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Ultra diffuse galaxy
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<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p>Some ultra diffuse galaxies found in the <a href="/facts/Coma_Cluster/k5Fw8qUH">Coma Cluster</a>, about 330 million light years from Earth, have diameters of 60 <a href="/facts/Light-year/IGc5NdQb">kly</a> (18 <a href="/facts/Parsec/SwSsk57J">kpc</a>) with 1% of the stars of the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way_Galaxy/ulF6lccN">Milky Way Galaxy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The distribution of ultra diffuse galaxies in the Coma Cluster is the same as luminous galaxies; this suggests that the cluster environment strips the gas from the galaxies, while allowing them to populate the cluster the same as more luminous galaxies. The similar distribution in the higher tidal force zones suggests a larger dark matter fraction to hold the galaxies together under the higher stress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Dragonfly_44/Gpy6Yro9">Dragonfly 44</a>, an ultra diffuse galaxy in the <a href="/facts/Coma_Cluster/k5Fw8qUH">Coma Cluster</a>, is one example.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> It was first discovered by the <a href="/facts/Coma_Cluster/k5Fw8qUH">Coma Cluster</a> survey which specifically scanned for very low surface brightness objects via the multi beam optical <a href="/facts/Dragonfly_Telephoto_Array/JItWsWvJ">Dragonfly Telephoto Array</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Observations of its rotational speed suggest a mass of about one trillion <a href="/facts/Solar_mass/j6Auhku8">solar masses</a>, about the same as the mass of the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">Milky Way</a>. This is also consistent with about 90 <a href="/facts/Globular_clusters/FL0EERJU">globular clusters</a> observed around <a href="/facts/Dragonfly_44/Gpy6Yro9">Dragonfly 44</a>. However, the galaxy emits only 1% of the light emitted by the Milky Way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> On 25 August 2016, astronomers reported that <a href="/facts/Dragonfly_44/Gpy6Yro9">Dragonfly 44</a> may be made almost entirely of <a href="/facts/Dark_matter/y5HgX55N">dark matter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> However, later, spatially resolved kinematics measured a mass of about 160 billion solar mass, six times less than early mass measurements and 1 order of magnitude less than the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">Milky Way</a> mass.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Dragonfly_44/Gpy6Yro9">Dragonfly 44</a> is one of the most metal-poor ultra diffuse galaxies known, with measurements of <a href="/facts/Globular_cluster/FL0EERJU">globular clusters</a> in the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">Milky Way</a> and <a href="/facts/Messier_87/x8Q1M5p4">M87</a> galaxies showing that stellar populations in the inner core of <a href="/facts/Dragonfly_44/Gpy6Yro9">Dragonfly 44</a> are similar to metal-poor <a href="/facts/Globular_cluster/FL0EERJU">globular clusters</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The most recent work found 20 <a href="/facts/Globular_clusters/FL0EERJU">globular clusters</a> around the galaxy, which is consistent with the recent mass measurement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The lack of X-ray emissions from the galaxy and surrounding area also show that the number of <a href="/facts/Globular_clusters/FL0EERJU">globular clusters</a> can not be as many as was claimed before.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>In 2018, the same authors reported the discovery that the ultra diffuse galaxy <a href="/facts/NGC_1052-DF2/F6Q8BeVy">NGC 1052-DF2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> is <a href="/facts/Dark_matter/y5HgX55N">dark matter</a>-free, based on velocity measurements of its ~10 <a href="/facts/Globular_cluster/FL0EERJU">globular cluster</a> system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> They concluded that this may rule out some alternative gravity theories like <i><a href="/facts/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics/3kenEm7h">modified Newtonian dynamics</a></i> (MOND), unless one takes its external field effect into account. Detailed simulations in the framework of MOND confirm that <a href="/facts/NGC_1052-DF2/F6Q8BeVy">NGC 1052-DF2</a> is quite consistent with theoretical expectations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>In 2021, <a href="/facts/AGC_114905/MmI4p4Un">AGC 114905</a>, an ultra-diffuse dwarf galaxy about 250 million light-years away, was reported to have almost no dark matter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> However, this conclusion relies heavily on the galaxy having a moderate inclination of 32° between disc and sky planes, which is estimated from the somewhat oval appearance. Using detailed simulations of AGC 114905 in the alternative gravity theory known as <a href="/facts/Modified_Newtonian_Dynamics/3kenEm7h">Modified Newtonian Dynamics</a>, it was shown that a disc galaxy with its properties can appear slightly oval even if viewed face-on due to disc self-gravity, in which case the rotation curve could be much higher and the galaxy could be quite consistent with theoretical expectations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> An overestimated inclination is unlikely if galaxies are dominated by dark matter because then the disc is not self-gravitating, so it should be close to circular when viewed face-on.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dark_galaxy/Ja0gWgLT">Dark galaxy</a> – A hypothesized galaxy with no, or very few, stars</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dwarf_galaxy/TKS7W9tA">Ultra faint dwarf galaxies</a> – the most dark matter-dominated systems known</li> <li><a href="/facts/Low-surface-brightness_galaxy/6bE09r46">Low-surface-brightness galaxy</a>, also known as LSBG – Galaxy which is less bright than the ambient night skyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/facts/Type-cD_galaxy/1n0mMurr">Type-cD galaxy</a> – Galaxy morphology classification or <i>c-Diffuse</i> galaxy type</li> <li><a href="/facts/Type-D_galaxy/AGbMJ9Dp">Type-D galaxy</a> – System for categorizing galaxies based on appearancePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets or <i>Diffuse</i>-type galaxy</li> <li><a href="/facts/DGSAT_I/cwaoudeE">DGSAT I</a> – Ultra diffuse galaxy in the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster</li></ul> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Beasley, Michael A.; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Pota, Vincenzo; Navarro, Ignacio Martin; Delgado, David Martinez; Neyer, Fabian; Deich, Aaron L. (2016-03-10). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F819%2F2%2FL20">"An overmassive dark halo around an ultra-diffuse galaxy in the Virgo cluster"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 819 (2) (published 1 March 2016): L20. <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04002">1602.04002</a>. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...819L..20B">2016ApJ...819L..20B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F819%2F2%2FL20">10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/L20</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7783759">7783759</a>.</li> <li>Dokkum, Pieter G. van; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Abraham, Roberto; Brodie, Jean P.; Conroy, Charlie; <a href="/facts/Marla_Geha/GsGwM40f">Geha, Marla</a>; Merritt, Allison; Villaume, Alexa; Zhang, Jielai (2015-05-01). "Spectroscopic confirmation of the existence of large, diffuse galaxies in the Coma cluster". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 804 (1) (published 1 May 2015): L26. <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.03320">1504.03320</a>. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...804L..26V">2015ApJ...804L..26V</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F804%2F1%2FL26">10.1088/2041-8205/804/1/L26</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8213">2041-8213</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54664026">54664026</a>.</li> <li>Koda, Jin; Yagi, Masafumi; Yamanoi, Hitomi; Komiyama, Yutaka (2015-06-24). "Approximately a thousand ultra diffuse galaxies in the Coma cluster". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 807 (1): L2. <a href="/facts/ArXiv_(identifier)/H6EtgnBe">arXiv</a>:<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.01712">1506.01712</a>. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...807L...2K">2015ApJ...807L...2K</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F807%2F1%2FL2">10.1088/2041-8205/807/1/L2</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8213">2041-8213</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35812655">35812655</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Overbye, Dennis (26 January 2024). "What Do You Call a Galaxy Without Stars? - To dark matter and dark energy, add dark galaxies — collections of stars so sparse and faint that they are all but invisible". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Overbye" target="_blank">/wiki/Dennis_Overbye</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>UDGs are a subset of dwarf spheroidals and dwarf ellipticals and as such are a redundant name for an already well studied galaxy type.[2] <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Astronomers discover 854 ultra-dark galaxies in the famous Coma Cluster". Science Daily. 22 June 2015. <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150622162027.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150622162027.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Scientists discover the fluffiest galaxies". phys.org. 14 May 2015. <a href="http://phys.org/news/2015-05-scientists-fluffiest-galaxies.html" target="_blank">http://phys.org/news/2015-05-scientists-fluffiest-galaxies.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Burg, Remco F. J. van der; Hoekstra, Henk; Muzzin, Adam; Sifón, Cristóbal; Viola, Massimo; Bremer, Malcolm N.; Brough, Sarah; Driver, Simon P.; Erben, Thomas; Heymans, Catherine; Hildebrandt, Hendrik; Holwerda, Benne W.; Klaes, Dominik; Kuijken, Konrad; McGee, Sean (2017-11-01). "The abundance of ultra-diffuse galaxies from groups to clusters - UDGs are relatively more common in more massive haloes". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 607: A79. arXiv:1706.02704. Bibcode:2017A&A...607A..79V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731335. ISSN 0004-6361. <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2017/11/aa31335-17/aa31335-17.html" target="_blank">https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2017/11/aa31335-17/aa31335-17.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Benavides, José A.; Sales, Laura V.; Abadi, Mario G.; Pillepich, Annalisa; Nelson, Dylan; Marinacci, Federico; Cooper, Michael; Pakmor, Ruediger; Torrey, Paul (2021-09-03), "Quiescent ultra-diffuse galaxies in the field originating from backsplash orbits", Nature Astronomy, 5 (12): 1255–1260, arXiv:2109.01677, Bibcode:2021NatAs...5.1255B, doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01458-1, retrieved 2025-02-03 <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.01677" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.01677</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Creating Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian". www.cfa.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2025-02-03. <a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/creating-ultra-diffuse-galaxies" target="_blank">https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/creating-ultra-diffuse-galaxies</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hall, Shannon (25 August 2016). "Ghost galaxy is 99.99 per cent dark matter with almost no stars". New Scientist. Retrieved 27 August 2016. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2102584-ghost-galaxy-is-99-99-per-cent-dark-matter-with-almost-no-stars/" target="_blank">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2102584-ghost-galaxy-is-99-99-per-cent-dark-matter-with-almost-no-stars/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>van Dokkum; et al. (2018). "A galaxy lacking dark matter". Nature. 555 (7698): 629–632. arXiv:1803.10237. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..629V. doi:10.1038/nature25767. PMID 29595770. S2CID 4460376. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Scientists at Keck discover the fluffiest galaxies". Space Daily. 18 May 2015. <a href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Scientists_at_Keck_Discover_the_Fluffiest_Galaxies_999.html" target="_blank">http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Scientists_at_Keck_Discover_the_Fluffiest_Galaxies_999.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Astronomers discover 854 ultra-dark galaxies in the famous Coma Cluster". Science Daily. 22 June 2015. <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150622162027.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150622162027.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Scientists discover the fluffiest galaxies". phys.org. 14 May 2015. <a href="http://phys.org/news/2015-05-scientists-fluffiest-galaxies.html" target="_blank">http://phys.org/news/2015-05-scientists-fluffiest-galaxies.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Pozo, Alvaro; Broadhurst, Tom; de Martino, Ivan; Luu, Hoang Nhan; Smoot, George F; Lim, Jeremy; Neyrinck, Mark (2021-03-26). "Wave dark matter and ultra-diffuse galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 504 (2): 2868–2876. arXiv:2003.08313. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab855. ISSN 0035-8711. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstab855" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstab855</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Crosswell, Ken (26 July 2016). "The Milky Way's dark twin revealed". Nature News. Retrieved 30 July 2016. <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-milky-way-s-dark-twin-revealed-1.20333" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/news/the-milky-way-s-dark-twin-revealed-1.20333</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>van Dokkum, Pieter; et al. (25 August 2016). "A high stellar velocity dispersion and ~100 globular clusters for the ultra-diffuse galaxy Dragonfly 44". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 828 (1): L6. arXiv:1606.06291. Bibcode:2016ApJ...828L...6V. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/828/1/L6. S2CID 1275440. <a href="http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/physics_astron_pub/174" target="_blank">http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/physics_astron_pub/174</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hall, Shannon (25 August 2016). "Ghost galaxy is 99.99 per cent dark matter with almost no stars". New Scientist. Retrieved 27 August 2016. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2102584-ghost-galaxy-is-99-99-per-cent-dark-matter-with-almost-no-stars/" target="_blank">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2102584-ghost-galaxy-is-99-99-per-cent-dark-matter-with-almost-no-stars/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Feltman, Rachael (26 August 2016). "A new class of galaxy has been discovered, one made almost entirely of dark matter". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 August 2016. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/08/25/a-new-class-of-galaxy-has-been-discovered-one-made-almost-entirely-of-dark-matter" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/08/25/a-new-class-of-galaxy-has-been-discovered-one-made-almost-entirely-of-dark-matter</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Van Dokkum, Pieter; Wasserman, Asher; Danieli, Shany; Abraham, Roberto; Brodie, Jean; Conroy, Charlie; Forbes, Duncan A.; Martin, Christopher; Matuszewski, Matt; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Villaume, Alexa (2019). "Spatially Resolved Stellar Kinematics of the Ultra-diffuse Galaxy Dragonfly 44. I. Observations, Kinematics, and Cold Dark Matter Halo Fits, Peter van Dokkum et al. 2019". The Astrophysical Journal. 880 (2): 91. arXiv:1904.04838. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2914. S2CID 119185644. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab2914" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab2914</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Villaume, Alexa; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Brodie, Jean; van Dokkum, Pieter; Conroy, Charlie; Forbes, Duncan A.; Danieli, Shany; Martin, Christopher; Matuszewski, Matt (2022-01-01). "Spatially Resolved Stellar Spectroscopy of the Ultra-diffuse Galaxy Dragonfly 44. III. Evidence for an Unexpected Star Formation History under Conventional Galaxy Evolution Processes". The Astrophysical Journal. 924 (1): 32. arXiv:2101.02220. Bibcode:2022ApJ...924...32V. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac341e. ISSN 0004-637X. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac341e" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac341e</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Saifollahi, Teymoor; Trujillo, Ignacio; Beasley, Michael A.; Peletier, Reynier F.; Knapen, Johan H. (2020). ""The number of globular clusters around the iconic UDG DF44 is as expected for dwarf galaxies", Saifollahi et al. 2020". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:2006.14630. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3016. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstaa3016" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstaa3016</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"The puzzle of the strange galaxy made of 99.99% dark matter is solved". <a href="https://www.iac.es/en/outreach/news/puzzle-strange-galaxy-made-9999-dark-matter-solved" target="_blank">https://www.iac.es/en/outreach/news/puzzle-strange-galaxy-made-9999-dark-matter-solved</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Bogdán, Ákos (2020). "The Archetypal Ultra-diffuse Galaxy, Dragonfly 44, Is not a Dark Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 901 (2): L30. arXiv:2009.07846. Bibcode:2020ApJ...901L..30B. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abb886. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 221761669. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fabb886" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fabb886</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>NGC 1052-DF2 had previously been identified on photographic plates by Karachentsev et al. in 2000.[20] <a href="/wiki/NGC_1052-DF2" target="_blank">/wiki/NGC_1052-DF2</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Parks, Jake (21 October 2019). "Hubble reveals new evidence for controversial galaxies without dark matter". Discover Magazine. <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2019/10/21/hubble-reveals-new-evidence-for-controversial-galaxies-without-dark-matter/" target="_blank">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2019/10/21/hubble-reveals-new-evidence-for-controversial-galaxies-without-dark-matter/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>van Dokkum; et al. (2018). 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