Soft infrastructure

<h2 id="governance">Governance</h2>
<ul><li>The system of <a href="/facts/Government/N4bYL0VC">government</a> and <a href="/facts/Law_enforcement_agency/LBQN5bl8">law enforcement</a>, including the political, legislative, law enforcement, justice and penal systems, as well as specialised facilities (government offices, courthouses, prisons, etc.), and specialised systems for collecting, storing and disseminating data, laws and regulation, such as <a href="/facts/Civil_registry/jFzFTbqV">civil registration</a>, <a href="/facts/European_business_register/Hux83A1t">business</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_company_registers/ylChPu20">company</a> registries, <a href="/facts/Land_registration/9uU29peN">land registration</a>, and maintenance of other <a href="/facts/Government_database/A794Y1yh">government databases</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Emergency_services/mpnoeREI">Emergency services</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Police/rrdGISgt">police</a>, <a href="/facts/Fire_protection/D0sYanS9">fire protection</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ambulance/zqqK9Nkh">ambulances</a>, including specialised vehicles, buildings, communications and dispatching systems</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Military/kgNmLUnN">Military</a> infrastructure, including <a href="/facts/Military_base/uzTGn8ul">military bases</a>, <a href="/facts/Armoury_(military)/UPkcSzvY">arms depots</a>, <a href="/facts/Military_education_and_training/19cluazx">training facilities</a>, <a href="/facts/Command_centre/dDwM9IvS">command centres</a>, <a href="/facts/Military_communications/SByW0dwA">communication facilities</a>, major <a href="/facts/Weapon/fV9QfoBh">weapons</a> systems, <a href="/facts/Fortifications/pyH0FXhH">fortifications</a>, <a href="/facts/Arms_industry/A8mywI9w">specialised arms manufacturing</a>, <a href="/facts/Strategic_reserve/jX1cVdhg">strategic reserves</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="economic">Economic</h2>
<ul><li>The financial and economic system, including the <a href="/facts/Banking_system/l7VsKwas">banking system</a>, <a href="/facts/Financial_institutions/MMdhY0g9">financial institutions</a>, the <a href="/facts/Payment_system/GnsE8Ftn">payment system</a>, international markets, the <a href="/facts/Money_supply/C2YcssMS">money supply</a>, <a href="/facts/Financial_regulation/1vIsapIT">financial regulations</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Accountancy/sHznDY3V">accounting</a> standards and regulations</li>
<li>Major business <a href="/facts/Logistics/0Hr2w55W">logistics</a> facilities and systems, including <a href="/facts/Warehousing/BthIekUE">warehouses</a> as well as <a href="/facts/Supply_chain_management/3bEP00vC">warehousing and shipping management systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Manufacturing/3qW7bcdy">Manufacturing</a> infrastructures, including <a href="/facts/Industrial_park/B2FXvqaw">industrial parks</a> and <a href="/facts/Special_economic_zones/Nbv654VX">special economic zones</a>, mines and processing plants for basic materials used as inputs in industry, specialised energy, transportation and water infrastructure used by industry, plus the public safety, zoning and environmental laws and regulations that govern and limit industrial activity, and <a href="/facts/Standards_organisations/8o7wGeYg">standards organisations</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Agricultural/TGztqzJs">Agricultural</a>, <a href="/facts/Forestry/puvod5MV">forestry</a> and <a href="/facts/Fisheries/TBvcT9bB">fisheries</a> infrastructure, including specialised food and livestock transportation and storage facilities, major <a href="/facts/Feedlot/rb6lVYy4">feedlots</a>, agricultural price support systems (including agricultural insurance), agricultural health standards, <a href="/facts/Food_safety/8lWIyLYE">food inspection</a>, experimental farms and agricultural research centres and schools, the system of licensing and quota management, enforcement systems against poaching, forest wardens, and fire fighting</li></ul>
<h2 id="social">Social</h2>
<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Health_care/LPS1WKbI">health care</a> system, including <a href="/facts/Hospital/WaryeVJd">hospitals</a>, the financing of health care, including <a href="/facts/Health_insurance/sGeHMbID">health insurance</a>, the systems for regulation and testing of medications and medical procedures, the system for training, inspection and professional discipline of doctors and other medical professionals, public health monitoring and regulations, as well as coordination of measures taken during <a href="/facts/Public_health/4563Kre9">public health</a> emergencies such as epidemics</li>
<li>The educational and research system, including <a href="/facts/Primary_school/cIoH1x09">elementary</a> and <a href="/facts/Secondary_school/GjEqd0fa">secondary schools</a>, <a href="/facts/University/skaJt2Io">universities</a>, specialised <a href="/facts/College/PejltRvj">colleges</a>, research institutions, the systems for financing and accrediting educational institutions</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Social_welfare/awUwQxkd">Social welfare</a> systems, including both government support and private charity for the poor, for people in distress or victims of abuse.</li></ul>
<h2 id="cultural-sports-and-recreational">Cultural, sports and recreational</h2>

<ul><li>Sports and recreational infrastructure, such as <a href="/facts/Park/J1I4aCHg">parks</a>, sports facilities, the system of sports leagues and associations</li>
<li>Cultural infrastructure, such as concert halls, <a href="/facts/Museum/tp40SXuq">museums</a>, <a href="/facts/Library/hvdQNTtS">libraries</a>, theatres, studios (film studios and recording studios), and specialised training facilities</li>
<li>Business travel and tourism infrastructure, including both man-made and natural attractions, convention centres, hotels, restaurants, <a href="/facts/Amusement_park/b7v2FTj0">amusement parks</a>, and other services that cater mainly to tourists and business travellers, as well as the systems for informing and attracting tourists, and travel insurance</li></ul>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
<ul><li>Larry W. Beeferman, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure: A Resource Paper", Capital Matter (Occasional Paper Series), No.3 December 2008</li>
<li>A. Eberhard, "Infrastructure Regulation in Developing Countries", PPIAF Working Paper No. 4 (2007) World Bank</li>
<li>M. Nicolas J. Firzli & Vincent Bazi, “Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective”, published jointly in Revue Analyse Financière, Q4 2011 issue, pp. 34– 37 and USAK/JTW July 30, 2011 (online edition)</li>
<li>Georg Inderst, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure", OECD Working Papers on Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 32 (2009)</li>
<li>Ascher, Kate; researched by Wendy Marech (2007). <i>The works: anatomy of a city</i> (Reprint. ed.). New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0143112709.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</li>
<li>Hayes, Brian (2005). <i>Infrastructure: the book of everything for the industrial landscape</i> (1st ed.). New York City: Norton. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0393329599.</li>
<li>Huler, Scott (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/ongridplotofland00hule"><i>On the grid: a plot of land, an average neighborhood, and the systems that make our world work</i></a>. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-60529-647-0.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Infrastructure.

Look up <i>infrastructure</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

<ul><li><a href="http://www.regulationbodyofknowledge.org">Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nextgenerationinfrastructures.eu/">Next Generation Infrastructures international research programme</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/">Report Card on America's Infrastructure</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>"Soft Infrastructure - Definition". www.opendb.net. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233028/http://www.opendb.net/element/19099.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233028/http://www.opendb.net/element/19099.php</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). 129.3.20.41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703034727/http://129.3.20.41/eps/urb/papers/0506/0506002.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110703034727/http://129.3.20.41/eps/urb/papers/0506/0506002.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). www.cato.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040504170851/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n2/cj11n2-4.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040504170851/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n2/cj11n2-4.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Soft infrastructure open-in-new

Soft infrastructure