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Oleic acid
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<h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <p>Fatty acids (or their salts) often do not occur as such in biological systems. Instead fatty acids such as oleic acid occur as their <a href="/facts/Ester/FoUAIIw4">esters</a>, commonly <a href="/facts/Triglyceride/BQmjv4A0">triglycerides</a>, which are the greasy materials in many natural oils. Oleic acid is the most common monounsaturated fatty acid in nature. It is found in fats (triglycerides), the phospholipids that make membranes, <a href="/facts/Cholesterol_ester/Tnkb4THM">cholesteryl esters</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wax_ester/zECBmyqa">wax esters</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Triglyceride/BQmjv4A0">Triglycerides</a> of oleic acid comprise the majority of <a href="/facts/Olive_oil/ae1Qnt2I">olive oil</a> (about 70%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It also makes up 59–75% of <a href="/facts/Pecan_oil/CxrCIJFY">pecan oil</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> 61% of <a href="/facts/Canola/jQAEKgkS">canola</a> oil,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> 36–67% of <a href="/facts/Peanut_oil/TJoTgDfN">peanut oil</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> 60% of <a href="/facts/Macadamia_oil/En01qLKs">macadamia oil</a>, 20–80% of <a href="/facts/Sunflower_oil/WIxPvWz8">sunflower oil</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> 15–20% of <a href="/facts/Grape_seed_oil/nz49QCBT">grape seed oil</a>, <a href="/facts/Sea_buckthorn_oil/YAWYtJIJ">sea buckthorn oil</a>, 40% of <a href="/facts/Sesame_oil/3jLjqRnN">sesame oil</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and 14% of <a href="/facts/Poppyseed_oil/TUDMQGrW">poppyseed oil</a>. High oleic variants of plant sources such as sunflower (~80%) and canola oil (70%) also have been developed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Karuka/admCLyX9">Karuka</a> contains 52.39% oleic acid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> It is abundantly present in many animal fats, constituting 37 to 56% of chicken and turkey fat,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and 44 to 47% of <a href="/facts/Lard/nzueElhV">lard</a>. </p><p>Free oleic acid occurs in oils and fats as a product of the breakdown of triglycerides. Olive oil exceeding 2% <a href="/facts/Olive_oil_acidity/FafRsHoJ">free oleic acid</a> is graded unfit for human consumption. See <a href="/facts/Fatty_acid/JGg3erIu">Fatty acid § Free fatty acids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> It is a chemical signal use by some ants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in human <a href="/facts/Adipose_tissue/PxxedB6e">adipose tissue</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and second in abundance in human tissues overall, following <a href="/facts/Palmitic_acid/wPvdsPHA">palmitic acid</a>. </p> <h2 id="production-and-chemical-behavior">Production and chemical behavior</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Biosynthesis/aFk7Tk7f">biosynthesis</a> of oleic acid involves the action of the enzyme <a href="/facts/Stearoyl-CoA_9-desaturase/lQqunQw4">stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase</a> acting on <a href="/facts/Stearoyl-CoA/wNh77Pqt">stearoyl-CoA</a>. In effect, <a href="/facts/Stearic_acid/ajnXYFo9">stearic acid</a> is <a href="/facts/Dehydrogenation/vwFAAqzp">dehydrogenated</a> to give the monounsaturated derivative, oleic acid.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Oleic acid undergoes the typical reactions of <a href="/facts/Carboxylic_acids/U4xuMosy">carboxylic acids</a> and <a href="/facts/Alkene/RtYcS6kU">alkenes</a>. It is soluble in <a href="/facts/Base_(chemistry)/M9wA7qeM">aqueous base</a> to give <a href="/facts/Soap/S3nJa1oY">soaps</a> called oleates. Iodine adds across the double bond. Hydrogenation of the double bond yields the <a href="/facts/Saturated_and_unsaturated_compounds/tde2C216">saturated</a> derivative <a href="/facts/Stearic_acid/ajnXYFo9">stearic acid</a>. <a href="/facts/Redox/Pyd5RVcj">Oxidation</a> at the <a href="/facts/Double_bond/qDemMn0c">double bond</a> occurs slowly in air, and is known as <a href="/facts/Rancidification/nzHTQkc4">rancidification</a> in foodstuffs and as <a href="/facts/Drying_oil/pVoWIUvY">drying</a> in coatings. </p><p><a href="/facts/Redox/Pyd5RVcj">Reduction</a> of the carboxylic acid group yields <a href="/facts/Oleyl_alcohol/gD5p6uTy">oleyl alcohol</a>. <a href="/facts/Ozonolysis/WEwBID8x">Ozonolysis</a> of oleic acid is an important route to <a href="/facts/Azelaic_acid/a2IkTphQ">azelaic acid</a>. The coproduct is nonanoic acid:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> H17C8CH=CHC7H14CO2H + 4"O" → HO2CC7H14CO2H + H17C8CO2H <p>Esters of azelaic acid find applications in lubrication and plasticizers. </p><p>Neutralizing oleic acid with <a href="/facts/Ethanolamine/L8dIQuKf">ethanolamines</a> gives the <a href="/facts/Protic_ionic_liquid/5fcQ09PX">protic ionic liquid</a> <a href="/facts/Monoethanolamine_oleate/MRzKwt3U">monoethanolamine oleate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="related-compounds">Related compounds</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Cis%25E2%2580%2593trans_isomerism/vqlchJly">trans isomer</a> of oleic acid is called <a href="/facts/Elaidic_acid/UVLSk1pu">elaidic acid</a> or <i>trans</i>-9-octadecenoic acid. These isomers have distinct physical properties and biochemical properties. Elaidic acid, the most abundant trans fatty acid in diet, appears to have an adverse effect on health.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> A reaction that converts oleic acid to elaidic acid is called <a href="/facts/Elaidinization/57yKorh5">elaidinization</a>. </p><p>Another naturally occurring isomer of oleic acid is <a href="/facts/Petroselinic_acid/eFh84mqK">petroselinic acid</a>. </p><p>In chemical analysis, fatty acids are separated by gas chromatography of their methyl ester derivatives. Alternatively, separation of unsaturated isomers is possible by <a href="/facts/Argentation_chromatography/nPw4Eyc9">argentation thin-layer chromatography</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Ethenolysis/0xMs2ea1">ethenolysis</a>, methyl oleate, the <i>methyl ester</i> of the acid, converts to <a href="/facts/1-decene/QNa6yWQj">1-decene</a> and methyl 9-<a href="/facts/Decenoic_acid/N9TuAJzV">decenoate</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2Me + CH2=CH2 → CH3(CH2)7CH=CH2 + MeO2C(CH2)7CH=CH2 <h2 id="dietary-sources">Dietary sources</h2> Properties of <a href="/facts/Vegetable_oil/70v8uQMH">vegetable oils</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a>The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Type</th><th rowspan="2">Processingtreatment<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Saturated_fatty_acids/8pvw306D">Saturated</a>fatty acids</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Monounsaturated_fatty_acids/87HcP11s">Monounsaturated</a>fatty acids</th><th colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids/hvHwC43j">Polyunsaturated</a>fatty acids</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Smoke_point/5akKcjW8">Smoke point</a></th></tr><tr><th>Total<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></th><th rowspan="1">Oleicacid(ω−9)</th><th>Total<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alpha-Linolenic_acid/8q795eSN">α-Linolenic</a>acid(ω−3)</th><th><a href="/facts/Linoleic_acid/E3zEMyb6">Linoleic</a>acid(ω−6)</th><th><a href="/facts/Fatty_acid_ratio_in_food/NKQnXYXr">ω−6:3ratio</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Avocado_oil/NS3HoMvA">Avocado</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td></td><td>11.6</td><td>70.6</td><td>67.9</td><td>13.5</td><td>1</td><td>12.5</td><td>12.5:1</td><td>250 °C (482 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brazil_nut/eCSRJ3Vl">Brazil nut</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td></td><td>24.8</td><td>32.7</td><td>31.3</td><td>42.0</td><td>0.1</td><td>41.9</td><td>419:1</td><td>208 °C (406 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rapeseed_oil/6KgzlLuc">Canola</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td></td><td>7.4</td><td>63.3</td><td>61.8</td><td>28.1</td><td>9.1</td><td>18.6</td><td>2:1</td><td>204 °C (400 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Coconut_oil/mULGkRTS">Coconut</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td></td><td>82.5</td><td>6.3</td><td>6</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.019</td><td>1.68</td><td>88:1</td><td>175 °C (347 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Corn_oil/eebVEq2J">Corn</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td></td><td>12.9</td><td>27.6</td><td>27.3</td><td>54.7</td><td>1</td><td>58</td><td>58:1</td><td>232 °C (450 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cottonseed_oil/m1TpX35L">Cottonseed</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td></td><td>25.9</td><td>17.8</td><td>19</td><td>51.9</td><td>1</td><td>54</td><td>54:1</td><td>216 °C (420 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cottonseed_oil/m1TpX35L">Cottonseed</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hydrogenated_fat/WJfaYJlG">hydrogenated</a></td><td>93.6</td><td>1.5</td><td></td><td>0.6</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.5:1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Linseed_oil/v0XdLFcr">Flaxseed/linseed</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td></td><td>9.0</td><td>18.4</td><td>18</td><td>67.8</td><td>53</td><td>13</td><td>0.2:1</td><td>107 °C (225 °F)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Grape_seed_oil/nz49QCBT">Grape seed</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td> </td><td>9.6</td><td>16.1</td><td>15.8 </td><td>69.9</td><td>0.10</td><td>69.6</td><td>very high</td><td>216 °C (421 °F)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hemp_oil/uY3rmcW7">Hemp seed</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td></td><td>7.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>82.0</td><td>22.0</td><td>54.0</td><td>2.5:1</td><td>166 °C (330 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Safflower_oil/ntdyFrxu">High-oleic safflower oil</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td></td><td>7.5</td><td>75.2</td><td>75.2</td><td>12.8</td><td>0</td><td>12.8</td><td>very high</td><td>212 °C (414 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Olive_oil/ae1Qnt2I">Olive</a> (extra virgin)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td></td><td>13.8</td><td>73.0</td><td>71.3</td><td>10.5</td><td>0.7</td><td>9.8</td><td>14:1</td><td>193 °C (380 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Palm_oil/n8zHXqoG">Palm</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td></td><td>49.3</td><td>37.0</td><td>40</td><td>9.3</td><td>0.2</td><td>9.1</td><td>45.5:1</td><td>235 °C (455 °F)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Palm_oil/n8zHXqoG">Palm</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td>hydrogenated</td><td>88.2</td><td>5.7</td><td></td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Peanut_oil/TJoTgDfN">Peanut</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td></td><td>16.2</td><td>57.1</td><td>55.4</td><td>19.9</td><td>0.318</td><td>19.6</td><td>61.6:1</td><td>232 °C (450 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rice_bran_oil/RCk9UbaC">Rice bran oil</a></td><td></td><td>25</td><td><i>38.4</i></td><td>38.4</td><td><i>36.6</i></td><td>2.2</td><td>34.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td>15.6:1</td><td>232 °C (450 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sesame_oil/3jLjqRnN">Sesame</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td></td><td>14.2</td><td>39.7</td><td>39.3</td><td>41.7</td><td>0.3</td><td>41.3</td><td>138:1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Soybean_oil/I9NzorzT">Soybean</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td></td><td>15.6</td><td>22.8</td><td>22.6</td><td>57.7</td><td>7</td><td>51</td><td>7.3:1</td><td>238 °C (460 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Soybean_oil/I9NzorzT">Soybean</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td>partially hydrogenated</td><td>14.9</td><td>43.0</td><td>42.5</td><td>37.6</td><td>2.6</td><td>34.9</td><td>13.4:1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sunflower_oil/WIxPvWz8">Sunflower</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td></td><td>8.99</td><td>63.4</td><td>62.9</td><td>20.7</td><td>0.16</td><td>20.5</td><td>128:1</td><td>227 °C (440 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Walnut_oil/RoG9Inqy">Walnut oil</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td>unrefined</td><td>9.1</td><td>22.8</td><td>22.2</td><td>63.3</td><td>10.4</td><td>52.9</td><td>5:1</td><td>160 °C (320 °F)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>Oleic acid is used as a component in many foods, in the form of its triglycerides. It is a component of the normal human diet, being a part of animal fats and vegetable oils.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p><p>Oleic acid as its sodium salt is a major component of soap as an <a href="/facts/Emulsion/YMSqSCuH">emulsifying agent</a>. It is also used as an <a href="/facts/Moisturizer/wKvt6bT2">emollient</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> Small amounts of oleic acid are used as an <a href="/facts/Excipient/weytb0nV">excipient</a> in pharmaceuticals, and it is used as an emulsifying or solubilizing agent in aerosol products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p> <h3>Niche uses</h3> <p>Oleic acid is used to induce lung damage in certain types of animals for the purpose of testing new drugs and other means to treat lung diseases. Specifically in sheep, intravenous administration of oleic acid causes acute lung injury with corresponding <a href="/facts/Pulmonary_edema/sVS5UDxl">pulmonary edema</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p><p>Oleic acid is used as a soldering flux in stained glass work for joining <a href="/facts/Came_glasswork/obb356NL">lead came</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="health-effects">Health effects</h2> <p>Oleic acid is the most common <a href="/facts/Monounsaturated_fat/87HcP11s">monounsaturated fat</a> in the human diet (~90% of all monounsaturated fats).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> Monounsaturated fat consumption has been associated with decreased <a href="/facts/Low-density_lipoprotein/R5VLPxAg">low-density lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol, and possibly with increased <a href="/facts/High-density_lipoprotein/x7cs1ys9">high-density lipoprotein</a> (HDL) cholesterol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Oleic acid may be responsible for the <a href="/facts/Antihypertensive_drug/K63MbxN0">hypotensive</a> (<a href="/facts/Blood_pressure/VtqqSM2J">blood pressure</a> reducing) effects of <a href="/facts/Olive_oil/ae1Qnt2I">olive oil</a> that is considered a health benefit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> A 2017 review found that diets enriched in oleic acid are beneficial for regulating body weight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p><p>The United States <a href="/facts/FDA/fMfdaRAa">FDA</a> has approved a health claim on reduced risk of coronary heart disease for high oleic (> 70% oleic acid) oils.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> Some oil plants have cultivars bred to increase the amount of oleic acid in the oils. In addition to providing a health claim, the heat stability and shelf life may also be improved, but only if the increase in monounsaturated oleic acid levels correspond to a substantial reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acid (especially <a href="/facts/%25CE%2591-Linolenic_acid/8q795eSN">α-linolenic acid</a>) content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> When the saturated fat or trans fat in a <a href="/facts/Frying/yGEEdm31">fried food</a> is replaced with a stable high oleic oil, consumers may be able to avoid certain <a href="/facts/Saturated_fat/8pvw306D">health risks associated with consuming saturated fat</a> and <a href="/facts/Trans_fat/87HcP11s">trans fat</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Oleylamine/6fCLsTJS">Oleylamine</a> – the corresponding amine</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oleamide/hLTmyFEA">Oleamide</a> – the corresponding amide</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003004433/http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/Lipids/fa_mono/index.htm">FATTY ACIDS: STRAIGHT-CHAIN MONOENOIC</a> (The AOCS Lipid Library)</li> <li><a href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C2027476&Units=SI">9-octadecenoic acid</a> (NIST Chemistry Webbook)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Nakamura, Manabu T.; Nara, Takayuki Y. 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