxx5Hd4">Cardinal-Priest</a> with no Title assigned (1771.12.16 – 1777.10.27)</li>
<li>Johann Anton Wallreuther (1731.03.05 – 1734.01.16) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Worms/7fuGxwy3">Diocese of Worms</a> (Germany) (1731.03.05 – 1734.01.16)</li>
<li>Jean de Cairol de Madaillan (1760.01.28 – 1770.01.29) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Narbonne/2UeDvXwk">Archdiocese of Narbonne</a> (France) (1760.01.28 – ?); later Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vence/lE8VCCzD">Vence</a> (France) (1770.01.29 – 1771.12.16), Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Grenoble/gW81yzPM">Grenoble</a> (France) (1771.12.16 [1772.01.23] – 1779.12.10)</li>
<li>Jean-Denis de Vienne (1775.12.18 – death 1800) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon/UVe3N3zL">Lyon</a> (France) (1775.12.18 – 1800)</li>
<li>Alois Jozef Krakowski von Kolowrat (1800.12.22 – 1815.03.15) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Olomouc/7oIdHPyJ">Archdiocese of Olomouc</a> (Olomütz, <a href="/facts/Moravia/35gbBhxa">Moravia</a>, now Czech Republic) (1800.12.22 – 1815.03.15), Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hradec_Kr%25C3%25A1lov%25C3%25A9/8f4XbYBJ">Hradec Králové</a> (now Czech Republic) (1815.03.15 – 1831.02.28), Metropolitan Archbishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Praha/gtq9rrGU">Archdiocese of Praha</a> (Prague, <a href="/facts/Bohemia/Wbr8gt6l">Bohemia</a>, now Czech Republic) (1831.02.28 – death 1833.03.28)</li>
<li>Johann Heinrich Milz (1825.12.19 – death 1833.04.29) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Trier/JVm4CUQV">Trier</a> (Germany) (1825.12.19 – 1833.04.29)</li>
<li>Johann Stanislaus Kutowski (1836.02.01 – death 1848.12.29) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Che%25C5%2582mno/NxSCpNHM">Diocese of Chełmno</a> (Kulm, Poland) (1836.02.01 – 1848.12.29)</li>
<li>Franz Xaver Zenner (1851.02.17 – death 1861.10.29) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Wien/SHbFurNx">Archdiocese of Wien</a> (Vienna, Austria) (1851.02.17 – 1861.10.29)</li>
<li>Nicholas Power (1865.04.30 – death 1871.04.05) as <a href="/facts/Coadjutor_Bishop/55q1W2Pg">Coadjutor Bishop</a> of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Killaloe/jWeDer0S">Killaloe</a> (Ireland) (1865.04.30 – 1871.04.05)</li>
<li>Jean-François Jamot (1874.02.03 – 1882.07.11) as only <a href="/facts/Apostolic_Vicar/BGEIsxY9">Apostolic Vicar</a> of <a href="/facts/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Northern_Canada/kDd5n94E">Northern Canada</a> (Canada) (1874.02.03 – 1882.07.11); next (see) promoted first Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Peterborough/kDd5n94E">Peterborough</a> (Canada) (1882.07.11 – death 1886.05.04)</li>
<li>Antonio Scotti (1882.09.25 – 1886.01.15) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Benevento/oYb88r2j">Archdiocese of Benevento</a> (Italy) (1882.09.25 – 1886.01.15); next Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Alife/kHoIGghL">Alife</a> (Italy) (1886.01.15 – retired 1898.03.24), emeritate as Titular Bishop of <a href="/facts/Tiberiopolis/z8WRlXMP">Tiberiopolis</a> (1898.03.24 – death 1919.06.10)</li>
<li>Paulus Palásthy (1886.05.04 – death 1899.09.24) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Esztergom/FW2JBoGj">Archdiocese of Esztergom</a> (<a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a>) (1886.05.04 – 1899.09.24)</li>
<li>Filippo Genovese (Italian) (1900.12.17 – death 1902.12.16), no actual prelature</li>
<li>Joseph Müller (1903.04.30 – death 1921.03.21) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_K%25C3%25B6ln/rgqALb55">Archdiocese of Köln</a> (Cologne, Germany) (1903.04.30 – 1921.03.21)</li>
<li>Edward Doorly (1923.04.05 – 1926.07.17) as Coadjutor Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Elphin/thT0EGv4">Elphin</a> (Ireland) (1923.04.05 – succession 1926.07.17); next Bishop of Elphin (1926.07.17 – 1950.04.05)</li>
<li>Petar Dujam Munzani (1926.08.13 – 1933.03.16) as <a href="/facts/Apostolic_Administrator/j4BCn0qN">Apostolic Administrator</a> of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Zadar/Porrh53s">Archdiocese of Zadar</a> (<a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a>) (1926.08.13 – succession 1933.03.16); later Archbishop of Zadar (<a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a>) (1933.03.16 – retired 1948.12.11), emeritate as Titular Archbishop of <a href="/facts/Tyana/4aGJ0Pna">Tyana</a> (1948.12.11 – death 1951.01.28)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fran%25C3%25A7ois-Louis_Auvity/YLAzhmPB">François-Louis Auvity</a> (1933.06.02 – 1937.08.14) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bourges/lhv2HA2A">Archdiocese of Bourges</a> (France) (1933.06.02 – 1937.08.14); later Bishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mende/oUUKq2Lg">Mende</a> (France) (1937.08.14 – retired 1945.09.11), emeritate as Titular Bishop of <a href="/facts/Dionysiana/Emz7j9P0">Dionysiana</a> (1945.09.11 – death 1964.02.15)</li>
<li>Francesco Canessa (1937.09.04 – 1948.01.14)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Francis_Dearden/DgMfrnEW">John Francis Dearden</a> (later Cardinal) (1948.03.13 – 1950.12.22)</li>
<li>Athanasios Cheriyan Polachirakal (1953.12.31 – 1955.01.27)</li>
<li>Luis Andrade Valderrama, <a href="/facts/Friars_Minor/gwohhd4C">Friars Minor</a> (O.F.M.) (1955.03.09 – 1977.06.29)</li></ul>
<h2 id="archaeology">Archaeology</h2>
A <a href="/facts/Heavy_Neolithic/wpaRu2on">Heavy Neolithic</a> archaeological site of the <a href="/facts/Qaraoun_culture/bmpcqIzS">Qaraoun culture</a> that pre-dated Sarepta by several thousand years was discovered at Sarafand by Hajji Khalaf. He made a collection of material and passed it to the <a href="/facts/National_Museum_of_Beirut/bI5XsFLc">National Museum of Beirut</a>. It consisted of an <a href="/facts/Assemblage_(archaeology)/5axlcVQ4">assemblage</a> of large flakes and <a href="/facts/Biface/GeUl1rAm">bifaces</a> in <a href="/facts/Eocene/EYgI8Uco">Eocene</a> <a href="/facts/Flint/RkMoXqjb">flint</a>. Some <a href="/facts/Piebald/KvDQ0u1A">piebald</a> flint blades were also found along with <a href="/facts/Hammerstone/wyWo0l6T">hammerstones</a> in <a href="/facts/Nummulitic/cmavaMaH">Nummulitic</a> <a href="/facts/Limestone/8ntvtFnR">limestone</a> that resemble finds from <a href="/facts/Aadloun_II/3yajtb3E">Aadloun II</a> (Bezez Cave), which is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the South. Khalaf also found a well-made <a href="/facts/Adze/Hlh0TF68">adze</a> and a narrow, slightly polished <a href="/facts/Chisel/b3c4f1rH">chisel</a>. A collection in the National Museum of Beirut marked "Jezzine ou Sarepta" consisted of around twelve neatly made <a href="/facts/Hand_axe/GeUl1rAm">discoid</a>- and <a href="/facts/Levallois_technique/KUG20Ccw">tortoise</a>-cores in <a href="/facts/Chert/pmvbVy6U">cherty flint</a> of a cream colour with a tinge of red.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
The low <a href="/facts/Tell_(archaeology)/mm2YwoWJ">tell</a> on the seashore was excavated by <a href="/facts/James_B._Pritchard/LFJ4zozG">James B. Pritchard</a> over five years from 1969 to 1974. 
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
Civil war in Lebanon put an end to the excavations.
The site of the ancient town is marked by the <a href="/facts/Ruins/uporUru9">ruins</a> on the shore to the south of the modern village, about eight miles to the south of Sidon, which extend along the shore for a mile or more. They are in two distinct groups, one on a headland to the west of a fountain called ‛Ain el-Ḳantara, which is not far from the shore. Here was the ancient harbor which still affords shelter for small craft. The other group of ruins, to the south, consists of <a href="/facts/Columns/NDtghP75">columns</a>, <a href="/facts/Sarcophagi/7gt0eaA9">sarcophagi</a> and marble slabs, indicating a city of considerable importance.
Pritchard's excavations revealed many artifacts of daily life in the ancient Phoenician city of Sarepta: pottery workshops and <a href="/facts/Kiln/MFTuDWhU">kilns</a>, artifacts of daily use and religious figurines, numerous inscriptions that included some in <a href="/facts/Ugaritic/IepgBIRT">Ugaritic</a>. <a href="/facts/Pillar_worship/SxcW6sq4">Pillar worship</a> is traceable from an 8th-century shrine of <a href="/facts/Astarte/a0W6Y7CD">Tanit-Ashtart</a>, and a seal with the city's name made the identification secure. The local Bronze Age-Iron Age stratigraphy was established in detail; absolute dating depends in part on correlations with Cypriote and Aegean stratigraphy.
The climax of the Sarepta discoveries at Sarafand is the cult shrine of "<a href="/facts/Tanit/snJ3Kjh6">Tanit</a>/<a href="/facts/Astarte/a0W6Y7CD">Astart</a>", who is identified in the site by an inscribed votive ivory plaque, the first identification of Tanit in her homeland. The site revealed figurines, further carved ivories, <a href="/facts/Amulet/aTApH0q5">amulets</a> and a cultic mask.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
During the <a href="/facts/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon/q7gxahPk">2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a>, <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> gave enhanced protection to 34 cultural sites in Lebanon including the Sarepta archaeological site to safeguard it from <a href="/facts/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon/RfMXCkrQ">damage</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="other-uses-of-the-name">Other uses of the name</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Sarepta_(disambiguation)/gwHHTCuQ">Sarepta (disambiguation)</a>
In <a href="/facts/Hebrew_language/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a> after the <a href="/facts/Diaspora/jAEHerxI">Diaspora</a>, the name צרפת, ts-r-f-t, <a href="/facts/Tsarfat/nGlaawGt">Tsarfat</a> (Zarephath) is used to mean <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, perhaps because the Hebrew letters ts-r-f, if reversed, become f-r-ts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> That usage is retained in daily use in contemporary Hebrew.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East/H0U4eIG7">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Lebanon/vhwSwBJ3">List of Catholic dioceses in Lebanon</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>
<ul><li>Pritchard, James B. Recovering Sarepta, a Phoenician City: Excavations at Sarafund, 1969-1974, University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania (Princeton: Princeton University Press) 1978, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-691-09378-4</li>
<li>William P. Anderson, Sarepta I: The late bronze and Iron Age strata of area II.Y : the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania excavations at Sarafand, Lebanon (Publications de l'Universite libanaise), Département des publications de l'Universite Libanaise, 1988</li>
<li>Issam A. Khalifeh, Sarepta II: The Late Bronze and Iron Age Periods of Area Ii.X, University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1988, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 99943-751-5-6</li>
<li>Robert Koehl, Sarepta III: the Imported Bronze & Iron Age, University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1985, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 99943-751-7-2</li>
<li>James B. Pritchard, Sarepta IV: The Objects from Area Ii.X, University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1988, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 99943-751-9-9</li>
<li>Lloyd W. Daly, A Greek-Syllabic Cypriot Inscription from Sarafand, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 40, pp. 223–225, 1980</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dimitri_Baramki/Rleq3jYH">Dimitri Baramki</a>, A Late Bronze Age tomb at Sarafend, ancient Sarepta, Berytus, vol. 12, pp. 129–42, 1959</li>
<li>Charles Cutler Torrey, The Exiled God of Sarepta, Berytus, vol. 9, pp. 45–49, 1949</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1511.htm">GCatholic - Latin titular see</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t2051.htm">GCatholic - Maronite titular see</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>: Sarepta</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Identification of the site is secured by inscriptions that include a stamp-seal with the name of Sarepta. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Chabas, Voyage d'un Egyptien, 1866, pp 20, 161, 163 <a href="/wiki/Francois_Chabas" target="_blank">/wiki/Francois_Chabas</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Obadiah 1:20 <a href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1601.htm#20" target="_blank">https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1601.htm#20</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">The Hebrew-Arabic Dictionary known as "Kitāb Jāmi' Al-Alfāẓ (Agron)," p. xxxviii, pub. by Solomon L. Skoss, 1936 Yale University <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Designated Area I, it was excavated in 1969-70. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Antiquities of the Jews, Book VIII, 13:2 <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" target="_blank">/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Natural History, Book V, 17 <a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" target="_blank">/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Rihan, Mohammad (2014). The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 195. ISBN 9780857736208 – via books.google.com. <a href="9780857736208" target="_blank">9780857736208</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Monachus Borchardus, Descriptio Terrae sanctae, et regionum finitarum, vol. 2, pp. 9, 1593 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Piotr Górecki, Parishes, Tithes and Society in Earlier Medieval Poland c. 1100-c. 1250, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. i-ix+1-146, 1993 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Geyer, Intinera hierosolymitana, Vienna, 1898, 18, 147, 150 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Inkvizitoři v Českých zemích v době předhusitské" (PDF). p. 63. Retrieved 13 March 2021. <a href="https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/42900/BPTX_2011_2__0_285232_0_106569.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank">https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/42900/BPTX_2011_2__0_285232_0_106569.pdf?sequence=1</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Lorraine Copeland; P. Wescombe (1965). Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, pp. 95 & 135. Imprimerie Catholique. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224033744/http://books.google.com/books?id=6YsRRwAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111224033744/http://books.google.com/books?id=6YsRRwAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">James B. Pritchard, SAREPTA. A Preliminary Report on the Iron Age. Excavations of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1970-72. With contributions by William P. Anderson; Ellen Herscher; Javier Teixidor, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1975, ISBN 0-934718-24-5 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">James B. Pritchard, Sarepta in History and Tradition, in J. Reumann (ed.). Understanding the Sacred Text: Essays in honor of Morton S. Enslin on the Hebrew Bible and Christian beginnings, pp. 101-114, Judson Press, 1972, ISBN 0-8170-0487-4 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Amadasi Guzzo, Maria Giulia. “Two Phoenician Inscriptions Carved in Ivory: Again the Ur Box and the Sarepta Plaque.” Orientalia 59, no. 1 (1990): 58–66. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43075770. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43075770" target="_blank">http://www.jstor.org/stable/43075770</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Cultural property under enhanced protection Lebanon". Archived from the original on 2024-12-31. Retrieved 2025-01-01. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20241231104017/https://www.unesco.org/en/culture/cultural-property-under-enhanced-protection-lebanon" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20241231104017/https://www.unesco.org/en/culture/cultural-property-under-enhanced-protection-lebanon</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Lebanon: 34 cultural properties placed under enhanced protection". Archived from the original on 2024-12-27. Retrieved 2025-01-01. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163437/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/lebanon-34-cultural-properties-placed-under-enhanced-protection" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163437/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/lebanon-34-cultural-properties-placed-under-enhanced-protection</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Banitt, Menahem (1985). Rashi, interpreter of the biblical letter. Tel Aviv: Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies. p. 141. OCLC 15252529. Retrieved 1 January 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MPYAAAAMAAJ&q=obadiah" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0MPYAAAAMAAJ&q=obadiah</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Sarepta open-in-new

Sarepta