Alpaca fiber

<h2 id="alpacas">Alpacas</h2>
<h3>Types</h3>

There are two types of alpaca: Huacaya (which produce a dense, soft, crimpy sheep-like fiber), and the Suri (with silky pencil-like locks, resembling dreadlocks but without matted fibers). Suris, prized for their longer and silkier fibers, are estimated to make up 19–20% of the North American alpaca population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Since its import into the United States, the number of Suri alpacas has grown substantially and become more color diverse. The Suri is thought to be rarer, most likely because the breed was reserved for royalty during <a href="/facts/Inca_Empire/GjNowI6t">Incan</a> times.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Suris are often said to be less cold hardy than Huacaya, but both breeds are successfully raised in more extreme climates. They were developed in South America.

<h3>History</h3>
Alpacas have been bred in Pre-Columbian South America for over 5,000 years. They were domesticated from the <a href="/facts/Vicu%25C3%25B1a/cfVcSnpJ">vicuñas</a> by the ancient tribes of the Andean highlands of Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Northwest of Argentina. According to archaeological studies alpaca fiber was similar in quality to the wild <a href="/facts/Vicu%25C3%25B1a/cfVcSnpJ">vicuña</a> prior to the Spanish Conquests in the 1500s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> 2,000–year-old <a href="/facts/Paracas_textile/FDaI3pVr">Paracas textiles</a> are thought to include alpaca fiber.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Also known as "The Fiber of the gods", Alpaca was used to make clothing for royalty.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> In recent years[when?], alpacas have also been exported to other countries. In countries such as the US, Australia and New Zealand, breeders <a href="/facts/Sheep_shearing/4Xelhyfz">shear</a> their animals annually, weigh the fleeces and test them for fineness. With the resulting knowledge, they are able to breed heavier-fleeced animals with finer fiber. Fleece weights vary, with the top stud males reaching annual shear weights up to 7 kg total fleece and 3 kg good quality fleece. The discrepancy in weight is because an alpaca has <a href="/facts/Guard_hair/4hVxpDQ0">guard hair</a>, which is often removed before spinning.

<h2 id="alpaca-fiber">Alpaca fiber</h2>
<h3>Production</h3>
Alpacas are shorn once a year in spring. After shearing, the fleece is roughly cleaned and sorted according to color. The dried wool is then carded; in this process, the loose alpaca fibers are aligned into a strain of Alpaca fleece with a carding machine's help.
Like sheep, alpacas have thicker awn hairs. These long straight hairs located between the undercoat ensure that the fine coat does not become matted. Therefore alpacas should not be brushed; this would destroy their undercoat structure. The awn hairs are much coarser than the fine undercoat, and can be carded easily, but they can also be sorted out.
After carding, the strains are ready to be spun into yarn with a spinning wheel. Finally, the wool should be washed to remove impurities. Alpaca wool contains almost no wool grease (lanolin), making it easy to clean. The wool is then ready for sale as knitting wool or for further processing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h3>History of the Alpaca fiber industry</h3>
The <a href="/facts/Amerindian/LG2r6wXm">Amerindians</a> of Peru used this fiber in the manufacture of many styles of fabrics for thousands of years before its introduction into Europe as a commercial product. The alpaca was a crucial component of ancient life in the Andes, as it provided not only warm clothing, but also meat.
<a href="/facts/Inca_Empire/GjNowI6t">Incan</a> culture involved the alpaca, as well as <a href="/facts/Llama/k8q7YN1H">llamas</a> and <a href="/facts/Guanaco/vWMzgHac">guanacos</a>, in ritual sacrifice. Methods of killing the beasts varied based on the god receiving the sacrifice, the festival during which it took place, and even the color of the animal's fur. One method involved slitting open the animal's left side and reaching inside the chest cavity to remove the heart.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
The first European importations of alpaca fiber were into <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>. Spain transferred that fiber to <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> and <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>. Apparently, alpaca yarn was spun in <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a> for the first time about the year 1808, but the fiber was condemned as an unworkable material. In 1830, Benjamin Outram, of <a href="/facts/Greetland/HhGwcynR">Greetland</a>, near Halifax, appears to have reattempted spinning it, and again it was condemned. These two attempts failed due to the style of fabric into which the yarn was woven—a type of <a href="/facts/Camlet/YtSr3wIQ">camlet</a>. With the introduction of cotton <a href="/facts/Warp_(weaving)/5TKkB8Cu">warps</a> into <a href="/facts/Bradford%2c_England/0u0XRyI7">Bradford</a> trade about 1836, the true qualities of alpaca could be assessed as it was developed into fabric. It is not known where the cotton warp and <a href="/facts/Mohair/I5y3WwRw">mohair</a> or alpaca <a href="/facts/Weft/5TKkB8Cu">weft</a> plain-cloth came from, but it was this structure which enabled <a href="/facts/Titus_Salt/3P8cPbMW">Titus Salt</a>, then a young Bradford manufacturer, to use alpaca successfully. The typical "alpaca fabric" is a very characteristic "dress fabric."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

Due to the successful manufacture of various alpaca cloths by Sir Titus Salt and other Bradford manufacturers, a great demand for alpaca wool arose, which could not be met by the native product. Apparently, the number of alpacas available never increased appreciably. Unsuccessful attempts were made to acclimatize alpaca in England, on the European continent and in Australia, and even to cross English breeds of <a href="/facts/Domestic_sheep/cjkJyI4f">sheep</a> with alpaca. There is a cross between alpaca and llama—a true <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybrid</a> in every sense—producing a material placed upon the Liverpool market under the name "<a href="/facts/Huarizo/w0xPardt">Huarizo</a>". Crosses between the alpaca and vicuña have not proved satisfactory, as the crosses that have produced offspring have a very short fleece, more characteristic of the vicuña.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Current[when?] attempts to cross these two breeds are underway at farms in the US. Alpacas are now being bred in the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, UK, Germany and numerous other places.
In recent years[when?], interest in alpaca fiber clothing has surged, perhaps partly because alpaca ranching has a reasonably low impact on the environment. Individual U.S. farms are producing finished alpaca products like hats, mitts, scarves, socks, insoles, footwarmers, sweaters, jackets, as well as almost any other product. Outdoor sports enthusiasts claim that its lighter weight and better warmth provides them more comfort in colder weather. Using an alpaca and wool blend such as <a href="/facts/Merino/q5B0AldC">merino</a> is common to the alpaca fiber industry to reduce price, however no additional materials need to be added to improve processing or the qualities of the final product.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Alpaca improves any other textile it is blended with, however 100% alpaca garments can be made without the addition of other materials, which creates a long lasting and very luxurious product.
In December 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the <a href="/facts/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres/rtkazr3g">International Year of Natural Fibres</a>, so as to raise the profile of alpaca and other <a href="/facts/Natural_fiber/E4eyPJ4d">natural fibers</a>.

<h2 id="fiber-structure">Fiber structure</h2>
Alpaca fiber is similar in structure to sheep wool fiber. The fiber softness comes from having a different smoother scale surface than sheep wool. American breeders have enhanced the softness by selecting for finer fiber diameter fiber, similar to merino wool. Fiber diameter is a highly inherited trait in both alpaca and sheep. The difference in the individual fiber scales compared to sheep wool also creates the glossy shine which is prized in alpaca. Alpaca fibers have a higher tensile strength than wool fibers. In processing, <a href="/facts/Sliver_(textiles)/DwjIBxCh">slivers</a> lack fiber cohesion and single alpaca <a href="/facts/Roving/0XyTrqDc">rovings</a> lack strength. Blend these together and the durability is increased several times over. More twisting is necessary, especially in Suri, and this can reduce a yarn's softness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
The alpaca has a very fine and light fleece. It does not retain water, is a thermal insulator even when wet and can resist solar radiation effectively. These characteristics guarantee the animals a permanent and appropriate coat to protect against extreme changes of temperature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> This fiber offers the same protection to humans.

<h3>Medullation</h3>
Medullated fibers are fibers with a central core, which may be continuous, interrupted, or fragmented. Here, the cortical cells that make up the walls of the fiber are wrapped around a medulla, or core, that is made up of another type of cell (called medullary cells). Later, these
cells may contract or disappear, forming air pockets which assist insulation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
Medullation can be an objectionable trait. Medullated fibers can take less dye, standing out in the finished garment, and are weaker. The proportion of medullated fibers is higher in the coarser, unwanted guard hairs: there is less or no medullation in the finer, lower micrometer fibers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> These undesirable fibers are easy to see and give a garment a hairy appearance. Quality alpaca products should be free from these medullated fibers.

<h2 id="quality">Quality</h2>
Good quality alpaca fiber is approximately 18 to 25 <a href="/facts/Micrometre/7eDFxD2L">μm</a> in diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> While breeders report fiber can sell for US$2 to $4 per <a href="/facts/Ounce/WWf5WqdD">ounce</a>, the world wholesale price for processed, spun alpaca "tops" is only between about $10 to $24/kg (according to quality), i.e. about $0.28 to $0.68 per oz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Finer fleeces, ones with a smaller diameter, are preferred, and thus are more expensive. As an alpaca gets older, the diameter of the fibers gets thicker, between 1 μm and 5 μm per year. This is sometimes caused by overfeeding; as excess nutrients are converted to (thicker) fiber rather than to fat. 
Elite alpaca breeders in the United States are attempting to breed animals with fleece that does not degrade in quality as the animals age. They are looking for lingering fineness (fiber diameters remaining under 20 μm) for aging animals. It is believed this lingering fineness is heritable and thus can be improved over time.
As with all fleece-producing animals, quality varies from animal to animal, and some alpacas produce fiber which is less than ideal. Fiber and conformation are the two most important factors in determining an alpaca's value.
Alpacas come in 22 natural colors, with more than 300 shades from a true black through brown-blacks, browns, fawns, white, silver-greys, and rose-greys. There are even more colors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> However, white is predominant,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> because of <a href="/facts/Selective_breeding/CAkkM2UG">selective breeding</a>: the white fiber can be dyed in the largest ranges of colors. In South America, the preference is for white, as they generally have better fleece than the darker-colored animals. The demand for darker fiber have sprung up in the United States and elsewhere, though, to reintroduce the colors, but the quality of the darker fiber has decreased slightly. Breeders have been diligently working on breeding dark animals with exceptional fiber, and much progress has been made over the last few years.

<h2 id="dyeing">Dyeing</h2>

Before dyeing, the alpaca fiber must go through other stages:

<ol><li>Selection of wool, according to color, size and quality of fiber</li>
<li>"Escarminado", removal of grass, dirt, thorns, and other impurities</li>
<li>Washing, to remove dirt - alpaca contains no grease or lanolin found in wool which requires harsh chemical scouring.</li>
<li>Spinning</li></ol>
Once the fiber is clean, it is possible to begin the process of dyeing. Alpaca fiber can be dyed with both synthetic and natural dyes.

<h2 id="uses">Uses</h2>
Alpaca fiber is used for many purposes, including making clothing such as bedding, hats, mitts, socks, scarves, gloves, and jumpers. Rugs and toys can also be made from alpaca fiber. Sweaters are most common.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres/rtkazr3g">International Year of Natural Fibres</a></li></ul>

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>: <a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "Alpaca". <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alpaca fibers.

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229181234/http://www.smallholder-agriculture.co.uk/articles/preparing-your-alpaca-for-showing-7/">Preparing your Alpaca for showing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.judgedgear.com/blogs/snowmobile-gear-articles/why-al-w-l-i-s-warm-and-that-is-wh-our-s-k-ar-made-from-it/">Why Alpaca is Great for Snowmobiling</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108160118/https://breslo.ro/picutex/">"PDF with information on the history, care, and knitting practicalities dealing with alpaca fiber"</a>. Interweave Press. Archived from <a href="https://breslo.ro/picutex/">the original</a> on January 8, 2015.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180040/https://diverall.com/pages/alpaca-care-instructions">How to Care For Your Alpaca Garments</a> Published by Diverall.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:21">Fiber Characteristics of U.S. Huacaya Alpacas by Angus McColl, Yocom-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., Chris Lupton, Texas A&M University System, and Bob Stobart, University of Wyoming 2004 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Quiggle, Charlotte. "Alpaca: An Ancient Luxury." Interweave Knits Fall 2000: 74-76. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:25">Quiggle, Charlotte. "Alpaca: An Ancient Luxury." Interweave Knits Fall 2000: 74-76. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Alpaca Who". Intialpaca. June 12, 2019. <a href="https://www.intialpaca.com/alpaca-who/" target="_blank">https://www.intialpaca.com/alpaca-who/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Alpaca fiber open-in-new

Alpaca fiber