Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Atmospheric radiative transfer codes
open-in-new
<h2 id="methods">Methods</h2> <p>At the core of a radiative transfer model lies the <a href="/facts/Radiative_transfer_equation/nYE4KojG">radiative transfer equation</a> that is numerically solved using a <a href="/facts/Solver_(computer_science)/S8LurhlM">solver</a> such as a discrete ordinate method or a <a href="/facts/Monte_Carlo_method/AkHjY7jc">Monte Carlo method</a>. The radiative transfer equation is a <a href="/facts/Monochromatic/CMCsjH2N">monochromatic</a> equation to calculate radiance in a single layer of the Earth's atmosphere. To calculate the radiance for a spectral region with a finite width (e.g., to estimate the Earth's energy budget or simulate an instrument response), one has to <a href="/facts/Numerical_integration/MwJnvcDV">integrate</a> this over a band of frequencies (or wavelengths). The most exact way to do this is to loop through the frequencies of interest, and for each frequency, calculate the radiance at this frequency. For this, one needs to calculate the contribution of each <a href="/facts/Spectral_line/HuI4Bj5f">spectral line</a> for all <a href="/facts/Molecule/N9ljSfFq">molecules</a> in the atmospheric layer; this is called a <i>line-by-line</i> calculation. For an instrument response, this is then <a href="/facts/Convolution/PVPrdz9J">convolved</a> with the spectral response of the instrument. </p><p>A faster but more approximate method is a <i>band transmission</i>. Here, the transmission in a region in a band is characterised by a set of pre-calculated coefficients (depending on <a href="/facts/Temperature/QyGe4gmj">temperature</a> and other parameters). In addition, models may consider <a href="/facts/Scattering/nMou7lEH">scattering</a> from molecules or particles, as well as <a href="/facts/Polarization_(waves)/fP33m0eD">polarisation</a>; however, not all models do so. </p> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <p>Radiative transfer codes are used in broad range of applications. They are commonly used as forward models for the <a href="/facts/Inverse_theory/Fe01pQ9E">retrieval</a> of geophysical parameters (such as <a href="/facts/Temperature/QyGe4gmj">temperature</a> or <a href="/facts/Humidity/Nwb28VlT">humidity</a>). Radiative transfer models are also used to optimize <a href="/facts/Solar_photovoltaic/rD4rcJB8">solar photovoltaic</a> systems for <a href="/facts/Renewable_energy/6Bu6IrpF">renewable energy</a> generation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> Another common field of application is in a <a href="/facts/General_Circulation_Model/6QUar9RF">weather or climate model</a>, where the <a href="/facts/Radiative_forcing/VSLpzv66">radiative forcing</a> is calculated for <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas/HXaHqrT8">greenhouse gases</a>, <a href="/facts/Aerosols/X1jXFLp2">aerosols</a>, or <a href="/facts/Clouds/KDgo0Wqu">clouds</a>. In such applications, radiative transfer codes are often called <a href="/facts/Parametrization_(climate)/jfYhsQoW">radiation parameterization</a>. In these applications, the radiative transfer codes are used in forward sense, i.e. on the basis of known properties of the atmosphere, one calculates heating rates, radiative fluxes, and radiances. </p><p>There are efforts for intercomparison of radiation codes. One such project was ICRCCM (Intercomparison of Radiation Codes in Climate Models) effort that spanned the late 1980s – early 2000s. The more current (2011) project, Continual Intercomparison of Radiation Codes, emphasises also using observations to define intercomparison cases. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="table-of-models">Table of models</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Website</th><th>References</th><th>UV</th><th>Visible</th><th>Near IR</th><th>Thermal IR</th><th>mm/sub-mm</th><th>Microwave</th><th>line-by-line/band</th><th>Scattering</th><th>Polarised</th><th>Geometry</th><th>License</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/4A%2fOP/rSsWqvsg">4A/OP</a></td><td><a href="http://www.noveltis.fr/4AOP/">[2]</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721014311/http://www.noveltis.fr/4AOP/">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></td><td>Scott and Chédin (1981)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band or line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td></td><td>freeware</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/6S_(radiative_transfer_code)/U7J0KQ4Q">6S/6SV1</a></td><td><a href="http://6s.ltdri.org/">[3]</a></td><td>Kotchenova et al. (1997)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td></td><td></td><td>non-Lambertian surface</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ARTS_(radiative_transfer_code)/rXEXRTG2">ARTS</a></td><td><a href="http://www.radiativetransfer.org/">[4]</a></td><td>Eriksson et al. (2011)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></p><p>Buehler et al. (2018)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>spherical 1D, 2D, 3D</td><td><a href="/facts/GPL/S75KhLSX">GPL</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BTRAM</td><td><a href="http://blueskyspectroscopy.com/?page_id=21">[5]</a></td><td>Chapman et al. (2009)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>1D,plane-parallel</td><td>proprietary commercial</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COART/GBIXGpeG">COART</a></td><td><a href="https://clouds.larc.nasa.gov/jin/coart.html">[6]</a></td><td>Jin et al. (2006)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td>free</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CMFGEN</td><td><a href="https://sites.pitt.edu/~hillier/web/CMFGEN.htm">[7]</a></td><td>Hillier (2020)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>1D</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CRM</td><td><a href="http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cms/crm/">[8]</a></td><td></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>freely available</td><td>Part of <a href="/facts/NCAR/7um3PUh3">NCAR</a> Community Climate Model</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Community_Radiative_Transfer_Model/B7r5dqms">CRTM</a></td><td><a href="https://www.jcsda.org/jcsda-project-community-radiative-transfer-model">[9]</a></td><td>Johnson et al. (2023)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></p></td><td>v3.0</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>passive, active</td><td>band</td><td>Yes</td><td>v3.0, UV/VIS</td><td>1D, Plane-Parallel</td><td>Public Domain</td><td>Fresnel ocean surfaces, Lambertian non-ocean surface</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/DART_radiative_transfer_model/fvQEm0nu">DART radiative transfer model</a></td><td><a href="http://www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr/dart/license/fr/getLicense.php">[10]</a></td><td>Gastellu-Etchegorry et al. (1996)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>spherical 1D, 2D, 3D</td><td>free for research with license</td><td>non-Lambertian surface, landscape creation and import</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/DISORT/tcd6V9kd">DISORT</a></td><td><a href="http://lllab.phy.stevens.edu/disort/">[11]</a></td><td>Stamnes et al. (1988)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><p>Lin et al. (2015)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><i>radar</i></td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>plane-parallel or pseudo-spherical (v4.0)</td><td>free with restrictions</td><td>discrete ordinate, used by others</td></tr><tr><td>Eradiate</td><td><a href="https://www.eradiate.eu">[12]</a></td><td></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band or line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>plane-parallel, spherical</td><td><a href="/facts/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License/AXwkz9x3">LGPL</a></td><td>3D surface simulation</td></tr><tr><td>FARMS</td><td><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X16301827">[13]</a></td><td>Xie et al. (2016)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></p></td><td>λ>0.2 µm</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td>free</td><td>Rapidly simulating downwelling solar radiation at land surface for solar energy and climate research</td></tr><tr><td>Fu-Liou</td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527152529/http://snowdog.larc.nasa.gov/rose/fu200503/flp200503_web.htm">[14]</a></td><td>Fu and Liou (1993)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td>usage online, source code available</td><td>web interface online at <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/FUTBOLIN/3qamqu6d">FUTBOLIN</a></td><td></td><td>Martin-Torres (2005)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></p></td><td>λ>0.3 µm</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>λ<1000 µm</td><td>No</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>spherical or plane-parallel</td><td></td><td>handles line-mixing, continuum absorption and NLTE</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/GENLN2/Q3h4bKG4">GENLN2</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609174702/http://acd.ucar.edu/~edwards/">[15]</a></td><td>Edwards (1992)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></p></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KARINE</td><td><a href="https://archive.today/20121211191054/http://web.lmd.jussieu.fr/~eymet/karine.html">[16]</a></td><td>Eymet (2005)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td colspan="2">Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td>GPL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCARTA</td><td><a href="http://asl.umbc.edu/pub/packages/kcarta.html">[17]</a></td><td></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td>freely available</td><td><a href="/facts/Atmospheric_Infrared_Sounder/b2roQwcd">AIRS</a> reference model</td></tr><tr><td>KOPRA</td><td><a href="http://www.imk-asf.kit.edu/english/312.php">[18]</a></td><td></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/LBLRTM/LBnluPuz">LBLRTM</a></td><td><a href="http://rtweb.aer.com/lblrtm.html">[19]</a></td><td>Clough et al. (2005)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LEEDR</td><td><a href="http://www.afit.edu/CDE/page.cfm?page=329&tabname=Tab5A">[20]</a></td><td>Fiorino et al. (2014)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></p></td><td>λ>0.2 µm</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>band or line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>spherical</td><td>US government software</td><td>extended solar & lunar sources;<p>single & multiple scattering</p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.spectralcalc.com/">LinePak</a></td><td><a href="http://www.spectralcalc.com/">[21]</a></td><td>Gordley et al. (1994)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>spherical (Earth and Mars), plane-parallel</td><td>freely available with restrictions</td><td>web interface, <a href="http://www.spectralcalc.com/">SpectralCalc</a></td></tr><tr><td>libRadtran</td><td><a href="http://www.libradtran.org/doku.php">[22]</a></td><td>Mayer and Kylling (2005)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band or line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>plane-parallel or pseudo-spherical</td><td><a href="/facts/GPL/S75KhLSX">GPL</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MATISSE</td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721014407/http://matisse.onera.fr/index_english.htm">[23]</a></td><td>Caillault et al. (2007)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td></td><td>proprietary freeware</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MCARaTS</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>GPL</td><td>3-D Monte Carlo</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/MODTRAN/LfbIBX3T">MODTRAN</a></td><td><a href="http://www.modtran.org/">[24]</a></td><td>Berk et al. (1998)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/Kayser_unit/cLaLAeW5">ṽ</a><50,000 cm−1 (eq. to λ>0.2 µm)</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>band or line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td></td><td>proprietary commercial</td><td>solar and lunar source, uses DISORT</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/MOSART/d9o6Ns3c">MOSART</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401085541/http://www.cpi.com/products/mosart.html">[25]</a></td><td>Cornette (2006)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></p></td><td>λ>0.2 µm</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>band</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>freely available</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MSCART</td><td><a href="https://intersharp.gitlab.io/mscart-docs/index.html">[26]</a></td><td>Wang et al. (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><p>Wang et al. (2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>1D, 2D, 3D</td><td>available on request</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PICASO</td><td><a href="https://natashabatalha.github.io/picaso/">[27]</a><a href="https://natashabatalha.github.io/picaso/">link</a></td><td>Batalha et al. (2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Mukherjee et al. (2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>λ>0.3 μm</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band or correlated-k</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>plane-parallel, 1D, 3D</td><td><a href="https://github.com/natashabatalha/PICASO">GPL Github</a></td><td>exoplanet, brown dwarf, climate modeling, phase-dependence</td></tr><tr><td>PUMAS</td><td><a href="https://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/psg/">[28]</a></td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Line-by-line and correlated-k</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>plane-parallel and pseudo-spherical</td><td>Free/online tool</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RADIS</td><td><a href="https://radis.readthedocs.io/">[29]</a></td><td>Pannier (2018)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td colspan="2">Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>1D</td><td>GPL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RFM</td><td><a href="http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/RFM/">[30]</a></td><td></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>No</td><td>?</td><td></td><td>available on request</td><td><a href="/facts/MIPAS/TCJCxd0X">MIPAS</a> reference model based on GENLN2</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/RRTMG/C0QGv250">RRTM/RRTMG</a></td><td><a href="http://rtweb.aer.com/">[31]</a></td><td>Mlawer, et al. (1997)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/Kayser_unit/cLaLAeW5">ṽ</a><50,000 cm−1 (eq. to λ>0.2 µm)</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Kayser_unit/cLaLAeW5">ṽ</a>>10 cm−1</td><td></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td></td><td>free of charge</td><td>uses DISORT</td></tr><tr><td>RTMOM</td><td><a href="ftp://ftp.eumetsat.int/pub/MET/out/govaerts/RTMOM-BETA/index.htm">[32]</a>[<i>dead link</i>]</td><td></td><td>λ>0.25 µm</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>λ<15 µm</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td>freeware</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/RTTOV_(radiative_transfer_code)/hrNJHmnu">RTTOV</a></td><td><a href="http://research.metoffice.gov.uk/research/interproj/nwpsaf/rtm/">[33]</a></td><td>Saunders et al. (1999)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></p></td><td>λ>0.4 µm</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>band</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td></td><td>available on request</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SASKTRAN</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td>Bourassa <i>et al.</i><p>(2008)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></p><p>Zawada <i>et al.</i></p><p>(2015)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>spherical 1D, 2D, 3D, plane-parallel</td><td>available on request</td><td>discrete and Monte Carlo options</td></tr><tr><td>SBDART</td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708003803/http://arm.mrcsb.com/sbdart/">[34]</a></td><td>Ricchiazzi et al. (1998)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td></td><td>uses DISORT</td></tr><tr><td>SCIATRAN</td><td><a href="http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/sciatran/">[35]</a></td><td>Rozanov et al. (2005)<p>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></p>Rozanov et al. (2014)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band or line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>plane-parallel or pseudo-spherical or spherical</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SHARM</td><td></td><td>Lyapustin (2002)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SHDOM</td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610123300/http://nit.colorado.edu/shdom.html">[36]</a></td><td>Evans (2006)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></p></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>σ-IASI</td><td><a href="http://www2.unibas.it/gmasiello/assite/as/sigma.html">[37]</a></td><td>Amato et al. (2002)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><p>Liuzzi et al. (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>band</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td>Available on request</td><td>Semi-analytical Jacobians.</td></tr><tr><td>SMART-G</td><td><a href="https://www.hygeos.com/smartg">[38]</a></td><td>Ramon et al. (2019)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band or line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>plane-parallel or spherical</td><td>free for non-commercial purposes</td><td>Monte-Carlo code parallelized by GPU (CUDA). Atmosphere or/and ocean options</td></tr><tr><td>Streamer, Fluxnet</td><td><a href="http://stratus.ssec.wisc.edu/streamer/streamer.html">[39]</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td>Key and Schweiger (1998)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></p></td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>λ>0.6 mm</td><td>λ<15 mm</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>band</td><td>Yes</td><td>?</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td></td><td>Fluxnet is fast version of STREAMER using <a href="/facts/Artificial_neural_network/6V1jMlkx">neural nets</a></td></tr><tr><td>XRTM</td><td><a href="http://reef.atmos.colostate.edu/~gregm/xrtm/">[40]</a></td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>plane-parallel and pseudo-spherical</td><td>GPL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VLIDORT/LIDORT</td><td><a href="http://www.rtslidort.com/about_overview.html">[41]</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td>Spurr and Christi (2019)<p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></p></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td><i>?</i></td><td><i>?</i></td><td>line-by-line</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes VLIDORT only</td><td>plane-parallel</td><td></td><td>Used in SMART and VSTAR radiative transfer</td></tr><tr><th>Name</th><th>Website</th><th>References</th><th>UV</th><th>VIS</th><th>Near IR</th><th>Thermal IR</th><th>Microwave</th><th>mm/sub-mm</th><th>line-by-line/band</th><th>Scattering</th><th>Polarised</th><th>Geometry</th><th>License</th><th>Notes</th></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Molecular absorption databases</h3> <p>For a line-by-line calculation, one needs characteristics of the spectral lines, such as the line centre, the intensity, the lower-state energy, the line width and the shape. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Author</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/HITRAN/496z1d9b">HITRAN</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td>Rothman et al. (1987, 1992, 1998, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017)</td><td>HITRAN is a compilation of molecular spectroscopic parameters that a variety of computer codes use to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in the atmosphere. The original version was created at the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (1960's). The database is maintained and developed at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge MA, USA.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/GEISA/EEjmuuSl">GEISA</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td>Jacquinet-Husson et al. (1999, 2005, 2008)</td><td>GEISA (Gestion et Etude des Informations Spectroscopiques Atmosphériques: Management and Study of Spectroscopic Information) is a computer-accessible spectroscopic database, designed to facilitate accurate forward radiative transfer calculations using a line-by-line and layer-by-layer approach. It was started in 1974 at Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD/IPSL) in France. GEISA is maintained by the ARA group at LMD (Ecole Polytechnique) for its scientific part and by the ETHER group (CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-France) at IPSL (Institut Pierre Simon Laplace) for its technical part. Currently, GEISA is involved in activities related to the assessment of the capabilities of IASI (<a href="/facts/Infrared_Atmospheric_Sounding_Interferometer/j1mrbYod">Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer</a> on board of the METOP European satellite) through the GEISA/IASI database derived from GEISA.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Discrete_dipole_approximation_codes/6aNfztC5">Discrete dipole approximation codes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Codes_for_electromagnetic_scattering_by_cylinders/rXa5DDQV">Codes for electromagnetic scattering by cylinders</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Codes_for_electromagnetic_scattering_by_spheres/qIdpNsT4">Codes for electromagnetic scattering by spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Optical_properties_of_water_and_ice/qkkfvufC">Optical properties of water and ice</a></li></ul> Footnotes General <ul><li>Bohren, Craig F. and Eugene E. Clothiaux, Fundamentals of atmospheric radiation: an introduction with 400 problems, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2006, 472 p., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-527-40503-8.</li> <li>Goody, R. M. and Y. L. Yung, Atmospheric Radiation: Theoretical Basis. Oxford University Press, 1996 (Second Edition), 534 pages, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-510291-8.</li> <li>Liou, Kuo-Nan, An introduction to atmospheric radiation, Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press, 2002, 583 p., International geophysics series, v.84, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-12-451451-0.</li> <li>Mobley, Curtis D., Light and water: radiative transfer in natural waters; based in part on collaborations with Rudolph W. Preisendorfer, San Diego, Academic Press, 1994, 592 p., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-12-502750-8</li> <li>Petty, Grant W, A first course in atmospheric radiation (2nd Ed.), Madison, Wisconsin: Sundog Pub., 2006, 472 p., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-9729033-1-3</li> <li>Preisendorfer, Rudolph W., Hydrologic optics, Honolulu, Hawaii: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 1976, 6 volumes.</li> <li>Stephens, Graeme L., <a href="/facts/Remote_sensing/pj2crmGs">Remote sensing</a> of the lower atmosphere: an introduction, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994, 523 p. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-508188-9.</li> <li>Thomas, Gary E. and Knut Stamnes, Radiative transfer in the atmosphere and ocean, Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1999, 517 p., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-40124-0.</li> <li>Zdunkowski, W., T. Trautmann, A. Bott, Radiation in the Atmosphere. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 496 pages, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-87107-5</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/itwg/groups/rtwg/linebyline.html">ITWC for radiative transfer</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Andrews, Rob W.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2013). "The effect of spectral albedo on amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic device performance". Solar Energy. 91: 233–241. Bibcode:2013SoEn...91..233A. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2013.01.030. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3081684" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/3081684</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Continual Intercomparison of Radiation Codes <a href="https://circ.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">https://circ.gsfc.nasa.gov/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Scott, N. A.; Chedin, A. (1981). "A fast line-by- line method for atmospheric absorption computations: The Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas". J. Appl. Meteorol. 20 (7): 802–812. Bibcode:1981JApMe..20..802S. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0802:AFLBLM>2.0.CO;2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%281981%29020%3C0802%3AAFLBLM%3E2.0.CO%3B2" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%281981%29020%3C0802%3AAFLBLM%3E2.0.CO%3B2</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kotchenova, S. Y.; Vermote, E. F.; Matarrese, R; Klemm, F. J. (2006). "Validation of a vector version of the 6S radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data. Part I: Path Radiance". Applied Optics. 45 (26): 6762–6774. Bibcode:2006ApOpt..45.6762K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.488.9804. doi:10.1364/AO.45.006762. PMID 16926910. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Eriksson, P.; Buehler, S. A.; Davis, C.P.; Emde, C.; Lemke, O. (2011). "ARTS, the atmospheric radiative transfer simulator, Version 2" (PDF). Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 112 (10): 1551–1558. Bibcode:2011JQSRT.112.1551E. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2011.03.001. Retrieved 2016-11-02. <a href="http://radiativetransfer.org/docs/arts-2-0-paper.pdf" target="_blank">http://radiativetransfer.org/docs/arts-2-0-paper.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Buehler, S. A.; Mendrok, J.; Eriksson, P.; Perrin, A.; Larsson, R.; Lemke, O. (2018). "ARTS, the atmospheric radiative transfer simulator — version 2.2, the planetary toolbox edition" (PDF). Geoscientific Model Development. 11 (4): 1537–1556. Bibcode:2018GMD....11.1537B. doi:10.5194/gmd-11-1537-2018. Retrieved 2023-01-16. <a href="https://www.radiativetransfer.org/docs/arts-2-2-paper.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.radiativetransfer.org/docs/arts-2-2-paper.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Chapman, I. M.; Naylor, D. A.; Gom, B. G.; Querel, R. R.; Davis-Imhof, P. (2009). "BTRAM: An Interactive Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Model". The 30th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing. 30: 22–25. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Jin, Z.; Charlock, T.P.; Rutledge, K.; Stamnes, K.; Wang, Y. (2006). "An analytical solution of radiative transfer in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system with rough surface". Appl. Opt. 45 (28): 7443–7455. Bibcode:2006ApOpt..45.7443J. doi:10.1364/AO.45.007443. hdl:2060/20080015519. PMID 16983433. S2CID 39305812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Hillier, D. John (2020-05-01). "CMFGEN: A Key Spectroscopic Tool for Astrophysicists". HST Proposal: 16131. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020hst..prop16131H/abstract" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020hst..prop16131H/abstract</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Johnson, B; Dang, C; Stegmann, P; Liu, Q; Moradi, I; Auligne, T (2023). "The Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM): Community-Focused Collaborative Model Development Accelerating Research to Operations". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 104 (10): 3–7. Bibcode:2023BAMS..104E1817J. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0015.1. S2CID 258738740. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-22-0015.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-22-0015.1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Gastellu-Etchegorry, JP; Demarez, V; Pinel, V; Zagolski, F (1996). "Modelling radiative transfer in heterogeneous 3-D vegetation canopies". Rem. Sens. Env. 58 (2): 131–156. Bibcode:1996RSEnv..58..131G. doi:10.1016/0034-4257(95)00253-7. <a href="http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00405222/document" target="_blank">http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00405222/document</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Stamnes, Knut; Tsay, S. C.; Wiscombe, W.; Jayaweera, Kolf (1988). "Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media". Appl. Opt. 27 (12): 2502–2509. Bibcode:1988ApOpt..27.2502S. doi:10.1364/AO.27.002502. PMID 20531783. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Lin, Zhenyi; Stamnes, S.; Jin, Z.; Laszlo, I.; Tsay, S. C.; Wiscombe, W. (2015). "Improved discrete ordinate solutions in the presence of an anisotropically reflecting lower boundary: Upgrades of the DISORT computational tool". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 157 (12): 119–134. Bibcode:2015JQSRT.157..119L. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.02.014. S2CID 119467744. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Xie, Y.; Sengupta, M.; Dudhia, J. (2016). "A Fast All-sky Radiation Model for Solar applications (FARMS): Algorithm and performance evaluation". Solar Energy. 135: 435–445. Bibcode:2016SoEn..135..435X. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.003. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2016.06.003" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2016.06.003</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Fu, Q.; Liou, K.-N (1993). "Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds". J. Atmos. Sci. 50 (13): 2008–2025. Bibcode:1993JAtS...50.2008F. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2008:POTRPO>2.0.CO;2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281993%29050%3C2008%3APOTRPO%3E2.0.CO%3B2" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281993%29050%3C2008%3APOTRPO%3E2.0.CO%3B2</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Fu-Liou Cloud/Aerosol Forcing Page (Version 200503/MARCH 2005)". Langley Research Center. NASA. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-07-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527145310/http://snowdog.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/rose/flp200503/flp200503.cgi" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100527145310/http://snowdog.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/rose/flp200503/flp200503.cgi</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Martin-Torres, F. J.; Kutepov, A.; Dudhia, A.; Gusev, O.; Feofilov, A.G. (2003). "Accurate and fast computation of the radiative transfer absorption rates for the infrared bands in the atmosphere of Titan". Geophysical Research Abstracts: 7735. Bibcode:2003EAEJA.....7735M. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Edwards, D. P. (1992), GENLN2: A general line-by-line atmospheric transmittance and radiance model, Version 3.0 description and users guide, NCAR/TN-367-STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Co. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>KARINE: a tool for infrared radiative transfer analysis in planetary atmospheres par V. Eymet. Note technique interne, Laboratoire d'Energétique, 2005. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Clough, S. A.; Shephard, M. W.; Mlawer, E. J.; Delamere, J. S.; Iacono, M. J.; Cady-Pereira, K.; Boukabara, S.; Brown, P. D. (2005). "Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: a summary of the AER codes". J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 91 (2): 233–244. Bibcode:2005JQSRT..91..233C. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.05.058. hdl:2027.42/142162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Fiorino, S. T.; Randall, R. M.; Via, M. F.; Burley, J. L. (2014). "Validation of a UV-to-RF High-Spectral-Resolution Atmospheric Boundary Layer Characterization Tool". J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 53 (1): 136–156. Bibcode:2014JApMC..53..136F. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-13-036.1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FJAMC-D-13-036.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1175%2FJAMC-D-13-036.1</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Gordley, L. L.; Marshall, B. T. (1994). "LINEPAK: Algorithm for Modeling Spectral Transmittance and Radiance". J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 52 (5): 563–580. Bibcode:1994JQSRT..52..563G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.371.5401. doi:10.1016/0022-4073(94)90025-6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Mayer, B.; Kylling, A. (2005). "Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations – description and examples of use" (PDF). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 5 (7): 1855–1877. Bibcode:2005ACP.....5.1855M. doi:10.5194/acp-5-1855-2005. <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295701/file/acp-5-1855-2005.pdf" target="_blank">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295701/file/acp-5-1855-2005.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Caillaut, K.; Fauqueux, S.; Bourlier, C.; Simoneau, P.; Labarre, L. (2007). "Multiresolution optical characteristics of rough sea surface in the infrared". Applied Optics. 46 (22): 5471–5481. Bibcode:2007ApOpt..46.5471C. doi:10.1364/AO.46.005471. PMID 17676164. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"MCARaTS". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2016-04-01. <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/mcarats/home" target="_blank">https://sites.google.com/site/mcarats/home</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Berk, A.; Bernstein, L. S.; Anderson, G. P.; Acharya, P. K.; Robertson, D. C.; Chetwynd, J. H.; Adler-Golden, S. M. (1998). "MODTRAN cloud and multiple scattering upgrades with application to AVIRIS". Remote Sensing of Environment. 65 (3): 367–375. Bibcode:1998RSEnv..65..367B. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00045-5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Cornette, William M. (2006). "Moderate Spectral Atmospheric Radiance and Transmittance (MOSART) Computer Code Version 2.00., Lexington, MA (2006)". Proc. IEEE-GRSS/AFRL Atmospheric Transmission Modeling Conference, Lexington MA. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Wang, Zhen; Cui, Shengcheng; Yang, Jun; Gao, Haiyang; Liu, Chao; Zhang, Zhibo (2017). "A novel hybrid scattering order-dependent variance reduction method for monte carlo simulations of radiative transfer in cloudy atmosphere". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 189: 283–302. Bibcode:2017JQSRT.189..283W. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.12.002. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jqsrt.2016.12.002" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jqsrt.2016.12.002</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Wang, Zhen; Cui, Shengcheng; Zhang, Zhibo; Yang, Jun; Gao, Haiyang; Zhang, Feng (2019). "Theoretical extension of universal forward and backward Monte Carlo radiative transfer modeling for passive and active polarization observation simulations". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 235: 81–94. Bibcode:2019JQSRT.235...81W. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.06.025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jqsrt.2019.06.025" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jqsrt.2019.06.025</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Batalha, Natasha E.; Marley, Mark S.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Fortney, Jonathan J. (2019-06-01). "Exoplanet Reflected-light Spectroscopy with PICASO". The Astrophysical Journal. 878 (1): 70. arXiv:1904.09355. Bibcode:2019ApJ...878...70B. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1b51. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 128347336. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab1b51" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab1b51</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Mukherjee, Sagnick; Batalha, Natasha E.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Marley, Mark S. (2023). "PICASO 3.0: A One-Dimensional Climate Model for Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal. 942 (2): 71. arXiv:2208.07836. Bibcode:2023ApJ...942...71M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9f48. S2CID 251594505. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022arXiv220807836M" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022arXiv220807836M</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Pannier, E.; Laux, C. (2019). "RADIS: A nonequilibrium line-by-line radiative code for CO2 and HITRAN-like database species" (PDF). Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 222–223: 12–25. Bibcode:2019JQSRT.222...12P. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.09.027. S2CID 125474810. <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01904972/file/radis_submitted.pdf" target="_blank">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01904972/file/radis_submitted.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Mlawer, E. J.; Taubman, S. J.; Brown, P. D.; Iacono, M. J.; Claugh, S. A. (1997). "RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave". J. Geophys. Res. 102 (16): 663–682. Bibcode:1997JGR...10216663M. doi:10.1029/97JD00237. S2CID 54031652. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F97JD00237" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F97JD00237</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Saunders, R. W.; Matricardi, M.; Brunel, P. (1999). "An Improved Fast Radiative Transfer Model for Assimilation of Satellite Radiance Observations". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 125 (556): 1407–1425. Bibcode:1999QJRMS.125.1407S. doi:10.1256/smsqj.55614. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"Welcome to SASKTRAN's documentation! — SASKTRAN 0.1.3 documentation". arg.usask.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-11. <a href="https://arg.usask.ca/docs/sasktran/" target="_blank">https://arg.usask.ca/docs/sasktran/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Bourassa, A.E.; Degenstein, D.A.; Llewellyn, E.J. (2008). "SASKTRAN: A spherical geometry radiative transfer code for efficient estimation of limb scattered sunlight". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 109 (1): 52–73. Bibcode:2008JQSRT.109...52B. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2007.07.007. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Zawada, D. J.; Dueck, S. R.; Rieger, L. A.; Bourassa, A. E.; Lloyd, N. D.; Degenstein, D. A. (2015-06-26). "High-resolution and Monte Carlo additions to the SASKTRAN radiative transfer model". Atmos. Meas. Tech. 8 (6): 2609–2623. Bibcode:2015AMT.....8.2609Z. doi:10.5194/amt-8-2609-2015. ISSN 1867-8548. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-8-2609-2015" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-8-2609-2015</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Ricchiazzi, P.; Yang, S.; Gautier, C.; Sowle, D. (1998). "SBDART: A Research and Teaching Software Tool for Plane-Parallel Radiative Transfer in the Earth's Atmosphere". Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79 (10): 2101–2114. Bibcode:1998BAMS...79.2101R. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2101:SARATS>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 55800532. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281998%29079%3C2101%3ASARATS%3E2.0.CO%3B2" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281998%29079%3C2101%3ASARATS%3E2.0.CO%3B2</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Rozanov, A.; Rozanov, V.; Buchwitz, M.; Kokhanovsky, A.; Burrows, J. P. (2005). "SCIATRAN 2.0-A new radiative transfer model for geophysical applications in the 175-2400 nm spectral region". Advances in Space Research. 36 (5): 1015–1019. Bibcode:2005AdSpR..36.1015R. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.012. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Rozanov, V.; Rozanov, A.; Kokhanovsky, A.; Burrows, J. P. (2014). "Radiative transfer through terrestrial atmosphere and ocean: Software package SCIATRAN". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 133: 13–71. Bibcode:2014JQSRT.133...13R. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.07.004. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Lyapustin, A. (2002). "Radiative transfer code SHARM-3D for radiance simulations over a non-Lambertian nonhomogeneous surface: intercomparison study". Applied Optics. 41 (27): 5607–5615. Bibcode:2002ApOpt..41.5607L. doi:10.1364/AO.41.005607. PMID 12269559. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1235634" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/1235634</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Evans, K. F. (1998). "The spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method for three-dimensional atmospheric radiative transfer". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 55 (3): 429–446. Bibcode:1998JAtS...55..429E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.555.9038. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<0429:TSHDOM>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 40027059. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Amato, U.; Masiello, G.; Serio, C.; Viggiano, M. (2002). "The σ-IASI code for the calculation of infrared atmospheric radiance and its derivatives". Environmental Modelling & Software. 17 (7): 651–667. doi:10.1016/S1364-8152(02)00027-0. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Liuzzi, G.; Masiello, G.; Serio, C.; Meloni, D.; Di Biagio, C.; Formenti, P. (2017). "Consistency of dimensional distributions and refractive indices of desert dust measured over Lampedusa with IASI radiances". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 10 (2): 599–615. Bibcode:2017AMT....10..599L. doi:10.5194/amt-10-599-2017. hdl:11563/125342. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-10-599-2017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-10-599-2017</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Ramon, D. (2019). "Modeling polarized radiative transfer in the ocean-atmosphere system with the GPU-accelerated SMART-G Monte Carlo code". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 222–223: 89–107. Bibcode:2019JQSRT.222...89R. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.10.017. S2CID 125121586. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>FluxNet <a href="http://stratus.ssec.wisc.edu/fluxnet/" target="_blank">http://stratus.ssec.wisc.edu/fluxnet/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Key, J.; Schweiger, A. J. (1998). "Tools for atmospheric radiative transfer: Streamer and FluxNet". Computers & Geosciences. 24 (5): 443–451. Bibcode:1998CG.....24..443K. doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00130-1. hdl:2060/19980018471. S2CID 118079586. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>[1] |-->] <a href="http://www.rtslidort.com/about_overview.html" target="_blank">http://www.rtslidort.com/about_overview.html</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Spurr, R.; Christi, M. (2019). The LIDORT and VLIDORT Linearized Scalar and Vector Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer Models. Springer Series in Light Scattering. pp. 1–62. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03445-0_1. S2CID 126425750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>HITRAN Site <a href="http://www.hitran.org/" target="_blank">http://www.hitran.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>GEISA Site <a href="http://ara.lmd.polytechnique.fr/" target="_blank">http://ara.lmd.polytechnique.fr/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>