Cadoc

<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2>
Cadoc's story appears in a Vita Cadoci written shortly before 1086 by Lifris of Llancarfan;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> "it was clearly written at Llancarfan with the purpose of honouring the house and confirming its endowments".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Consequently, it is of limited historical merit though some details are of interest. Llancarfan did not survive the intrusion of Norman power into South Wales, being dissolved about 1086.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
Cadoc began life under a cloud of violence. His father, <a href="/facts/Gwynllyw/avIGM8dD">Gwynllyw</a> the Bearded, was one of the lesser kings of Wales, a brother of <a href="/facts/Saint_Petroc/QRbhS7qQ">Saint Petroc</a>, and a robber chieftain. He wanted to propose to Princess Gwladys, daughter of King <a href="/facts/Brychan/PePxCGE1">Brychan</a> of Brycheiniog, a neighboring chieftain, but Brychan turned away the envoys asking for Gwladys' hand. Wildly in love, Gwynllyw and Gwladys eloped from her father's court at Brecon and escaped over the mountains<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> in a raid in which 200 of Gwynllyw's 300 followers perished.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>
Born into the royal families of <a href="/facts/Gwynllwg/ghmHodxK">Gwynllwg</a> and <a href="/facts/Brycheiniog/S7e9Hq5N">Brycheiniog</a>, it is said, he worked miracles even before his birth. Strange lights shone in his parents’ house and the cellars were miraculously filled with food.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
Cadoc was born in <a href="/facts/Monmouthshire/BJmQe0Pa">Monmouthshire</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> around the year 497. An angel announced his birth and summoned the hermit Meuthi to baptise and teach him. A holy well sprang up for his baptism and afterwards flowed with wine and milk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> It is thought that he was baptised as Cathmail (Cadfael).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> After the birth of his son, Gwynllyw went on a wild celebratory raid with a new band of fearless warriors. Among other livestock, he stole the cow of an Irish monk, St. Tathyw of <a href="/facts/Caerwent/l0orepBQ">Caerwent</a>. This is probably <a href="/facts/Tathan/uJqKRkvu">Tathan</a>, a reputed early abbot of nearby Caerwent whose dedications appear around <a href="/facts/Llantwit_Major/kRmWPYjj">Llantwit Major</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Tathyw was not afraid of Gwynllyw and boldly went to confront him, demanding the return of the cow. On a sudden impulse, or perhaps guided by divine inspiration, Gwynllyw decided Cadoc would go to live under the monk's care, and he was sent away to be educated at Tathyw's monastery in Caerwent. Cadoc picked up a basic knowledge of Latin and received a rudimentary education that prepared him for further studies in Ireland and Wales. Most important, Cadoc learned to appreciate the life of a monk and a priest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
One day while in the Cardiff district of Glamorgan, Cadoc was being chased by an armed swineherd from an enemy tribe. As he ran through the woods looking for a place to hide, he came upon a wild boar, white with age. Disturbed by his presence, the boar made three fierce bounds in his direction, but Cadoc's life was spared when the boar miraculously disappeared. Cadoc took this as a heavenly sign, and marked the spot with three tree branches. The valley was owned by his uncle, King Pawl of <a href="/facts/Penychen/FMKRwYg6">Penychen</a>, who made a present of the land to his nephew. The location later became the site of the great church college and monastery at Llancarvan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
Maches (Latin: Machuta), the sister of Cadoc according to tradition, was killed by robbers who were stealing her finest ram. Tathan, to whom the murderers confessed their crime, built a church on the spot.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
In adulthood Cadoc refused to take charge of his father's army, "preferring to fight for Christ". He founded his first monastery at Llancarfan in the Vale of Glamorgan, and from there he went to Ireland to study for three years. Returning to Wales, he studied with Bachan or Pachan, a <a href="/facts/Rhetorician/mB9np26l">teacher of rhetoric</a> from Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> He then travelled to Scotland where he founded a monastery at Cambuslang. Back at Llancarfan, his influence helped it to grow into one of the chief monasteries in South Wales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
One tradition has it that he went on pilgrimage to Rome, but more certain is the knowledge of time spent in Brittany. He settled there on an island in the Etel river, now called L'Ile de Cado, where he built an oratory, founded a monastery and devoted himself to spreading the Gospel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> There are chapels dedicated to him at <a href="/facts/Belz%2c_Morbihan/m15TlEEg">Belz</a> and <a href="/facts/Locoal-Mendon/XFErjzqr">Locoal-Mendon</a> in <a href="/facts/Morbihan/ghYrMLAK">Morbihan</a> and at <a href="/facts/Gouesnac%2527h/plrGQdRH">Gouesnac'h</a> in <a href="/facts/Finist%25C3%25A8re/TR71JoCC">Finistère</a>, where he is called upon to cure the deaf. His name is also the basis of some thirty Breton place-names.

<h3>Llancarfan</h3>

According to Huddleston, most Welsh writers assign the founding of Llancarfan to the period of St. Germanus's visit to Britain in A.D. 447, stating further that the first principal was St. Dubric, or Dubricius, on whose elevation to the episcopate St. Cadoc, or Cattwg, succeeded. On the other hand, he notes that the Life of St. Germanus, written by Constantius, a priest of Lyons, about fifty years after the death of the saint, says nothing at all of any school founded by him or under his auspices, in Britain, nor is mention made of his presence in Wales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
An alternate tradition holds that Llancarvan monastery or "Church of the Stags", in Glamorgan, and not far from the Bristol Channel, was founded in the latter part of the fifth century by Cadoc. Here he established a monastery and college, which became the seminary of many great and holy men. The spot at first seemed an impossible one, an almost inaccessible marsh, but he and his monks drained and cultivated it, transforming it into one of the most famous and attractive religious homes in South Wales. The plan of the building included a monastery, a college, and a hospital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Having got the community established, he went off to Ireland to study and teach. When he returned three years later, he found the monastery in ruins. Furious, he forced the monks back to manual labour, dragging timber from the woods to begin the work of reconstruction. Two stags came out of the forest to help them, which is said to be why the stream running past the monastery is called the Nant Carfan, the Stag Brook.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
Rev. Rees suggests that although the monastery was said to have been situated at Llancarfan, the particular spot on which it stood was called Llanfeithin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h3>Scotland</h3>
About 528, after his father's death, Cadoc is said to have built a stone monastery in <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a> probably at <a href="/facts/Kilmadock/mDT4BURN">Kilmadock</a>, which was named for the saint, north-west of Stirling,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> where the Annant Burn enters the River Teith about 2 miles upstream from Doune. Near the ruins of the old Kilmadock church and graveyard is Hermit's Croft, thought to be where he lived for seven years. Seven local churches that were built in his name came under the authority of <a href="/facts/Inchmahome/BjRnNhVK">Inchmahome</a> Priory. It is also said that Cadoc's monastery was "below Mount Bannauc" (generally taken to be the hill southwest of Stirling down which the <a href="/facts/Bannockburn/c2TfMX8Y">Bannockburn</a> flows). It has been suggested that the monastery was where the town of <a href="/facts/Saint_Ninian/hg0JrHht">St Ninians</a> now stands, two kilometers south of Stirling. Scottish followers were known as "Gille Dog", the servants of Cadog, which appears as a surname, first as Dog, and later as Doig, Dock, and Doak.

<h2 id="legends">Legends</h2>
<h3>Cadoc and Arthur</h3>

Cadoc came into conflict with <a href="/facts/King_Arthur/JDyRQ8gx">Arthur</a>: the Vita depicts Arthur as great and bold, but willful. Lifris writes that Cadoc gave protection to a man who had killed three of Arthur's soldiers and Arthur was awarded a herd of cattle from Cadoc as compensation. Cadoc delivered them, but when Arthur took possession of them they were transformed into bundles of <a href="/facts/Fern/e6Cngdyo">ferns</a>. Similar incidents are often described in mediaeval biographies such as those of <a href="/facts/Carannog/prAmcIe7">Carannog</a>, <a href="/facts/Padern/Bk9YePM7">Padern</a> and <a href="/facts/Goeznovius/u1wdDuh1">Goeznovius</a>: miracles in dealings with temporal authority bolster the case for church freedom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> In later Arthurian <a href="/facts/Welsh_Triads/CtJRT2MX">Welsh Triads</a> Cadoc, with <a href="/facts/Illtud/tmQxkQN3">Illtud</a> and Peredur, is one of three knights said to have become keepers of the <a href="/facts/Grail/c08z6kXS">Holy Grail</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
The kings <a href="/facts/Maelgwn_of_Gwynedd/vKp29Cxa">Maelgwn of Gwynedd</a> and Rhain Dremrudd of <a href="/facts/Brycheiniog/S7e9Hq5N">Brycheiniog</a> also feature in the Vita. Though <a href="/facts/St_Cadoc%2527s_Church%2c_Caerleon/wH699obW">Saint Cadoc's Church</a> at <a href="/facts/Caerleon/Tshk1wI7">Caerleon</a>, which, though of Norman origin and much rebuilt, stands on the foundations of the <a href="/facts/Isca_Augusta/ux5D9lYM">Roman legion headquarters</a>, may memorialize an early cell of Cadoc's. Caerleon was also associated with Arthur.

<h3>Other legends</h3>
A certain miraculous spot associated with Cadoc had a reputed healing effect until the time of king Hiuguel (Hywel vab weyn, who died in his old age ca. 1041–44) when, due to a malevolent influence, the spot was lost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
This Cadoc, grandson of <a href="/facts/Brychan/PePxCGE1">Brychan Brycheiniog</a>, to whose offspring a large number of south-west British cult sites are dedicated, may be identical to or confused with Cadoc son of Brychan, for whom the churches at <a href="/facts/Llanspyddid/2IBfLr9T">Llanspyddid</a> near Brecon and at <a href="/facts/Llangadog/sYY0clzq">Llangadog</a>, Carmarthenshire, are said to be named along with a former chapel in the parish of <a href="/facts/Kidwelly/2g8wt8sV">Kidwelly</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> According to <a href="/facts/Serenus_de_Cressy/sL4uzzQT">Serenus de Cressy</a> this Cadoc died AD 490, is buried in <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, and is commemorated in the Calendar on 24 January.
The epithet of Doeth (Welsh for wise) induced some writers to confound him with St. Sophias (Greek for wisdom), bishop of Beneventum in Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Hence he is said sometimes to have died at <a href="/facts/Bannaventa/F6G9VewG">Bannaventa</a> (Weedon, five kilometres east of <a href="/facts/Daventry/oajdLaKR">Daventry</a> in <a href="/facts/Northamptonshire/UbFu0Vjj">Northamptonshire</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> In an episode towards the end of his vita Cadoc is carried off in a cloud from Britannia (de terra Britannie) to <a href="/facts/Benevento/MHIBAbjL">Beneventum</a>, where a certain prior is warned of the coming of a "western Briton" who is to be renamed Sophias; as Sophias Cadoc becomes abbot, bishop and martyr. A <a href="/facts/Basilica/NWx4yWIC">magna basilica</a> was erected over his shrine, which visiting Britons were not allowed to enter. A fictitious "Pope Alexander" is made to figure in the narrative.

<h3>Legendary genealogy</h3>

In Lives of the Cambro British saints (1853), Rev <a href="/facts/William_Jenkins_Rees/JHyLjfmL">W. J Rees</a> wrote:

<blockquote>
The genealogy of the blessed Cadoc arises from the most noble emperors of Rome, from the time of the incarnation of Jesus Christ, Augustus Cesar, in whose time Christ was born, begat Octavianus, Octavianus begat Tiberius, Tiberius begat Caius, Caius begat Claudius, Claudius begat Vespasian, Vespasian begat Titus, Titus begat Domitian, Domitian begat Nero, under whom the apostles Peter and Paul suffered, Nero begat Trajan, Trajan begat Adrian, Adrian begat Antonius, Antonius begat Commodus, Commodus begat Meobus, Meobus begat Severus, Severus begat Antonius, Antonius begat Aucanus, Aucanus begat Aurelian, Aurelian begat Alexander, Alexander begat Maximus, Maximus begat Gordian, Gordian begat Philip, Philip begat Decius, Decius begat Gallus, Callus begat Valerian, Valerian begat Cleopatra, Cleopatra begat Aurelian, Aurelian begat Titus, Titus begat Probus, Probus begat Carosius, Carosius begat Dioclesian, who persecuted the Christians throughout the whole world; for in his time the blessed martyrs Alban, that is Julian, Aaron, and many others suffered. Dioclesian begat Galerius, Galerius begat Constantine the Great the son of Helen, Constantine begat Constantius, Constantius begat Maximianus, with whom the British soldiers went from Britain, and he slew Gratian the Roman emperor, and held the government of all Europe; and he did not dismiss the soldiers, which he brought with him from Britain to return to their country on account of their bravery, but gave them many provinces and countries, that is from the pool which is on the top of the mountain of Jupiter to the city named Cantguic, and until the western mound that is Cruc Ochideint; and from those soldiers arose a nation which is called Lettau. Maximianus therefore begat Owain, Owain begat Nor, Nor begat Solor, Solor begat Glywys, Glywys begat Gwynlliw, Gwynlliw begat the most blessed Cadoc of whom we are speaking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></blockquote>
<h2 id="liturgical-celebration">Liturgical celebration</h2>
In the 2004 edition of the <a href="/facts/Roman_Martyrology/FEVRQbGm">Roman Martyrology</a>, Cadoc is listed among saints thought to have died on 21 September, with the Latin name Cadóci. He is mentioned as follows: 'In the monastery at Llancarfan in South Wales, Saint Cadoc the Abbot, under whose name many monasteries in Cornwall and Brittany were established.'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> He does not appear in the current <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholic</a> liturgical calendar of saints celebrated annually in Wales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
21 September is, however, the feast day of the Apostle <a href="/facts/Saint_Matthew/yvFpP3KF">Saint Matthew</a>, and in Cardiff, St Cadoc's Day has traditionally been kept on 25 September; on the French Île de Saint-Cado [fr], a major <a href="/facts/Pardon_(ceremony)/2nyLPpIQ">pardon</a> is traditionally celebrated on the third Sunday in September. Elsewhere his traditional feast day is 24 January.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Cambuslang/08NdJNDr">Cambuslang</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Llancarfan/mzBbMoIa">Llancarfan</a>, site of Cadoc's 6th century abbey</li>
<li><a href="/facts/St_Cadoc%2527s_Hospital/udMCvW03">St Cadoc's Hospital</a>, Caerleon</li>
<li><a href="/facts/St_Cadocs%2fPenygarn/l0DLqFmc">St Cadocs/Penygarn</a>, electoral ward that also has a Saint Cadoc's church</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Cadou/u625VMJl">St Cadou</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/St._Cadoc%2527s_Church%2c_Glynneath/IFFGcp8K">St. Cadoc's Church, Glynneath</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/St_Cadoc%2527s_Church%2c_Llangattock_Lingoed/5MGkCh88">St Cadoc's Church, Llangattock Lingoed</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Church_of_St_Cadoc%2c_Raglan%2c_Monmouthshire/JSla5mt1">Church of St Cadoc, Raglan, Monmouthshire</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726165002/http://raglan-parishes.org.uk/parish-leadership/st-cadocs-raglan/">St Cadoc's Church, Raglan</a>[usurped]</li>
<li><a href="http://www.stcadocs.org.uk">St Cadoc's Church, Llancarfan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.StCadoc.org">The Church of St. Cadoc, Newton Mearns, East Renfrewshire</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620044455/http://www.stcadoc.org/">Archived</a> 20 June 2021 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>Kennerley, Eija (Spring 1981). <a href="https://journals.library.wales/view/1337678/1338124/4">"Saint Cadoc's Church, Caerleon"</a>. Gwent Local History (50): 3–12., from <a href="/facts/Welsh_Journals/r6eaY9EE">Welsh Journals</a>, <a href="/facts/National_Library_of_Wales/r6eaY9EE">National Library of Wales</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Strayner, Joseph R., ed. Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983) p. 6 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Martyrologium Romanum, 2004, Vatican Press (Typis Vaticanis), page 529. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Tatlock, J. S. P. (1939) "The Dates of the Arthurian Saints' Legends", Speculum 14.3 (July 1939:345–365) p. 345 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">The text is Latin: for confirmation of before ca 1086 as the most likely date for the text, see below. <a href="/wiki/Latin" target="_blank">/wiki/Latin</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Tatlock, J. S. P. (1939) "The Dates of the Arthurian Saints' Legends", Speculum 14.3 (July 1939:345–365) p. 345 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">The date was argued for by J. S. P. Tatlock, "Caradoc of Llancarfan," Speculum 13, 144–45. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Madeleine Gray: The lives of St Cadoc and St Winifred". Wales Online. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/madeleine-gray-lives-st-cadoc-1846984" target="_blank">http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/madeleine-gray-lives-st-cadoc-1846984</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Commemoration of St. Cadoc of Llancarvan". Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 2014-12-14. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119093752/http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic_saints/cadoc.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101119093752/http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic_saints/cadoc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Madeleine Gray: The lives of St Cadoc and St Winifred". Wales Online. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/madeleine-gray-lives-st-cadoc-1846984" target="_blank">http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/madeleine-gray-lives-st-cadoc-1846984</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Dmitry Lapa. Venerable Cadoc, Abbot of Llancarfan in Wales. Commemorated: January 24/February 6 and September 25/October 8 / OrthoChristian.Com". Pravoslavie.ru. Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="http://www.pravoslavie.ru/english/77094.htm" target="_blank">http://www.pravoslavie.ru/english/77094.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Madeleine Gray: The lives of St Cadoc and St Winifred". Wales Online. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/madeleine-gray-lives-st-cadoc-1846984" target="_blank">http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/madeleine-gray-lives-st-cadoc-1846984</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"West Vale Catholics - the Life and History of St. Cadoc". Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007002918/http://www.westvalecatholics.co.uk/cadoc.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121007002918/http://www.westvalecatholics.co.uk/cadoc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"History". Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017072913/http://www.stathanvillage.co.uk/html/history.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111017072913/http://www.stathanvillage.co.uk/html/history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Commemoration of St. Cadoc of Llancarvan". Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 2014-12-14. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119093752/http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic_saints/cadoc.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101119093752/http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic_saints/cadoc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Commemoration of St. Cadoc of Llancarvan". Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 2014-12-14. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119093752/http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic_saints/cadoc.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101119093752/http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic_saints/cadoc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Hando, F.J., (1958) "Out and About in Monmouthshire", R. H. Johns, Newport. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Bartrum, Peter C. "Bachan" in A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A. D. 1000, p. 38 Archived 17 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. National Library of Wales, 1993. Emended 2009. <a href="http://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/casgliadau/Drych_Digidol/Deunydd_print/Welsh_Classical_Dictionary/02_A-B.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/casgliadau/Drych_Digidol/Deunydd_print/Welsh_Classical_Dictionary/02_A-B.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"West Vale Catholics - the Life and History of St. Cadoc". Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007002918/http://www.westvalecatholics.co.uk/cadoc.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121007002918/http://www.westvalecatholics.co.uk/cadoc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"West Vale Catholics - the Life and History of St. Cadoc". Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007002918/http://www.westvalecatholics.co.uk/cadoc.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121007002918/http://www.westvalecatholics.co.uk/cadoc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Huddleston, Gilbert. "Llancarvan." The Catholic Encyclopedia Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 7 January 2013 <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09315b.htm" target="_blank">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09315b.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Chandlery, Peter. "Welsh Monastic Foundations." The Catholic Encyclopedia Archived 17 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 22 July 2013 <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15585a.htm" target="_blank">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15585a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Madeleine Gray: The lives of St Cadoc and St Winifred". Wales Online. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/madeleine-gray-lives-st-cadoc-1846984" target="_blank">http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/madeleine-gray-lives-st-cadoc-1846984</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Rice Rees (1836). An Essay on the Welsh Saints Or the Primitive Christians, Usually Considered ... Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8IclDShLSYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=H8IclDShLSYC</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">The New Statistical Account of Scotland, Perth, Vol. X, 1845, p. 1224; Doune Historical Notes, Forth Naturalist and Historian, Moray S. Mackay, Stirling, 1984, p. 72; Kilmadock in Dunblane Diocese, Society of Friends of Dunblane Cathedral, Moray S. Mackay, Vol. XI. Part III, 1972, p. 83-85. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"King Arthur". The Middle Ages. 7 July 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="http://www.themiddleages.net/people/king_arthur.html" target="_blank">http://www.themiddleages.net/people/king_arthur.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Alban Butler, Butler's Lives of the Saints – Volume 11, Page 44, Paul Burns, 1995 – ISBN 0860122603 quoting Bromwich <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">usque ad tempus Hiuguel regis, filii Ouguenii regis Morganensium (quoted in Tatlock 1939:346.) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg" target="_blank">/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Rice Rees (1836). An Essay on the Welsh Saints Or the Primitive Christians, Usually Considered ... Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8IclDShLSYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=H8IclDShLSYC</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Rice Rees (1836). An Essay on the Welsh Saints Or the Primitive Christians, Usually Considered ... Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8IclDShLSYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=H8IclDShLSYC</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Certain innocent moderns, anxious to extract the uttermost farthing of historical truth from this yarn, have tried to identify 'Beneventana civitas' with some place in Britain," Tatlock observed and pointed out that the circular Lombard church in Beneventum was dedicated to Saint Sophias, "a scarce name among saints. The inference is obvious that some Welsh visitor to Benevento had found there some name or anecdote to excuse the attractive invention that Cadoc had been there and was Sofia." (Tatlock 1939:346). <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Rev. William Jenkins Rees (1853). Lives of the Cambro British saints. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/William_Jenkins_Rees" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Jenkins_Rees</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Martyrologium Romanum, 2004, Vatican Press (Typis Vaticanis), page 529. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Liturgical Calendar | National Calendar for Wales I". Liturgyoffice.org.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2016. <a href="http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/National/Wales1.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/National/Wales1.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"West Vale Catholics - the Life and History of St. Cadoc". Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007002918/http://www.westvalecatholics.co.uk/cadoc.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121007002918/http://www.westvalecatholics.co.uk/cadoc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">24 Jan. – S. Cadoc (with S. Canog or Cynog at Padstow)--Cornish Church Guide (1925) Truro: Blackford; p. 10 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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