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Telecommunications network
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<h2 id="network-structure">Network structure</h2> <p>this is the structure of network general, every telecommunications network conceptually consists of three parts, or planes (so-called because they can be thought of as being and often are, separate <a href="/facts/Overlay_network/NCJoCs7P">overlay networks</a>): </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Data_plane/EWNoEXdo">data plane</a> (also user plane, bearer plane, or forwarding plane) carries the network's users' traffic, the actual payload.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Control_plane/oq1oXmUz">control plane</a> carries control information (also known as <a href="/facts/Signaling_(telecommunications)/6d4zgUj7">signaling</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Management_plane/3rH8PQPJ">management plane</a> carries the <a href="/facts/Operations%2c_administration_and_management/3nsCyyeB">operations, administration and management</a> traffic required for network management. The management plane is sometimes considered a part of the control plane.</li></ul> <h2 id="data-networks">Data networks</h2> <p>Data networks are used extensively throughout the world for communication between individuals and <a href="/facts/Organization/CR83f1Rn">organizations</a>. Data networks can be connected to allow users seamless access to resources that are hosted outside of the particular provider they are connected to. The <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a> is the best example of the <a href="/facts/Internetworking/sCyckA2T">internetworking</a> of many data networks from different organizations. </p><p>Terminals attached to <a href="/facts/IP_network/KNkxtSpw">IP networks</a> like the Internet are addressed using <a href="/facts/IP_address/z9V22Sw9">IP addresses</a>. Protocols of the <a href="/facts/Internet_protocol_suite/KNkxtSpw">Internet protocol suite</a> (TCP/IP) provide the control and routing of messages across the and IP data network. There are many different network structures that IP can be used across to efficiently route messages, for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wide_area_network/mAkW4gr3">Wide area networks</a> (WAN)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Metropolitan_area_network/NtJvkYjf">Metropolitan area networks</a> (MAN)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Local_area_network/edUDxJ6J">Local area networks</a> (LAN)</li></ul> <p>There are three features that differentiate MANs from LANs or WANs: </p> <ol><li>The area of the network size is between LANs and WANs. The MAN will have a physical area between 5 and 50 km in diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>MANs do not generally belong to a single organization. The equipment that interconnects the network, the links, and the MAN itself are often owned by an association or a network provider that provides or leases the service to others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>A MAN is a means for sharing resources at high speeds within the network. It often provides connections to WAN networks for access to resources outside the scope of the MAN.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ol> <p><a href="/facts/Data_center_network/jorJyDqx">Data center networks</a> also rely highly on TCP/IP for communication across machines. They connect thousands of servers, are designed to be highly robust, provide low latency and high bandwidth. Data center network topology plays a significant role in determining the level of failure resiliency, ease of incremental expansion, communication bandwidth and latency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="capacity-and-speed">Capacity and speed</h2> <p>In analogy to the improvements in the speed and capacity of digital computers, provided by advances in semiconductor technology and expressed in the bi-yearly doubling of transistor density, which is described empirically by <a href="/facts/Moore%2527s_law/90CSekhl">Moore's law</a>, the capacity and speed of telecommunications networks have followed similar advances, for similar reasons. In telecommunication, this is expressed in <a href="/facts/Edholm%2527s_law/jnrXdez4">Edholm's law</a>, proposed by and named after Phil Edholm in 2004.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> This empirical law holds that the <a href="/facts/Bandwidth_(computing)/lY6Tb4gX">bandwidth</a> of telecommunication networks doubles every 18 months, which has proven to be true since the 1970s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The trend is evident in the <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Cellular_network/8zA0jQJ9">cellular</a> (mobile), <a href="/facts/Wireless_LAN/ooq0WA45">wireless</a> and <a href="/facts/Local_area_network/edUDxJ6J">wired local area networks</a> (LANs), and <a href="/facts/Personal_area_network/wB0o8m5A">personal area networks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> This development is the consequence of rapid advances in the development of <a href="/facts/MOSFET/eTDJT2Km">metal-oxide-semiconductor technology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Transcoder_free_operation/na6NHfX4">Transcoder free operation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Telecommunication Network - Types of Telecommunication Networks". Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2014-07-14.[self-published source?] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715071739/http://www.wifinotes.com/computer-networks/telecommunication-network.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140715071739/http://www.wifinotes.com/computer-networks/telecommunication-network.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)". Erg.abdn.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-10-10. Retrieved 2013-06-15. <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/man.html" target="_blank">http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/man.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)". Erg.abdn.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-10-10. Retrieved 2013-06-15. <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/man.html" target="_blank">http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/man.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)". Erg.abdn.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-10-10. Retrieved 2013-06-15. <a href="http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/man.html" target="_blank">http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/man.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Noormohammadpour, Mohammad; Raghavendra, Cauligi (28 July 2018). "Datacenter Traffic Control: Understanding Techniques and Tradeoffs". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 20 (2): 1492–1525. arXiv:1712.03530. doi:10.1109/COMST.2017.2782753. S2CID 28143006. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Cherry, Steven (2004). "Edholm's law of bandwidth". IEEE Spectrum. 41 (7): 58–60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2004.1309810. S2CID 27580722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Cherry, Steven (2004). "Edholm's law of bandwidth". IEEE Spectrum. 41 (7): 58–60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2004.1309810. S2CID 27580722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Deng, Wei; Mahmoudi, Reza; van Roermund, Arthur (2012). Time Multiplexed Beam-Forming with Space-Frequency Transformation. New York: Springer. p. 1. ISBN 9781461450450. <a href="9781461450450" target="_blank">9781461450450</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Cherry, Steven (2004). "Edholm's law of bandwidth". IEEE Spectrum. 41 (7): 58–60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2004.1309810. S2CID 27580722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Deng, Wei; Mahmoudi, Reza; van Roermund, Arthur (2012). Time Multiplexed Beam-Forming with Space-Frequency Transformation. New York: Springer. p. 1. ISBN 9781461450450. <a href="9781461450450" target="_blank">9781461450450</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Jindal, Renuka P. (2009). "From millibits to terabits per second and beyond – over 60 years of innovation". 2009 2nd International Workshop on Electron Devices and Semiconductor Technology. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/EDST.2009.5166093. ISBN 978-1-4244-3831-0. S2CID 25112828. Archived from the original on 2019-08-23. Retrieved 2019-10-14. <a href="978-1-4244-3831-0" target="_blank">978-1-4244-3831-0</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>