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Derocheilocarididae
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The taxonomy of the mystacocarids is extremely conservative, since all mystacocarids look superficially alike. As of December 2022<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derocheilocarididae&action=edit">[update]</a>, the 13 described <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a> are divided between two <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genera</a>, <i>Derocheilocaris</i> (eight species) and <i>Ctenocheilocaris</i> (five species).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The first mystacocarids to be found were discovered on a beach in southern <a href="/facts/New_England/ufw2BmSl">New England</a> in 1939.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>Mystacocarids occur along the coasts of South and North America, southern Africa, and the western Mediterranean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The lack of records from other parts of the world is "almost certainly" due to a lack of appropriate sampling, rather than a true absence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Mystacocarids are tiny pigmentless crustaceans, less than 1 mm (0.039 in) long, that live in the spaces between sand grains on <a href="/facts/Intertidal/grnBDVQ3">intertidal</a> beaches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> They have a cylindrical body, with five <a href="/facts/Thorax/lwtzfc8K">thoracic</a> and five <a href="/facts/Abdomen/HcTzDFL0">abdominal</a> segments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The appendages of the head—two pairs of long <a href="/facts/Antenna_(biology)/F0F9Eof9">antennae</a>, a pair of limb-like <a href="/facts/Mandible_(arthropod_mouthpart)/65THrqsb">mandibles</a> and two pairs of <a href="/facts/Maxilla_(arthropod_mouthpart)/p0NLTXhS">maxillae</a>—are much longer than those on the thorax and have a number of fine hairs that the animal uses to strain detritus from the water to feed on. Also a <a href="/facts/Labrum_(arthropod_mouthpart)/QIlMqF5p">labrum</a> is present. The head is relatively large and divided into two by a stricture, so that the larger posterior part gives the appearance of being the thorax. The actual thorax has five pairs of thoracic limbs. The pair on the first segment has been modified into <a href="/facts/Appendage/lFv11d3f">maxillipeds</a>, which collaborates with the maxillae in the feeding process, but is not fused with the head. These three pairs of limbs looks similar, but the maxillipeds can be distinguished from the maxillae in the form of a vestigial exopod.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The remaining four thoracic pairs of limbs has been reduced to small, unsegmented lobes, but the last pair is slightly modified in males. Their limbless abdomen ends in a supra-anal plate, a <a href="/facts/Telson/71eFnSJb">telson</a> and a pair of large, pincer-like <a href="/facts/Caudal_ramus/3EvHcApy">furca</a> which on the ventral surface bears two sets of combs with <a href="/facts/Seta/jUmts6C2">setae</a>. Because of their small size, there is no circulatory or respiratory system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> A nauplius eye is completely absent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> After mating, mystacocarids lay tiny eggs which hatch into a <a href="/facts/Nauplius_(larva)/Rnj4CHHf">nauplius</a> or <a href="/facts/Metanauplius/9aRLfeGn">metanauplius</a> larva.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Like the adults, the larvae are benthic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"WoRMS Mystacocarida: World List of Mystacocarida". 2012 Annual Checklist. Catalogue of Life. March 15, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012. <a href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2012/details/database/id/88" target="_blank">http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2012/details/database/id/88</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Joel W. Martin (2009). "Cephalocarida and Mystacocarida (Crustacea) of the Gulf of Mexico". In Darryl L. Felder & David K. Camp (ed.). Biodiversity. Gulf of Mexico: Origin, Waters, and Biota. Vol. 1. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 821–824. ISBN 978-1-60344-094-3. <a href="978-1-60344-094-3" target="_blank">978-1-60344-094-3</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>James T. Carlton & Joel W. Martin (2007). "Mystacocarida". In James T. Carlton (ed.). The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon (4th ed.). University of California Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-520-23939-5. <a href="978-0-520-23939-5" target="_blank">978-0-520-23939-5</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>J. K. Lowry (October 2, 1999). "Mystacocarida (Maxillipoda)". Crustacea, the Higher Taxa. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044723/http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/www/mystacoc.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044723/http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/www/mystacoc.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Joel W. Martin (2009). "Cephalocarida and Mystacocarida (Crustacea) of the Gulf of Mexico". In Darryl L. Felder & David K. Camp (ed.). Biodiversity. Gulf of Mexico: Origin, Waters, and Biota. Vol. 1. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 821–824. ISBN 978-1-60344-094-3. <a href="978-1-60344-094-3" target="_blank">978-1-60344-094-3</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>James T. Carlton & Joel W. Martin (2007). "Mystacocarida". In James T. Carlton (ed.). The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon (4th ed.). University of California Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-520-23939-5. <a href="978-0-520-23939-5" target="_blank">978-0-520-23939-5</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>The Invertebrates: A Synthesis (page 197) <a href="https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7650748/mod_resource/content/1/2001_Barnes_et_al_%28%28The%20Invertebrates_%20A%20Synthesis%29.pdf" target="_blank">https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7650748/mod_resource/content/1/2001_Barnes_et_al_%28%28The%20Invertebrates_%20A%20Synthesis%29.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Robert D. Barnes (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 692–693. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6. <a href="978-0-03-056747-6" target="_blank">978-0-03-056747-6</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Haug, Joachim T.; Olesen, Jørgen; Maas, Andreas; Waloszek, Dieter (2011). "External Morphology and Post-Embryonic Development of Derocheilocaris remanei (Mystacocarida) Revisited, With A Comparison to the Cambrian Taxon Skara". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 31 (4): 668–692. doi:10.1651/11-3481.1. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article-lookup/doi/10.1651/11-3481.1" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article-lookup/doi/10.1651/11-3481.1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>External morphology and larval development of Derocheilocaris remanei Delamare-Deboutteville & Chappuis, 1951 (Crustacea, Mystacocarida), with a comparison of crustacean segmentation and tagmosis patterns <a href="https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/High/2055_Olesen,%20J%C3%B8rgen.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/High/2055_Olesen,%20J%C3%B8rgen.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Evolution and Phylogeny of Pancrustacea: A Story of Scientific Method <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWtEEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mystacocarida+fourth+pair+modified+male+circulatory+system+sexes+separate&pg=PA83" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cWtEEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mystacocarida+fourth+pair+modified+male+circulatory+system+sexes+separate&pg=PA83</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Functional Morphology and Diversity <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqWkmpmE2twC&dq=Specific+respiratory+organs+are+absent+in+Mystacocarida&pg=PA392" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yqWkmpmE2twC&dq=Specific+respiratory+organs+are+absent+in+Mystacocarida&pg=PA392</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Richter, Stefan; Loesel, Rudi; Purschke, Günter; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Scholtz, Gerhard; Stach, Thomas; Vogt, Lars; Wanninger, Andreas; Brenneis, Georg; Döring, Carmen; Faller, Simone; Fritsch, Martin; Grobe, Peter; Heuer, Carsten M.; Kaul, Sabrina (2010). "Invertebrate neurophylogeny: suggested terms and definitions for a neuroanatomical glossary". Frontiers in Zoology. 7: 29. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-7-29. PMC 2996375. PMID 21062451. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996375" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996375</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>J. K. Lowry (October 2, 1999). "Mystacocarida (Maxillipoda)". Crustacea, the Higher Taxa. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044723/http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/www/mystacoc.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044723/http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/www/mystacoc.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Mystacocarida | MeioChile <a href="https://meiochile.matthewlee.org/?page_id=209" target="_blank">https://meiochile.matthewlee.org/?page_id=209</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Dahms, Hans-U.; Fornshell, John A.; Fornshell, Ben J. (2006). "Key for the identification of crustacean nauplii". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 6 (1): 47. Bibcode:2006ODivE...6...47D. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2005.04.002. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439609205000760" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439609205000760</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>