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Post-structuralism
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Post-structuralism emerged in <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> during the 1960s as a movement critiquing <a href="/facts/Structuralism/qWLvWtfb">structuralism</a>. According to <a href="/facts/Jos%25C3%25A9_Guilherme_Merquior/WwzXtkvo">J. G. Merquior</a>, a <a href="/facts/Love%25E2%2580%2593hate_relationship/s8pC0fak">love–hate relationship</a> with structuralism developed among many leading French thinkers in the 1960s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The period was marked by the rebellion of students and workers against the state in <a href="/facts/May_1968_events_in_France/1NIhxF88">May 1968</a>. </p><p>In a 1966 lecture titled "<a href="/facts/Structure%2c_Sign%2c_and_Play_in_the_Discourse_of_the_Human_Sciences/2Sv9VzD4">Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences</a>", <a href="/facts/Jacques_Derrida/ln1TBjEn">Jacques Derrida</a> presented a thesis on an apparent rupture in intellectual life. Derrida interpreted this event as a "decentering" of the former intellectual cosmos. Instead of progress or divergence from an identified centre, Derrida described this "event" as a kind of "play." </p><p>A year later, in 1967, <a href="/facts/Roland_Barthes/IGtTQkyG">Roland Barthes</a> published "<a href="/facts/The_Death_of_the_Author/TPopWBhH">The Death of the Author</a>", in which he announced a metaphorical event: the "death" of the author as an authentic source of meaning for a given text. Barthes argued that any literary text has multiple meanings and that the author was not the prime source of the work's semantic content. The "Death of the Author," Barthes maintained, was the "Birth of the Reader," as the source of the proliferation of meanings of the text.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Barthes and the need for metalanguage</h3> <p>In <i><a href="/facts/Elements_of_Semiology/WTJzg8Ma">Elements of Semiology</a></i> (1967), Barthes advances the concept of the <i><a href="/facts/Metalanguage/peNXFNUV">metalanguage</a></i>, a systematized way of talking about concepts like meaning and grammar beyond the constraints of a traditional (first-order) language; in a metalanguage, symbols replace words and phrases. Insofar as one metalanguage is required for one explanation of the first-order language, another may be required, so metalanguages may actually replace first-order languages. Barthes exposes how this structuralist system is regressive; orders of language rely upon a metalanguage by which it is explained, and therefore <a href="/facts/Deconstruction/t3JuoHqn">deconstruction</a> itself is in danger of becoming a metalanguage, thus exposing all languages and discourse to scrutiny. Barthes' other works contributed deconstructive theories about texts. </p> <h3>Derrida's lecture at Johns Hopkins</h3> <p>The occasional designation of post-structuralism as a movement can be tied to the fact that mounting criticism of Structuralism became evident at approximately the same time that Structuralism became a topic of interest in universities in the United States. This interest led to a colloquium at <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">Johns Hopkins University</a> in 1966 titled "The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man", to which such French philosophers as <a href="/facts/Jacques_Derrida/ln1TBjEn">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/facts/Roland_Barthes/IGtTQkyG">Roland Barthes</a>, and <a href="/facts/Jacques_Lacan/TbUhdvAJ">Jacques Lacan</a> were invited to speak. </p><p>Derrida's lecture at that conference, "<a href="/facts/Structure%2c_Sign%2c_and_Play_in_the_Discourse_of_the_Human_Sciences/2Sv9VzD4">Structure, Sign, and Play in the Human Sciences</a>", was one of the earliest to propose some theoretical limitations to Structuralism, and to attempt to theorize on terms that were clearly no longer structuralist. </p><p>The element of "play" in the title of Derrida's essay is often erroneously interpreted in a linguistic sense, based on a general tendency towards puns and humour, while <a href="/facts/Social_constructionism/NeGDLvKL">social constructionism</a> as developed in the later work of <a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Michel Foucault</a> is said to create play in the sense of strategic agency by laying bare the levers of historical change. </p> <h2 id="post-structuralism-and-structuralism">Post-structuralism and structuralism</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Structuralism/qWLvWtfb">Structuralism</a>, as an intellectual movement in France in the 1950s and 1960s, studied underlying structures in <a href="/facts/Cultural_artifact/B5wDYWQH">cultural products</a> (such as <a href="/facts/Text_(literary_theory)/GwYDS61T">texts</a>) and used analytical concepts from <a href="/facts/Linguistics/oQuamvf2">linguistics</a>, <a href="/facts/Psychology/duoqW7Sz">psychology</a>, <a href="/facts/Anthropology/W6WK1C3a">anthropology</a>, and other fields to <a href="/facts/Interpretation_(disambiguation)/aEyNb9XP">interpret</a> those structures. Structuralism posits the concept of <a href="/facts/Binary_opposition/Xh9HPJxH">binary opposition</a>, in which frequently-used pairs of opposite-but-related words (concepts) are often arranged in a hierarchy; for example: <a href="/facts/Age_of_Enlightenment/Uj2Fa8Mk">Enlightenment</a>/<a href="/facts/Romanticism/lfG31kE3">Romantic</a>, male/female, speech/writing, rational/emotional, signified/signifier, symbolic/imaginary, and east/west. </p><p>Post-structuralism rejects the structuralist notion that the dominant word in a pair is dependent on its subservient counterpart, and instead argues that founding knowledge on either pure experience (<a href="/facts/Phenomenology_(philosophy)/AILzLkKx">phenomenology</a>) or on <a href="/facts/System/hmqQ4ASX">systematic</a> structures (structuralism) is impossible,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> because history and culture actually condition the study of underlying structures, and these are subject to biases and misinterpretations. <a href="/facts/Gilles_Deleuze/cnkduWTX">Gilles Deleuze</a> and others saw this impossibility not as a failure or loss, but rather as a cause for "celebration and liberation."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> A post-structuralist approach argues that to understand an object (a text, for example), one must study both the object itself and the <a href="/facts/System/hmqQ4ASX">systems</a> of knowledge that produced the object.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The uncertain boundaries between structuralism and post-structuralism become further blurred by the fact that scholars rarely label themselves as post-structuralists. Some scholars associated with structuralism, such as <a href="/facts/Roland_Barthes/IGtTQkyG">Roland Barthes</a> and <a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Michel Foucault</a>, also became noteworthy in post-structuralism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="authors">Authors</h2> <p>The following are often said to be post-structuralists, or to have had a post-structuralist period: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Kathy_Acker/EYP0Y2lD">Kathy Acker</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Giorgio_Agamben/vtb98GvQ">Giorgio Agamben</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jean_Baudrillard/zJKeaxEy">Jean Baudrillard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Roland_Barthes/IGtTQkyG">Roland Barthes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wendy_Brown_(political_theorist)/By4kbyqR">Wendy Brown</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Judith_Butler/stbGjgkf">Judith Butler</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rey_Chow/76UGBunR">Rey Chow</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/H%25C3%25A9l%25C3%25A8ne_Cixous/gY5uufwE">Hélène Cixous</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jodi_Dean/zQW8p5vd">Jodi Dean</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gilles_Deleuze/cnkduWTX">Gilles Deleuze</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jacques_Derrida/ln1TBjEn">Jacques Derrida</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Umberto_Eco/tDTJHXe6">Umberto Eco</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Fiske_(media_studies)/zCaklWCb">John Fiske</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Michel Foucault</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nancy_Fraser/IhJ5tgkp">Nancy Fraser</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/F%25C3%25A9lix_Guattari/Nz2kTD70">Félix Guattari</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Luce_Irigaray/7NPUNIeU">Luce Irigaray</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Julia_Kristeva/GLcsPBUR">Julia Kristeva</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Teresa_de_Lauretis/hrodAauD">Teresa de Lauretis</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sarah_Kofman/8rKC5kzz">Sarah Kofman</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jacques_Lacan/TbUhdvAJ">Jacques Lacan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe/C9Fz2IN4">Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ernesto_Laclau/Dsa3ht3k">Ernesto Laclau</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jean-Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Lyotard/C6XMfD6t">Jean-François Lyotard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Achille_Mbembe/83nfhCe9">Achille Mbembe</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Todd_May_(philosopher)/FdbvuXnY">Todd May</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chantal_Mouffe/YJf2k8Hv">Chantal Mouffe</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jean-Luc_Nancy/og3j0UCK">Jean-Luc Nancy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Avital_Ronell/p02fQLfk">Avital Ronell</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bernard_Stiegler/6YqpL05r">Bernard Stiegler</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak/ItA7xyxP">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2> <p>Some observers from outside of the post-structuralist camp have questioned the rigour and legitimacy of the field. American philosopher <a href="/facts/John_Searle/YDMljSH7">John Searle</a> suggested in 1990: "The spread of 'poststructuralist' <a href="/facts/Literary_theory/CK3TAHoN">literary theory</a> is perhaps the best-known example of a silly but non-catastrophic phenomenon."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Similarly, physicist <a href="/facts/Alan_Sokal/vFGuJzJN">Alan Sokal</a> in 1997 criticized "the <a href="/facts/Postmodernism/aBgbw8QJ">postmodernist</a>/poststructuralist gibberish that is now <a href="/facts/Hegemonic/I2SBWNgu">hegemonic</a> in some sectors of the American academy."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p> Literature scholar <a href="/facts/Norman_Holland/q3jq6Rbc">Norman Holland</a> in 1992 saw post-structuralism as flawed due to reliance on <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_de_Saussure/NjS5SPBA">Saussure</a>'s linguistic model, which was seriously challenged by the 1950s and was soon abandoned by linguists:</p><blockquote><p>Saussure's views are not held, so far as I know, by modern linguists, only by literary critics and the occasional philosopher. [Strict adherence to Saussure] has elicited wrong <a href="/facts/Film_theory/uK0Uw8vY">film</a> and literary theory on a grand scale. One can find dozens of books of literary theory bogged down in signifiers and signifieds, but only a handful that refers to <a href="/facts/Chomsky/3rtpzlER">Chomsky</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></p></blockquote> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Development_criticism/mu2K0V0k">Development criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Narrative_therapy/d3VBWAIL">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Post-postmodernism/SW3QFb5I">Post-postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Post-structural_feminism/WzjlAD2o">Post-structural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Post-structuralist_subject/CoEclgFn">Post-structuralist subject</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Poststructuralism_(international_relations)/6VSQas0J">Poststructuralism (international relations)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reader-response_criticism/8baJ2Aqb">Reader-response criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Semiotics/DuS3kK2g">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Social_criticism/k5CxJjE4">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Social_theory/vJF8Fp5m">Social theory</a></li></ul> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Johannes_Angermuller/zT3RDk7W">Angermuller, J.</a> (2015): <i>Why There Is No Poststructuralism in France. The Making of an Intellectual Generation.</i> London: Bloomsbury.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Johannes_Angermuller/zT3RDk7W">Angermuller, J.</a> (2014): <i>Poststructuralist Discourse Analysis. Subjectivity in Enunciative Pragmatics.</i> Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan</li> <li>Barry, P. <i>Beginning theory: an introduction to literary and cultural theory</i>. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2002.</li> <li>Barthes, Roland. <i>Elements of Semiology</i>. New York: Hill and Wang, 1967.</li> <li><a href="/facts/J._A._Cuddon/9boK6et1">Cuddon, J. A.</a> <i>Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory</i>. London: Penguin, 1998.</li> <li>Eagleton, T. <i>Literary theory: an introduction</i> Basil Blackwell, Oxford,1983.</li> <li>Matthews, E. <i>Twentieth-Century French Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996.</li> <li>Morland, Dave (2004). "Anti-capitalism and poststructuralist anarchism". In Bowen, James; Purkis, Jon (eds.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/changinganarchis00bowe"><i>Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Manchester_University_Press/CboBlLk6">Manchester University Press</a>. pp. 23–38. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7190-6694-8.</li> <li>Ryan, M. <i>Literary theory: a practical introduction</i>. Blackwell Publishers Inc, Massachusetts,1999.</li> <li>Wolfreys, J & Baker, W (eds). <i>Literary theories: a case study in critical performance</i>. Macmillan Press, Hong Kong,1996.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Post-structuralism. <ul><li><a href="http://hydra.humanities.uci.edu/derrida/sign-play.html"><i>Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences</i> - Jacques Derrida</a></li> <li>Smith, Richard G., ed. (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DyCrBgAAQBAJ"><i>The Baudrillard Dictionary</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780748639229. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g09vw4">10.3366/j.ctt1g09vw4</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050728125303/http://www.brocku.ca/english/courses/4F70/poststruct.html">"Some Post-Structural Assumptions" - John Lye</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523082835/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/pomo.html">Talking pomo: An analysis of the post-modern movement, by Steve Mizrach</a></li> <li><a href="https://foucault.info/">Information on Michel Foucault, including an archive of writings and lectures</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091206043349/http://poststructuralism.info/">poststructuralism.info</a> - A collaborative website that aims to allow users not only to describe post-structuralist ideas but to create new ideas and concepts based on post-structuralist foundations</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Lewis, Philip; Descombes, Vincent; Harari, Josue V. (1982). "The Post-Structuralist Condition". Diacritics. 12 (1): 2–24. doi:10.2307/464788. JSTOR 464788. <a href="/wiki/Diacritics_(journal)" target="_blank">/wiki/Diacritics_(journal)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bensmaïa, Réda (2005). "Poststructuralism". In Kritzman, L. (ed.). The Columbia History of Twentieth-Century French Thought. Columbia University Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9780231107907 – via Google Books. <a href="9780231107907" target="_blank">9780231107907</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Poster, Mark (1988). "Introduction: Theory and the problem of Context". Critical theory and poststructuralism: in search of a context. Cornell University Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9780801423369 – via Google Books. <a href="9780801423369" target="_blank">9780801423369</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Merquior, José G. 1987. Foucault, (Fontana Modern Masters series). University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06062-8. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior" target="_blank">/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Craig, Edward, ed. 1998. Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, vol. 7 (Nihilism to Quantum mechanics). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18712-5. p. 597. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Craig_(philosopher)" target="_blank">/wiki/Edward_Craig_(philosopher)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Deleuze, Gilles. [2002] 2004. "How Do We Recognize Structuralism?" Pp. 170–92 in Desert Islands and Other Texts 1953–1974, translated by D. Lapoujade, edited by M. Taormina, Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents series. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e). ISBN 1-58435-018-0. pp. 171–73. <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" target="_blank">/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Harcourt, Bernard E. (12 March 2007). "An Answer to the Question: "What Is Poststructuralism?"". Chicago Unbound - Public Law and Legal Theory. 156: 17–19. <a href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=public_law_and_legal_theory" target="_blank">https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=public_law_and_legal_theory</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Harrison, Paul (2006). "Poststructuralist Theories" (PDF). In Aitken, Stuart; Valentine, Gill (eds.). Approaches to Human Geography. London: SAGE Publications. pp. 122–135. doi:10.4135/9781446215432.n10. ISBN 9780761942634. <a href="9780761942634" target="_blank">9780761942634</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Merquior, José G. 1987. Foucault, (Fontana Modern Masters series). University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06062-8. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior" target="_blank">/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Barthes, Roland (1977). Image, Music, Text. Translated by Heath, Stephen. New York: Hill & Wang. ISBN 0809057409. <a href="0809057409" target="_blank">0809057409</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Colebrook, Claire (2002). Gilles Deleuze. Routledge Critical Thinkers. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 9781134578023 – via Google Books. Post-structuralism responded to the impossibility of founding knowledge either on pure experience (phenomenology) or systematic structures (structuralism). <a href="9781134578023" target="_blank">9781134578023</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Colebrook, Claire (2002). Gilles Deleuze. Routledge Critical Thinkers. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 9781134578023. In Deleuze's case, like many other post-structuralists, this recognised impossibility of organising life into closed structures was not a failure or loss but a cause for celebration and liberation. <a href="9781134578023" target="_blank">9781134578023</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Raulet, Gerard (1983). "Structuralism and Post-Structuralism: An Interview with Michel Foucault". Telos. 1983 (55): 195–211. doi:10.3817/0383055195. 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