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C10k problem
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The term <i>C10k</i> was coined in 1999 by software engineer Dan Kegel,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> citing the <a href="/facts/Simtel/H4bLx86r">Simtel</a> FTP host, <a href="/facts/Cdrom.com/H4bLx86r">cdrom.com</a>, serving 10,000 clients at once over 1 <a href="/facts/Gigabit_per_second/Nv9VoT7T">gigabit per second</a> <a href="/facts/Ethernet/nMfhU8tU">Ethernet</a> in that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The term has since been used for the general issue of large number of clients, with similar numeronyms for larger number of connections, most recently "C10M" in the 2010s to refer to 10 million concurrent connections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>By the early 2010s millions of connections on a single commodity 1U rackmount server became possible: over 2 million connections (<a href="/facts/WhatsApp/VMlSeFb6">WhatsApp</a>, 24 cores, using <a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a> on <a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and 10–12 million connections (MigratoryData, 12 cores, using <a href="/facts/Java_(Programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> on <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Common applications of very high numbers of connections include general public servers that have to serve thousands or even millions of users at a time, such as <a href="/facts/File_server/4SFrAdHY">file servers</a>, <a href="/facts/FTP_server/THuWgzfw">FTP servers</a>, <a href="/facts/Proxy_server/ArhwQE74">proxy servers</a>, <a href="/facts/Web_server/A4GS6thA">web servers</a>, and <a href="/facts/Load_balancing_(computing)/jddk6ang">load balancers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Asynchronous_I%2fO/6A7V3P89">Asynchronous I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Event-driven_architecture/THC25H6E">Event-driven architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Event-driven_programming/QlGL2Fu6">Event-driven programming</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reactor_pattern/svHjSFHw">Reactor pattern</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"The C10K problem". Archived from the original on 2013-07-22. <a href="http://www.kegel.com/c10k.html" target="_blank">http://www.kegel.com/c10k.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Liu, D.; Deters, R. (2009). "The Reverse C10K Problem for Server-Side Mashups". Service-Oriented Computing – ICSOC 2008 Workshops. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5472. p. 166. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01247-1_16. ISBN 978-3-642-01246-4. <a href="978-3-642-01246-4" target="_blank">978-3-642-01246-4</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Liu, D.; Deters, R. (2009). "The Reverse C10K Problem for Server-Side Mashups". Service-Oriented Computing – ICSOC 2008 Workshops. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5472. p. 166. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01247-1_16. ISBN 978-3-642-01246-4. <a href="978-3-642-01246-4" target="_blank">978-3-642-01246-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Andrew Alexeev (2012). "§14. nginx; §14.1. Why Is High Concurrency Important?". In Amy Brown; Greg Wilson (eds.). The Architecture of Open Source Applications, Volume II: Structure, Scale and a Few More Fearless Hacks. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781105571817. Around ten years ago, Daniel Kegel, a prominent software engineer, … Kegel's C10K manifest … solving the C10K problem of 10,000 simultaneous connections, nginx … <a href="9781105571817" target="_blank">9781105571817</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kegel, Dan (8 May 1999). "The C10K problem". Kegel com. Archived from the original on 8 May 1999. Retrieved 18 June 2019. And computers are big, too. You can buy a 500MHz machine with 1 gigabyte of RAM and six 100Mbit/sec Ethernet card for $3000 or so. Let's see - at 10000 clients, that's 50KHz, 100Kbytes, and 60Kbits/sec per client. It shouldn't take any more horsepower than that to take four kilobytes from the disk and send them to the network once a second for each of ten thousand clients. (That works out to $0.30 per client, by the way. Those $100/client licensing fees some operating systems charge are starting to look a little heavy!) So hardware is no longer the bottleneck. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990508164301/http://www.kegel.com/c10k.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/19990508164301/http://www.kegel.com/c10k.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"The C10K problem". Archived from the original on 2013-07-22. <a href="http://www.kegel.com/c10k.html" target="_blank">http://www.kegel.com/c10k.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Mihai Rotaru (2015-05-20). "How MigratoryData solved the C10M problem: 10 Million Concurrent Connections on a Single Commodity Server". migratorydata.com. Retrieved 2021-10-15. <a href="https://migratorydata.com/blog/migratorydata-solved-the-c10m-problem/" target="_blank">https://migratorydata.com/blog/migratorydata-solved-the-c10m-problem/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"1 million is so 2011". WhatsApp blog. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2019. This time we also wanted to share some more technical details with you about hardware, OS and software: hw.machine: amd64 hw.model: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU X5675 @ 3.07GHz hw.ncpu: 24 hw.physmem: 103062118400 hw.usermem: 100556451840 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140501234954/https://blog.whatsapp.com/196/1-million-is-so-2011" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140501234954/https://blog.whatsapp.com/196/1-million-is-so-2011</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Reed, Rick (30 March 2012). "Scaling to Millions of Simultaneous Connections" (PDF). Erlang Factory. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709235656/http://www.erlang-factory.com/upload/presentations/558/efsf2012-whatsapp-scaling.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120709235656/http://www.erlang-factory.com/upload/presentations/558/efsf2012-whatsapp-scaling.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Mihai Rotaru (2015-05-20). "How MigratoryData solved the C10M problem: 10 Million Concurrent Connections on a Single Commodity Server". migratorydata.com. Retrieved 2021-10-15. <a href="https://migratorydata.com/blog/migratorydata-solved-the-c10m-problem/" target="_blank">https://migratorydata.com/blog/migratorydata-solved-the-c10m-problem/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mihai Rotaru (2013-10-10). "Scaling to 12 Million Concurrent Connections: How MigratoryData Did It". migratorydata.com. Retrieved 2021-10-15. <a href="https://migratorydata.com/blog/migratorydata-with-12-million-concurrent-websockets/" target="_blank">https://migratorydata.com/blog/migratorydata-with-12-million-concurrent-websockets/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ponnuswamy Sadayappan; Manish Parashar; Ramamurthy Badrinath; Viktor K. Prasanna (2008). High Performance Computing - HiPC 2008. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-89893-1. Retrieved 2021-10-15. <a href="978-3-540-89893-1" target="_blank">978-3-540-89893-1</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Mihai Rotaru (2015-05-20). "How MigratoryData solved the C10M problem: 10 Million Concurrent Connections on a Single Commodity Server". migratorydata.com. Retrieved 2021-10-15. <a href="https://migratorydata.com/blog/migratorydata-solved-the-c10m-problem/" target="_blank">https://migratorydata.com/blog/migratorydata-solved-the-c10m-problem/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>