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UN Trade and Development
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<h2 id="membership">Membership</h2> <p>UNCTAD has 195 member states:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> all <a href="/facts/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations/rpx3f10b">UN members</a> plus UN Observer states, the <a href="/facts/Holy_See/7tK8AceC">Holy See</a> and <a href="/facts/Palestine/XYeHy1af">Palestine</a>. UNCTAD members are divided into four categories based on <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Regional_Groups/CI2D3Ktm">United Nations Regional Groups</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> with six members unassigned: Kiribati, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Tuvalu. List A consists mostly of countries in the UN's <a href="/facts/African_Group/DmqXoHA2">African Group</a> and <a href="/facts/Group_of_Asia_and_the_Pacific_Small_Island_Developing_States/FYTJEbQe">Asia-Pacific Group</a>. List B consists of countries of the <a href="/facts/Western_European_and_Others_Group/FUz8eXoV">Western European and Others Group</a>. List C consists of countries of the <a href="/facts/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Group/hnvURHxE">Group of Latin American and Caribbean States</a> (GRULAC). List D consists of countries of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_European_Group/awtdyGz6">Eastern European Group</a>. </p><p>The lists, originally defined in 19th General Assembly resolution 1995<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> serve to balance geographical distribution of member states' representation on the Trade Development Board and other UNCTAD structures. The lists are similar to those of <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization/B29cJxLD">UNIDO</a>, a UN <a href="/facts/Specialized_agency/3E6gkQqp">specialized agency</a>. </p><p>The full list is as follows: </p> List A (100 members): Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. List B (32 members): Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States. List C (33 members): Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela. List D (24 members): Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Not assigned countries (6 members): Kiribati, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Tuvalu. <p>Other states that do not participate are <a href="/facts/Cook_Islands/kmvk0Yed">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/facts/Niue/BV3kv4ug">Niue</a>, and the <a href="/facts/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition/CgR9Rny1">states with limited recognition</a>. </p> <h2 id="meetings">Meetings</h2> <p>The inter-governmental work is done at five levels of meetings: </p> <ul><li>The UNCTAD Conference – held every four years:</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><td>UNCTAD XV</td><td><a href="/facts/Bridgetown/9vrQejJs">Bridgetown</a></td><td> Barbados</td><td>3–8 October 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD XIV</td><td><a href="/facts/Nairobi/AykVFgL3">Nairobi</a></td><td> Kenya</td><td>17–22 July 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD XIII</td><td><a href="/facts/Doha/sKFBtyal">Doha</a></td><td> Qatar</td><td>21–26 April 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD XII</td><td><a href="/facts/Accra/wm954H5w">Accra</a></td><td> Ghana</td><td>21–25 April 2008<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD XI</td><td><a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A3o_Paulo/pPqRTTR0">São Paulo</a></td><td> Brazil</td><td>13–18 June 2004<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD X</td><td><a href="/facts/Bangkok/WRxftcFz">Bangkok</a></td><td> Thailand</td><td>12–19 February 2000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD IX</td><td><a href="/facts/Midrand%2c_Gauteng/EUXqPyPd">Midrand</a></td><td> South Africa</td><td>27 April – 11 May 1996</td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD VIII</td><td><a href="/facts/Cartagena%2c_Colombia/XggJCoSV">Cartagena</a></td><td> Colombia</td><td>8–25 February 1992</td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD VII</td><td><a href="/facts/Geneva/14gXxjcq">Geneva</a></td><td> Switzerland</td><td>8 Jul – 3 Aug 1987</td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD VI</td><td><a href="/facts/Belgrade/Xeaz5zIy">Belgrade</a></td><td> Yugoslavia</td><td>6–30 Jun 1983</td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD V</td><td><a href="/facts/Manila/1jLySodG">Manila</a></td><td> Philippines</td><td>7 May – 3 Jun 1979</td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD IV</td><td><a href="/facts/Nairobi/AykVFgL3">Nairobi</a></td><td> Kenya</td><td>5–31 May 1976</td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD III</td><td><a href="/facts/Santiago/JfuaYt26">Santiago</a></td><td> Chile</td><td>13 Apr – 21 May 1972</td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD II</td><td><a href="/facts/New_Delhi/9UMpnDN8">New Delhi</a></td><td> India</td><td>31 Jan – 29 Mar 1968</td></tr><tr><td>UNCTAD I</td><td><a href="/facts/Geneva/14gXxjcq">Geneva</a></td><td> Switzerland</td><td>23 Mar – 16 Jun 1964</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The UNCTAD Trade and Development Board – the board manages the work of UNCTAD between two conferences and meets up to three times every year.</li> <li>Four UNCTAD Commissions and one Working Party – these meet more often than the board to take up policy, programme and budgetary issues.</li> <li>Expert Meetings – the commissions will convene expert meetings on selected topics to provide substantive and expert input for Commission policy discussions.</li></ul> <p>The 15th quadrennial meeting took place virtually in <a href="/facts/Bridgetown%2c_Barbados/9vrQejJs">Bridgetown, Barbados</a>, from 25 to 30 April 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Geneva, 1964</h3> <p>In response to developing countries (<a href="/facts/Least_Developed_Country/8Ss2N44w">Least Developed Country</a>, LDC) anxiety at their worsening position in world trade, the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_General_Assembly/pNDmCu8X">United Nations General Assembly</a> voted for a 'one-off' conference. These early discussions paved the way for new IMF facilities to provide finance for shortfalls in commodity earnings and for the Generalised Preference Schemes which increased access to Northern markets for manufactured imports from the South. At <a href="/facts/Geneva/14gXxjcq">Geneva</a>, the LDCs were successful in their proposal for the conference with its secretariat to become a permanent organ of the UN, with meetings every four years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> At the Geneva meeting, <a href="/facts/Ra%25C3%25BAl_Prebisch/H3B4HI6p">Raúl Prebisch</a>—a prominent Argentinian economist from the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean/qjN0aDEj">United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</a> (ECLAC)—became the organization's first secretary-general.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>New Delhi, 1968</h3> <p>The New Delhi Conference, held in February and March 1968, was a forum that allowed developing countries to reach an agreement on the basic principles of their development policies. The conference in New Delhi was an opportunity for schemes to be finally approved. The conference provided a major impetus in persuading the North to follow up on UNCTAD I resolutions, in establishing generalized preferences. The target for private and official flows to LDCs was raised to 1% of the North's <a href="/facts/GNP/KeJVJcR5">GNP</a>, but the developed countries failed to achieve the target by a specific date. This has proven a continuing point of debate at UNCTAD conferences. </p><p>The conference led to the <a href="/facts/International_Sugar_Agreement/1CcIWAD5">International Sugar Agreement</a>, which seeks to stabilize world sugar prices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>Santiago, 1972</h3> <p>The Santiago Conference, 15 April 1972, was the third occasion on which developing countries confronted the rich with the need to use trade and aid measures more effectively to improve living standards in the developing world. Discussion centred on the international monetary system and specifically on the South's proposal that a higher proportion of new special drawing rights (SDRs) should be allocated to LDCs as a form of aid (the so-called 'link'). In <a href="/facts/Santiago/JfuaYt26">Santiago</a>, substantial disagreements arose within the <a href="/facts/Group_of_77/TFlVEBkN">Group of 77</a> (G77) despite preconference meetings. There was disagreement over the SDR proposal and between those in the G77 who wanted fundamental changes such as a change in the voting allocations in the South's favour at the IMF and those (mainly the Latin American countries) who wanted much milder reforms. This internal dissent seriously weakened the group's negotiating position and led to a final agreed motion which recommended that the IMF should examine the link and that further research be conducted into general reforms. This avoided firm commitments to act on the 'link' or general reform, and the motion was passed by the conference.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h3>Nairobi, 1976, and Manila, 1979</h3> <p>UNCTAD IV, held in <a href="/facts/Nairobi/AykVFgL3">Nairobi</a> in May 1976, showed relative success compared to its predecessors. An <a href="/facts/Overseas_Development_Institute/sMSYHNMm">Overseas Development Institute</a> briefing paper of April 1979 highlights one reason for success as being down to the <a href="/facts/1973_Oil_Crisis/fpuVQF2T">1973 Oil Crisis</a> and the encouragement of LDCs to make gains through producers of other commodities. The principal result of the conference was the adoption of the Integrated Programme for Commodities. The programme covered the principal commodity exports and its objectives aside from the stabilisation of commodity prices were: "Just and remunerative pricing, taking into account world inflation", the expansion of processing, distribution and control of technology by LDCs and improved access to markets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>UNCTAD V, held in <a href="/facts/Manila/1jLySodG">Manila</a> in 1979 in the wake of the Nairobi Conference, focused on the key issues of protectionism in developing countries and the need for structural change, trade in commodities and manufacturing aid and international monetary reform, technology, shipping, and economic co-operation among developing countries. An Overseas Development Institute briefing paper written in 1979 focuses its attention on the key issues regarding the LDCs' role as the <a href="/facts/Group_of_77/TFlVEBkN">Group of 77</a> in the international community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>Belgrade, 1983</h3> <p>The sixth UN Conference on Trade and Development in <a href="/facts/Belgrade/Xeaz5zIy">Belgrade</a>, 6–30 June 1983, was held against the background of earlier UNCTADs which have substantially failed to resolve many of the disagreements between the developed and developing countries and of a world economy in its worst recession since the early 1930s. The key issues of the time were finance and adjustment, commodity price stabilisation and trade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bridgetown, 2021</h3> <p>The fifteenth session of UNCTAD was originally scheduled for 2020 but was delayed until 2021 due to <a href="/facts/COVID-19/YsUgvsaX">COVID-19</a>. This was the first time the conference was held in a <a href="/facts/Small_Island_Developing_States/DGHSUuE6">Small Island Developing State</a> (SIDS). </p> <h2 id="achievements">Achievements</h2> <p>One of UNCTAD's earliest and most notable accomplishments was the formulation and implementation of the <a href="/facts/Generalized_System_of_Preferences/N9g4s8h7">Generalized System of Preferences</a> (GSP), which offered special tariff concessions to exports of manufactured goods by developing countries. Accepting this argument, the developed countries formulated the GSP scheme under which manufacturers' exports and imports of some agricultural goods from the developing countries enter duty-free or at reduced rates in the developed countries. Since imports of such items from other developed countries are subject to the normal rates of duties, imports of the same items from developing countries would enjoy a competitive advantage. </p> <h2 id="reports">Reports</h2> <p>UNCTAD produces a number of topical reports, including: </p> <ul><li>The Trade and Development Report<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>The Trade and Environment Review<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>The World Investment Report<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>The Economic Development in Africa Report<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>The Least Developed Countries Report<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>UNCTAD Statistics<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>Digital Economy Report (formerly known as the <i>Information Economy Report)</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Review_of_Maritime_Transport/pQ6tYHEE">The Review of Maritime Transport</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>The International Accounting and Reporting Issues Annual Review<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>The Technology and Innovation Report<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="other">Other</h2> <p>UNCTAD conducts technical cooperation programmes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> such as <a href="/facts/ASYCUDA/6Gb0PLFH">ASYCUDA</a>, <a href="/facts/DMFAS/P9QcRzcF">DMFAS</a>, <a href="/facts/EMPRETEC/5pVUEF3L">EMPRETEC</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/WAIPA/z09JzLHw">WAIPA</a>. </p><p>In addition, UNCTAD conducts certain technical cooperation in collaboration with the <a href="/facts/World_Trade_Organization/p7hgb1lP">World Trade Organization</a> through the joint <a href="/facts/International_Trade_Centre/UdoVk9ge">International Trade Centre</a> (ITC), a technical cooperation agency targeting operational and enterprise-oriented aspects of trade development. </p><p>UNCTAD hosts the <a href="/facts/Intergovernmental_Working_Group_of_Experts_on_International_Standards_of_Accounting_and_Reporting/JAInTx87">Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting</a> (ISAR).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h3>Partnership initiatives</h3> <p>UNCTAD is a founding member of the United Nations <a href="/facts/Sustainable_Stock_Exchanges_Initiative/oPfP7szT">Sustainable Stock Exchanges (SSE) initiative</a> along with the <a href="/facts/Principles_for_Responsible_Investment_(PRI)/ffqIllgm">Principles for Responsible Investment</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Finance_Initiative/HhHbFBsM">United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI)</a>, and the <a href="/facts/UN_Global_Compact/a3XJpghT">UN Global Compact</a>. </p> <h2 id="list-of-secretaries-general-and-officers-in-charge">List of secretaries-general and officers-in-charge</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Nr</th><th>Secretary-General</th><th>Dates in office</th><th>Country of origin</th><th>Remarks</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Ra%25C3%25BAl_Prebisch/H3B4HI6p">Raúl Prebisch</a></td><td>1963–1969</td><td> Argentina</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Manuel Pérez Guerrero [es]</td><td>1969–1974</td><td> Venezuela</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Gamani_Corea/1fUxvdlP">Gamani Corea</a></td><td>1974–1984</td><td> Sri Lanka</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Alister McIntyre</td><td>1985</td><td> Grenada</td><td>Officer-in-Charge</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Kenneth_K.S._Dadzie/CRk3dhHu">Kenneth K.S. Dadzie</a></td><td>1986–1994</td><td> Ghana</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Carlos Fortin</td><td>1994–1995</td><td> Chile</td><td>Officer-in-Charge</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Rubens_Ricupero/5SUfXfRy">Rubens Ricupero</a></td><td>1995–2004</td><td> Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Carlos Fortin</td><td>2004–2005</td><td> Chile</td><td>Officer-in-Charge</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/Supachai_Panitchpakdi/DNErUzr7">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></td><td>1 September 2005 – 30 August 2013</td><td> Thailand</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Mukhisa_Kituyi/xwBjrsEK">Mukhisa Kituyi</a></td><td>1 September 2013 – 15 February 2021</td><td> Kenya</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td><a href="/facts/Isabelle_Durant/hV09aL8W">Isabelle Durant</a></td><td>15 February 2021 – 11 June 2021</td><td> Belgium</td><td>Officer-in-Charge</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td><a href="/facts/Rebeca_Grynspan/At4Sw498">Rebeca Grynspan</a></td><td>Since 11 June 2021</td><td> Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Politics portal</li><li>World portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Foreign_direct_investment/6FC93H4n">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Global_System_of_Trade_Preferences_among_Developing_Countries/1McztF96">Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries</a> (GSTP)</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_trade/jB2m5TGX">International trade</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_received_FDI/GVJhDKGB">List of countries by received FDI</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Nations_Guidelines_for_Consumer_Protection/IeLXXaBC">United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/World_Development_Information_Day/MpR0qGN1">World Development Information Day</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Common_System_of_Tariff_Preferences_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union/bhCT74YF">Common System of Tariff Preferences of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Developing_Countries_Trading_Scheme/6I47PrjD">Developing Countries Trading Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Everything_but_Arms/Df2dVsxX">Everything but Arms</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Berthoud, Paul (2008). <a href="http://www.edinter.net/paulberthoud/narrative"><i>A Professional Life Narrative</i></a>. worked with UNCTAD and offers testimony from the <a href="http://www.edinter.net/paulberthoud/narrative/#gva">inside</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. <ul><li><a href="https://unctad.org/">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a></li> <li><a href="https://unctad.org/about/membership">UNCTAD member states</a></li> <li><a href="https://libraryresources.unog.ch/unctad">Research Guide about UNCTAD (UN Library at Geneva)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210145434/https://libraryresources.unog.ch/unctad">Archived</a> 10 February 2022 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.intracen.org/">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="https://archive.globalpolicy.org/socecon/trade/unctad/unctadin.htm">Global Policy Forum – UNCTAD</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Oatley, Thomas (2019). 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