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List of thermal conductivities
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<h2 id="sortable-list">Sortable list</h2> <p>This concerns materials at atmospheric pressure and around 293 K (20 °C). </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Material</th><th>Thermal conductivity[<a href="/facts/Watt/VK8oqRrm">W</a>·<a href="/facts/Metre/hPhzc1CV">m</a>−1·<a href="/facts/Kelvin/E3trzC4C">K</a>−1]</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)/CnCRBo5F">Acrylic glass</a> (Plexiglas V045i)</td><td>0.170<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>–0.200<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alcohol_(chemistry)/Y0SCTDkh">Alcohols</a>, <a href="/facts/Oil/fsgX2IRM">oils</a></td><td>0.100<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alumina/wXM9P6pI">Alumina</a></td><td>30<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td>For main article, see <a href="/facts/Aluminium_oxide/wXM9P6pI">Aluminium oxide</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Aluminium</a></td><td>237<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_nitride/CkEzMbrM">Aluminium nitride</a></td><td>321<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td>For high-quality single crystal.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Beryllia/o3VnG96d">Beryllia</a></td><td>209–330<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td>For main article, see <a href="/facts/Beryllium_oxide/o3VnG96d">Beryllium oxide</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">Bismuth</a></td><td>7.97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Boron_arsenide/lFqmh098">Boron arsenide</a></td><td>1300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Boron_nitride/kumlPQRg">Cubic boron nitride</a></td><td>740<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Copper</a></td><td>401<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>For main article, see <a href="/facts/Copper_in_heat_exchangers/pwjpwaTp">Copper in heat exchangers</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Diamond/IBUdnd1y">Diamond</a></td><td>1000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fiberglass/T6MtJ4ep">Fiberglass</a> or <a href="/facts/Foam/kGrXWWcb">foam</a>-glass</td><td>0.045<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">Germanium</a></td><td>60.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">Gold</a></td><td>318<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kapton/NwTwLMeE">Kapton</a> (tape)</td><td>0.20<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Manganese</a></td><td>7.810<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>Lowest thermal conductivity of any pure metal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Marble/5JEFb0qu">Marble</a></td><td>2.070–2.940<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Expanded_polystyrene/dfIVntty">Expanded polystyrene</a></td><td>0.033–0.046<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polyurethane/qNo2KSXA">Polyurethane</a> foam</td><td>0.03<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aerogel/cjhmCvSa">Silica aerogel</a></td><td>0.02<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_nitride/58X9QPQJ">Silicon nitride</a></td><td>90,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> 177<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>Ceramics material.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Silver</a></td><td>406<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>Highest thermal conductivity of any pure metal.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Snow/HEFKcgIB">Snow</a> (dry)</td><td>0.050<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a>–0.250<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Teflon/jesBNXKq">Teflon</a></td><td>0.250<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">Water</a></td><td>0.5918<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="analytical-list">Analytical list</h2> <p>Thermal conductivities have been measured with longitudinal heat flow methods where the experimental arrangement is so designed to accommodate heat flow in only the axial direction, temperatures are constant, and radial heat loss is prevented or minimized. For the sake of simplicity the conductivities that are found by that method in all of its variations are noted as L conductivities, those that are found by radial measurements of the sort are noted as R conductivities, and those that are found from periodic or transient heat flow are distinguished as P conductivities. Numerous variations of all of the above and various other methods have been discussed by some G. K. White, M. J. Laubits, D. R. Flynn, B. O. Peirce and R. W. Wilson and various other theorists who are noted in an international Data Series from Purdue University, Volume I pages 14a–38a.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>This concerns materials at various temperatures and pressures. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Material</th><th>Thermal conductivity [<a href="/facts/Watt/VK8oqRrm">W</a>·<a href="/facts/Metre/hPhzc1CV">m</a>−1·<a href="/facts/Kelvin/E3trzC4C">K</a>−1]</th><th><a href="/facts/Temperature/QyGe4gmj">Temperature</a> [K]</th><th><a href="/facts/Electrical_conductivity/akyCKvMy">Electrical conductivity</a> @ 293 K[<a href="/facts/Ohm/QNVrlGjw">Ω</a>−1·m−1]</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)/CnCRBo5F">Acrylic glass</a> (Plexiglas V045i)</td><td>0.17<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a>-0.19<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a>-0.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td>296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td>7.143E-15<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> - 5.0E-14<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td>Note: There are no negative conductivities and the symbols that could be read that way are hyphens to separate various estimates and measurements.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Earth%2527s_atmosphere/FV97Am25">Air and thin air and high tech vacuums</a>, macrostructure</td><td>0.024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a>-0.025<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a>0.0262 (1 bar)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a>0.0457 (1 bar)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a>Formula values<i>d=1 centimeter</i><i>Standard Atmospheric Pressure</i>0.02090.02350.0260List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><i>0.1 atmosphere</i>0.02090.02350.0260<i>0.01 atmospheres</i>0.02090.02350.0259<i>0.001 atmospheres</i>0.02050.02300.0254<i>0.0001 atmospheres</i>0.01780.01960.0212<i>10−5atmospheres</i>0.007600.007830.00800<i>10−6atmospheres</i>0.001130.001120.00111<i>10−7atmospheres</i>0.0001190.0001170.000115List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td>273<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a>-293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a>300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a>600<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a>233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9</td><td>hiAerosols2.95<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a>-loAerosols7.83<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a>×10−15</td><td>(78.03%<a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">N2</a>,21%<a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">O2</a>,+0.93%<a href="/facts/Argon/QX6NRH6d">Ar</a>,+0.04%<a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">CO2</a>) (1 <a href="/facts/Atmosphere_(unit)/aTbYALII">atm</a>)The plate distance is one centimeter, the special conductivity values were calculated from the Lasance approximation formula in <i>The Thermal conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> and the primary values were taken from Weast at the normal pressure tables in the CRC handbook on page E2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a>Let K0 is the normal conductivity at one bar (105 N/m2) pressure, Ke is its conductivity at special pressure and/or length scale. Let d is a plate distance in meters, P is an air pressure in Pascals (N/m2), T is temperature Kelvin, C is this Lasance constant 7.6 ⋅ 10−5 m ⋅ K/N and PP is the product P ⋅ d/T. The Lasance approximation formula is Ke/K0 = 1/(1+C/PP).Some readers might find the notation confusing since the original mK might be interpreted as milliKelvins when it is really meter-Kelvins. He(Lasance?) puts a one (1) at the end of his equation so that it appears like this: Ke/K0 = 1/(1+C/PP)(1). Eventually you can find out from his graph that the (1) at the end is not part of his formula and instead he is citing his graph.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Earth%2527s_atmosphere/FV97Am25">Air and thin air and high tech vacuums</a>, microstructure</td><td> Formula Values<i>d=1 millimeter</i><i>Standard Atmospheric Pressure</i>0.02090.02350.0260<i>0.1 atmosphere</i>0.02090.02350.0259<i>0.01 atmospheres</i>0.02050.02300.0254<i>0.001 atmospheres</i>0.01780.01960.0212<i>0.0001 atmospheres</i>0.007600.007830.00800<i>10−5 atmospheres</i>0.001130.001120.00111<i>10−6 atmospheres</i>0.0001190.0001170.000115<i>10−7 atmospheres</i>0.00001190.00001170.0000116List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td>233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9</td><td></td><td>All values calculated from the Lasance formula: Lasance, Clemens J., "The Thermal Conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales," Electronics Cooling, November 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Plate separation = one millimeter.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Earth%2527s_atmosphere/FV97Am25">Air</a>, standard air</td><td>0.009220.013750.018100.022260.026140.029700.033050.036330.039510.04560.05130.05690.06250.06720.07170.07590.07970.08350.0870List, TPRC 3, pp 511–12<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td>100150200250300350400450500600700800900100011001200130014001500</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Earth%2527s_atmosphere/FV97Am25">Air</a>, typical air</td><td><i>30°N January</i>Sea Level: 0.025351000 meters: 0.025092000 meters: 0.024833000 meters: 0.02429<i>30°N July</i>Sea Level: 0.026601000 meters: 0.025902000 meters: 0.025433000 meters: 0.02497<i>60°N January</i>Sea Level: 0.022861000 meters: 0.023022000 meters: 0.022763000 meters: 0.02250List USSAS pp 103, 107 &123<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td>288.52285.25281.87275.14304.58295.59289.56283.75257.28259.31256.08252.85</td><td></td><td>TPRC standard air is very nearly equivalent to typical air worldwide.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Earth%2527s_Atmosphere/FV97Am25">Air</a>, wet air</td><td>≈Typical Air</td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Earth%2527s_atmosphere/FV97Am25">Air in motor windings at normal pressure</a>, Lasance approximations</td><td><i>360 Kelvins</i>10−2 meters: 0.0303910−3 meters: 0.0303810−4 meters: 0.0303110−5 meters: 0.02959List, TPRC Vol 3 page 512.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td>360</td><td></td><td>An investigator has reported some high values for the thermal conductivity of some metal air laminates both varnished and otherwise. See Taylor, T.S., <i>Elec. World</i> Vol 76 (24), 1159–62, 1920 in TPRC Data Series Vol 2, pp 1037–9.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alcohol_(chemistry)/Y0SCTDkh">Alcohols</a> or <a href="/facts/Oil/fsgX2IRM">oils</a></td><td>0.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a>-0.110<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a>-0.21<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a>-0.212<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Aluminium</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> alloy</td><td> Mannchen 1931:<i>92% Aluminum, 8% Magnesium</i><i>Cast</i> L72.8100.0126.4139.8<i>Annealed</i> L76.6104.6120.1135.6<i>88%Aluminium, 12% Magnesium</i> <i>Cast</i>56.177.4101.3118.4Mever-Rassler 1940:<i>93.0% Aluminium, 7.0% Magnesium</i>108.7List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td>872733734768727337347687273373476348.2</td><td></td><td>Mannchen, W., Z Metalik..23, 193–6, 1931 in TPRC Volume 1 pages 478, 479 and 1447.<p>Mever-Rassler. The Mever-Rassler alloy has a density of 2.63 g cm−1. Mever-Rassler, F., Metallwirtschaft. 19, 713–21, 1940 in Volume 1 pages 478, 479 and 1464.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Aluminium</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> pure</td><td>204.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a>-205<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a>-220<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a>-237<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a>-250<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a>214.6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a>249.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a>CRC Aluminum<i>99.996+% Pure Aluminum</i>78015502320308038104510515057306220661069007080715071307020684063505650400028502100160012501000670500400340300247237235236237240240237232226220213List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a>366<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a>478<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a>12345678910111213141516182025303540455060708090100150200250273300350400500600700800900</td><td>37,450,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> - 37,740,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><p>Cryogenic: up to 1.858 ⋅ 1011 at 4.2 K.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></p><p><i>Formula Values</i>3.85 ⋅ 107 at 273.15K; 3.45 ⋅ 107 at 300K; 2.50 ⋅ 107 at 400K.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> </p></td><td>This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 1.183 Kelvins. Weast page E-78<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aluminum/7wmR8jYE">Aluminum</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> ultrapure</td><td>TPRC Aluminum<i>99.9999% Pure Aluminum</i>4102820012100157001880021300229002380024000235002270020200176001170077303180[?]23801230754532414344302248237236237240237232226220213List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td>12345678910111315202530405060708090100150200273.2300400500600700800900</td><td></td><td>These are not measured values.<p>Very high thermal conductivity measurements up to 22,600 w m−1 K−1 were reported by Fenton, E.W., Rogers, J.S. and Woods, S.D. in reference 570 on page 1458, 41, 2026–33, 1963. The data is listed on pages 6 through 8 and graphed on page 1 where Fenton and company are on curves 63 and 64.</p><p>Next the government-recommended values are listed and graphed on page 9.</p><p>Thermophysical Properties Research Center. Performing Organization: Purdue University. Controlling Organization: Defense Logistics Agency. Documented summaries from numerous scientific journals, etc. and critical estimates. 17000 pages in 13 volumes.</p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_nitride/CkEzMbrM">Aluminium nitride</a></td><td>170<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a>-175<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a>-190<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td>1×10^−11<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alumina/wXM9P6pI">Aluminium oxide</a></td><td> Pure 26<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a>-30<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a>-35<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a>-39<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a>-40<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a>NBS, Ordinary271610.58.06.65.95.65.66.07.2List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a>Slip Cast R 11.110.08.377.956.905.865.655.655.65List: Kingery, TPRC II page 99 curve 7 ref.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a>Sapphire R 15.513.912.410.68.718.047.687.597.617.868.138.49List: Kingery, TPRC II page 96 curve 19 ref.72<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a>4006008001000120014001600180020002200613.2688.2703.2873.2943.21033.210931203.21258.2591.5651.2690.2775.2957.21073.21173.21257.21313.21384.214X9.21508.2</td><td>1×10^−12-<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td>The NBS recommended ordinary values are for 99.5% pure polycrystalline alumina at 98% density.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> Slip Cast Values are taken from Kingery, W.D., J. Am Ceram. Soc., 37, 88–90, 1954, TPRC II page 99 curve 7 ref. 5 page 1159.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> Sapphire values are taken from Kingery, W.D. and Norton, F.H., USAEC Rept. NYO-6447, 1–14, 1955, TPRC II pages 94, 96, curve 19 ref. 72 page 1160.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a><i>Errata:</i> The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_oxide/wXM9P6pI">Aluminium oxide</a>, porous</td><td> 22% Porosity 2.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td>Constant 1000-1773<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td></td><td>This is number 54 on pages 73 and 76. Shakhtin, D.M. and Vishnevskii, I.I., 1957, interval 893-1773 Kelvins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ammonia/MtLtJFtz">Ammonia</a>, saturated</td><td>0.507<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a></td><td>300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Argon/QX6NRH6d">Argon</a></td><td>0.016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a>-0.01772<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a>-0.0179<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Basalt/uhbwGPTb">Basalt</a></td><td>Stephens Basalt<i>Sample NTS No. 1</i> R1.761.621.801.841.631.841.581.921.84<i>Sample NTS No. 2</i> R1.361.451.531.671.721.571.601.63List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a>Robertson Basalt<i>5% olivine, 100% solidity* & 5MPa pressure</i>Intrinsic: K = 2.55 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1Air in Pores: K =1.58Water in Pores: K = 1.97List: Robertson pages 7, 11 & 13.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td>5765966587047488228959641048442483529584623711762858300</td><td></td><td>These measurements of two samples of NTS Basalt were credited to some D.R. Stephens, USAEC UCRL — 7605, 1–19, 1963. They are reported in the TPRC Data Series in Volume 2 on pages 798 and 799.<p>Ki-iti Horai, <i>Thermal conductivity of Rock Forming minerals</i>, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 76, Issue 5, pages 1278 — 1308, February 10, 1971.</p><ul><li>Solidity ≡ The ratio of the volume of solid to the bulk volume, or the ratio of bulk density to solid grain density, dB/dG. Robertson, p. 5.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Beryllium_oxide/o3VnG96d">Beryllium oxide</a></td><td>218<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a>-260<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a>TPRC Recommended42430227219614611187705747393328.324.521.519.518.016.715.615.0List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a>200273.230040050060070080090010001100120013001400150016001700180019002000</td><td>1×10^−12<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a></td><td>Recommended values are found on page 137 of volume 2, TPRC Data Series, 1971<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">Bismuth</a></td><td>7.97<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a></td><td>300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brass/pe8EHk6x">Brass</a> Cu63%</td><td>125<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a></td><td>296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></td><td>15,150,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> - 16,130,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Cu</a>63%, <a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zn</a>37%)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brass/pe8EHk6x">Brass</a> Cu70%</td><td>109<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> - 121<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a>-296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td>12,820,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a> - 16,130,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Cu</a>70%, <a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zn</a>30%)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brick/2CBPgDIK">Brick</a></td><td>0.15<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a>-0.6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a>-0.69<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a>-1.31<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a>British 2016:Inner leaf (1700 kg/m3): 0.62<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a>Outer leaf (1700 kg/m3): 0.84<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a>1920s Values:Brick #1: 0.674<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a>Brick #2: 0.732<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a>373.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a>373.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Brick #1: 76.32% SiO2, 21.96%Al2O3, 1.88%Fe2O3 traces of CaO and MgO, commercial brick, density 1.795 g ⋅ cm−3.Brick #2: 76.52%SiO2, 13.67%Al2O3, 6.77%Fe2O3, 1.77%CaO, 0.42%MgO, 0.27%MnO, no specified density. Judging from the descriptions the TPRC has put the wrong labels on their bricks, and if that is the case then Brick #1 is "Common Brick" and Brick #2 is "Red Brick." Tadokoro, Y., Science Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 10, 339–410, 1921, TPRC pages 493 & 1169.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bronze/YCYCVIKt">Bronze</a></td><td>26<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a>42<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a>-50<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a>-296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a></td><td>5,882,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a> - 7,143,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">Sn</a>25%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a>(<a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Cu</a>89%, <a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">Sn</a>11%)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Calcium_silicate/SmGFop2N">Calcium silicate</a></td><td>0.063<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a></td><td>373<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">Carbon dioxide</a></td><td>0.0146<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a>-0.01465<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a>-0.0168<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a> (sat. liquid 0.087<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a>)</td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a>-273<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a> (293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a>)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Carbon_nanotube/atuDPPaG">Carbon nanotubes</a>, bulk</td><td>2.5 (multiwall)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a> - 35 (single wall, disordered mats)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a> - 200(single wall, aligned mats)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a></td><td>300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a></td><td></td><td>"Bulk" refers to a group of nanotubes either arranged or disordered, for a single nanotube, see "carbon nanotube, single".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Carbon_nanotube/atuDPPaG">Carbon nanotube</a>, single</td><td>3180 (multiwall)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a>-3500 (single wall)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a>(SWcalc.6,600<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a>-37,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a>)</td><td>320<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a>(300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a>-100<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a>)</td><td>(Lateral)10−16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a> - <a href="/facts/Ballistic_conduction/XbMoBML1">(Ballistic)</a>108<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a>)</td><td>values only for one single SWNT(length:2.6 μm, diameter:1.7 nm) and CNT. "Single", as opposed to "bulk" quantity (see "carbon nanotubes, bulk") of many nanotubes, which should not be confused with the denomination of nanotubes themselves which can be singlewall(SWNT) or multiwall(CNT)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ceria/pqmIvGGc">Cerium dioxide</a></td><td> 1.701.541.000.9380.8510.765List: TPRC II pp. 145–6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a></td><td>1292.11322.11555.91628.21969.22005.9</td><td></td><td>Pears, C.D., Project director, Southern Res. Inst. Tech. Documentary Rept. ASD TDR-62-765, 20-402, 1963. TPRC Vol 2, pages 145, 146 and 1162<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Concrete/K6whGVNx">Concrete</a></td><td>0.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a> - 1.28<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a> - 1.65<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a> - 2.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a></td><td></td><td>~61-67%<a href="/facts/Calcium_oxide/Wh9C8l7j">CaO</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Copper</a>, commercial</td><td> Wright, W. H., M. S. Thesis:<i>Sample 1</i> L423385358311346347350360<i>Sample 2</i> L353360366363365Lists: TPRC I page 75 curve 129<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a>Taga, M., periodicalFirst run: 378Second run: 374Third run: 378Fourth run: 382List: TPRC I page 75 curve 129<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a></td><td>80.0695.34115.62135.53159.46181.56198.35217.30198.53220.90240.88257.38275.40363.2363.2363.2363.2</td><td></td><td>Wright, W. H., M. S. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1–225, 1960. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, pages 75 and 80 curve 129, ref. page 1465.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a>Taga, commercial grade, 99.82% purity, density 8.3 g⋅cm−3. Taga, M., [Bull?], Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs., 3 (11) 346–52, 1960. TPRC Data Series Vol 1, pages 74, 79 and 1459.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Copper</a>, pure</td><td>385<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a>-386<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a>-390<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a>-401<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a>368.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a>353.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a>1970s values:<i>TPRC (American)</i>2870138001960010500430020501220850670570514483413401398392388383377371364357350342334List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a><i>The Soviet Union</i>403<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a>1960s ValuesThin Copper Foil*:126.8202.3295.9400.2List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a>573<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a>873<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a>151020304050607080901002002733004005006007008009001000110012001300273.150.4270.6710.9811.322</td><td>59,170,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a> - 59,590,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a><i>Formula Values:</i>6.37 ⋅ 107 at 273.15 K; 5.71 ⋅ 107 at 300K; 4.15 ⋅ 107 at 400K.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a></td><td>International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) pure =1.7×10−8Ω•m=58.82×106Ω−1•m−1<p>For main article, see: <a href="/facts/Copper_in_heat_exchangers/pwjpwaTp">Copper in heat exchangers</a>.</p><p>The <i>TPRC</i> recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure copper with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.000851 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 81.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a></p><ul><li>Out of 138 samples in the TPRC Data Series on the thermal conductivity of copper there is only one foil and that one was only measured at very low temperatures where other coppers also demonstrated extreme deviance. The blurred up reference to it on page 1465 looks like Landenfeld, P., Lynton, E.A. and Souten, R., <i>Phys. Letters</i>, Volume 19 page 265, 1965.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cork_(material)/GFsWrA8a">Cork</a></td><td>0.04<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a> - 0.07<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a>1940s values:Density=0.195 g cm−3 L0.03810.0446Density=0.104 g cm−3 L0.03200.0400List: Rowley, F.B. and others in TPRC II page 1064 & 1067 curves 1 & 3 ref 109.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a> ---222.0305.5222.0305.5</td><td></td><td>1940s values are for oven dried cork at specified densities: Rowley, F.B., Jordan, R.C. and Lander, R.M., Refrigeration Engineering, 53, 35–9. 1947, TPRC pages 1064, 1067 & 1161.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cotton/efXRcjbn">Cotton</a> or <a href="/facts/Plastic/Kla5QItn">Plastic</a> <a href="/facts/Insulator_(electrical)/SfSXkrh5">Insulation</a>-foamed</td><td>0.03<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Diamond/IBUdnd1y">Diamond</a>, impure</td><td>1,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a></td><td>273<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a> - 293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a></td><td>1×10^−16~<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Diamond_type/58X4CQtq">Type I</a> (98.1% of <a href="/facts/Diamond_color/R8B1JWVK">Gem Diamonds</a>) (<a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">C</a>+0.1%<a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">N</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Material_properties_of_diamond/VDM5cAA4">Diamond</a>, natural</td><td>2,200<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a></td><td>1×10^−16~<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Diamond_type/58X4CQtq">Type IIa</a> (99%<a href="/facts/Carbon-12/nJYECzEr">12C</a> and 1%<a href="/facts/Carbon-13/Iho4LUtW">13C</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Material_properties_of_diamond/VDM5cAA4">Diamond</a>, <a href="/facts/Isotopically_pure_diamond/4fWjw7GI">isotopically enriched</a></td><td>3,320<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a>-41,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a> (99.999% <a href="/facts/Carbon-12/nJYECzEr">12C</a> calc.200,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a>)</td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a>-104<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278"><sup>278</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279"><sup>279</sup></a> (~80<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280"><sup>280</sup></a>)</td><td>(Lateral)10−16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281"><sup>281</sup></a> - <a href="/facts/Ballistic_conduction/XbMoBML1">(Ballistic)</a>108<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282"><sup>282</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Diamond_type/58X4CQtq">Type IIa</a> isotopically enriched (>99.9%<a href="/facts/Carbon-12/nJYECzEr">12C</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dolomite_(mineral)/tQfyK6AF">Dolomite</a>, NTS dolomite</td><td><i>Specimen No. 1</i> R1.081.14<i>Specimen No. 2</i> R1.271.26List TPRC 2 pp 811–12.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283"><sup>283</sup></a></td><td>521835523833</td><td></td><td>Specimen No. 1 had a fine-grained appearance; 2.25 inches O.D.. 0.375 in. I.D., 12 in. long; obtained from exploratory dolomite hole No. 1, dolomite hill at level of 200 feet; density 2.80 g cm−3. Method: Radial heat flow [TPRC Volume 1 page 23a].<p>Stephens, D. R., USAEC UCRL — 7605. 1–19, 1963 in TPRC Data Series Volume 2, pp. 811–12.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284"><sup>284</sup></a> </p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Epoxy/PvlLBgdQ">Epoxy</a>, thermally conductive</td><td> 0.682<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285"><sup>285</sup></a> - 1.038 - 1.384<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286"><sup>286</sup></a> - 4.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287"><sup>287</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eclogite/H2Yy5PhD">Eclogite</a></td><td><i>Roberston Eclogite, 5MPa</i>0.64370.2574List from graph: Roberston page 39<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288"><sup>288</sup></a></td><td>373573</td><td></td><td>Some more recent measurements about ecolgite at high pressures and elevated temperatures (up to 14GPa and 1000K) have been reported by Chao Wang and others in a 2014 article about omphacite, jadeite and diopside which is free on the internet<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289"><sup>289</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ethylene_glycol/stFz6CVe">Ethylene glycol</a></td><td><i>TPRC</i>0.25490.25630.25760.25900.26030.26160.26300.2643List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290"><sup>290</sup></a><i>CRC</i>0.26450.26090.2695List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291"><sup>291</sup></a></td><td>280290300310320330340350288.15293.15353.15</td><td></td><td>The TPRC values are posted in Volume 3 on page 177 and the CRC estimates are found in the handbook on page E-4.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polystyrene/dfIVntty">Expanded polystyrene</a> – EPS</td><td>0.03<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292"><sup>292</sup></a>-0.033<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293"><sup>293</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294"><sup>294</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295"><sup>295</sup></a> (<a href="/facts/Polystyrene/dfIVntty">(PS Only)</a>0.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296"><sup>296</sup></a>-0.13<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297"><sup>297</sup></a>)</td><td>98<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298"><sup>298</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299"><sup>299</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300"><sup>300</sup></a> (296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301"><sup>301</sup></a>)</td><td>1×10^−14<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302"><sup>302</sup></a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Polystyrene/dfIVntty">PS</a>+<a href="/facts/Earth%2527s_atmosphere/FV97Am25">Air</a>+<a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">CO2</a>+<a href="/facts/Hydrocarbons/Dcg95Ju5">CnH2n+x</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polystyrene/dfIVntty">Extruded polystyrene</a> – XPS</td><td>0.029 - 0.39</td><td>98-298</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fat/87HcP11s">Fat</a></td><td>Beef fat0.3540.175Bone fat0.186Pig fat0.238List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303"><sup>303</sup></a></td><td>293.2333.2293.2293.2</td><td></td><td>The fats were discovered by Lapshin A. and Myasnaya Ind., <i>SSSR.</i> Volume 25 (2) pp. 55–6, 1954. and reported in volume two of the TPRC Data Series on page 1072.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304"><sup>304</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fiberglass/T6MtJ4ep">Fiberglass</a> or <a href="/facts/Foam/kGrXWWcb">foam</a>-glass</td><td>0.045<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305"><sup>305</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306"><sup>306</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gabbro/79gTqpyg">Gabbro</a></td><td><i>Sligachan Gabbro</i>2.552.47List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307"><sup>307</sup></a><i>Generic Gabbro*</i>2.06 ± 0.2List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 31<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308"><sup>308</sup></a></td><td>309.4323.1300</td><td></td><td>Specimen 5 cm in diameter and 2 cm long from Sligachan Skye, density 3.1 g ⋅ cm−1. Nancarrow, H.A., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 45, page 447–61, 1933 in TPRC Data Series Volume 2 page 816.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309"><sup>309</sup></a><ul><li>This summary came from three samples in 1940.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gallium_arsenide/BakLFjpp">Gallium arsenide</a></td><td>56<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310"><sup>310</sup></a></td><td>300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311"><sup>311</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gasket/gQ3bnuPK">Gasket</a></td><td><i>Cardboard</i>0.210<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312"><sup>312</sup></a><i>Transite</i> P0.7700.7570.7490.7420.7390.7360.7360.7360.7330.731List: Smith, W.K. in TPRC II page 1107 curve 1 ref 390.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313"><sup>313</sup></a></td><td>291.15338.7366.5394.3422.1449.8477.6505.4533.2560.9588.7</td><td></td><td>The cardboard is in Yarwood and Castle on page 36 and the Transite is credited to some W.K. Smith, NOTS TP2624, 1 — 10, 1961. [AD 263771]. Transite was discovered in 1961 and is a type of asbestos — cement board with a density of 0.193 — 0.1918 grams⋅cm−1. TPRC Data Series, Volume 2, page 1107<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314"><sup>314</sup></a><p>For rubber gasket see Rubber.</p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Glass/hezRsAGf">Glass</a></td><td>0.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315"><sup>315</sup></a>-0.93<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316"><sup>316</sup></a> (<a href="/facts/Silicon_dioxide/A3WILp6J">SiO2pure</a>1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317"><sup>317</sup></a>-<a href="/facts/Silicon_dioxide/A3WILp6J">SiO296%</a>1.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318"><sup>318</sup></a>-1.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319"><sup>319</sup></a>)Pyrex 7740, Air Force, 1961 P1.351.341.391.421.591.451.431.561.661.681.911.90List: TPRC II pages 926-9 curve 81<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320"><sup>320</sup></a>Pyrex 7740, NBS, 1963 L1.111.161.221.271.331.381.43List: TPRC II pages 926-9 curve 76<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321"><sup>321</sup></a>Pyrex 7740, NBS, 1966 0.580.901.111.251.361.501.621.89List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322"><sup>322</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323"><sup>323</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324"><sup>324</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325"><sup>325</sup></a>297300306319322322329330332336345356273.2323.2373.2423.2473.2523.2573.2100200300400500600700800</td><td>10−14<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326"><sup>326</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327"><sup>327</sup></a>-10−12<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328"><sup>328</sup></a>-10−10<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329"><sup>329</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330"><sup>330</sup></a></td><td><1% <a href="/facts/Iron_oxide/KDo8hLWn">Iron oxides</a>In 1966 Pyrex 7740 had a composition of about 80.6% SiO2, 13% B2O3, 4.3% Na2O and 2.1% Al2O3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331"><sup>331</sup></a> Similar glasses have a coefficient of linear expansion of about 3 parts per million per Kelvin at 20°Celsius.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332"><sup>332</sup></a>Density [Pyrex 774] ≈ 2.210 g ⋅ cm−3 at 32 °F. Specific heats: 0.128, 0.172, 0.202, 0.238, 0.266, 0.275 Cal. g−1 K−1 at 199.817, 293.16, 366.49, 477.60, 588.72 & 699.83 Kelvins respectively. Lucks, C.F., Deem, H.W. and Wood, W.D. in TPRC V pages 1232-3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333"><sup>333</sup></a><i>Errata:</i> The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334"><sup>334</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Glycerol/sRQ6NBQQ">Glycerol</a></td><td>0.285<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335"><sup>335</sup></a>-0.29<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336"><sup>336</sup></a></td><td>300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337"><sup>337</sup></a>-293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338"><sup>338</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">Gold</a>, pure</td><td>314<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339"><sup>339</sup></a>-315<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340"><sup>340</sup></a>-318<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341"><sup>341</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342"><sup>342</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343"><sup>343</sup></a>1970s values:44488528201500345327318315312309304298292285List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344"><sup>344</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345"><sup>345</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346"><sup>346</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347"><sup>347</sup></a>121020100200273.2300400500600700800900</td><td>45,170,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348"><sup>348</sup></a> - 45,450,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349"><sup>349</sup></a></td><td>1970s values are found on page 137, TPRC Data Series volume 1 (1970).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350"><sup>350</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Granite/G2evuVKo">Granite</a></td><td>1.73<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351"><sup>351</sup></a> - 3.98<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352"><sup>352</sup></a>Nevada Granite R1.781.951.861.741.80Scottish Granite L3.393.39List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353"><sup>353</sup></a>Westerly Granite2.4(63)2.2(83)2.1(44)Barre Granite2.8(23)2.5(18)2.3(10)Rockport-1*3.5(57)3.0(31)2.7(12)Rockport-2*3.8(07)3.2(11)2.8(37)List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 35.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354"><sup>354</sup></a></td><td>368523600643733306.9320.2273.15373.15473.15273.15373.15473.15273.15373.15473.15273.15373.15473.15</td><td></td><td>(72%<a href="/facts/Silicon_dioxide/A3WILp6J">SiO2</a>+14%<a href="/facts/Aluminium_oxide/wXM9P6pI">Al2O3</a>+4%<a href="/facts/Potassium_oxide/mmUVvPef">K2O</a> <a href="/facts/Granite/G2evuVKo">etc.</a>)Scottish Granite: This is granite from May Quarry in Aberdeenshire. Nancarrow, H. A., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London). 45, 447–61, 1933, TPRC II pages 818 and 1172.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355"><sup>355</sup></a>Nevada Granite: This granite is 34%v plagioclase, 28%v ortheoclase, 27%v quartz and 9%v biotite. Stephens, D. R., USAEC UCRL-7605, 1–19, 1963, TPRC II pages 818 and 1172.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356"><sup>356</sup></a>A 1960 report on the Nevada granite (Izett, USGS) is posted on the internet but the very small numbers there are hard to understand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357"><sup>357</sup></a><ul><li>Robertson says that Rockport-1 has 25% Quartz and Rockport-2 has 33% Quartz and he usually talks in volume percent. Robertson page 35.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Granite/G2evuVKo">Granite, ΔP</a></td><td>Barre Granite*<i>Wet</i><i>50 bar*</i>2.82.52.32.1<i>1000 bar</i>3.22.82.62.4<i>5000 bar</i>4.54.03.73.4<i>Dry</i><i>50 bar</i>2.8(23)2.5(18)2.3(10)2.1(44)<i>1000 bar</i>2.8(76)2.5(65)2.3(53)2.1(84)<i>5000 bar</i>3.0(91)2.7(57)2.5(29)2.3(47)List: Robertson pages 35, 59-61<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358"><sup>358</sup></a></td><td>273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15</td><td></td><td>Small granite pillars have failed under loads that averaged out to about 1.43 ⋅ 108 Newtons/meter2 and this kind of rock has a sonic speed of about 5.6 ± 0.3 ⋅ 103 m/sec (stp), a density of about 2.7 g/cm3 and specific heat ranging from about 0.2 to 0.3 cal/g °C through the temperature interval 100-1000 °C [Stowe pages 41 & 59 and Robertson pages 70 & 86].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359"><sup>359</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360"><sup>360</sup></a><ul><li>In this particular case the solidity of the granite is 0.966.</li><li>A bar is 105 Pa or 105 Newtons/meter2 and pressures around 5000 bar should normally be found at depths of about 19 to 23 kilometers.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">Graphene</a></td><td>(4840±440)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361"><sup>361</sup></a> - (5300±480)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362"><sup>362</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363"><sup>363</sup></a></td><td>100,000,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364"><sup>364</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Graphite/sSf3KMXr">Graphite</a>, natural</td><td> 25-470<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365"><sup>365</sup></a>146-246 (longitudinal), 92-175 (radial)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366"><sup>366</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367"><sup>367</sup></a></td><td>5,000,000-30,000,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368"><sup>368</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Grease_(lubricant)/SoG6pwuV">Grease</a>, thermally conductive greases</td><td>860 Silicone Heat Transfer Compound:0.668616 Super Thermal Grease II:1.788617 Super thermal Grease III:1.0List, MG Chemicals<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369"><sup>369</sup></a></td><td>233.15—473.15205.15—438.15205.15—438.15</td><td> These thermal greases have low electrical conductivity and their volume resistivities are 1.5⋅1015, 1.8⋅1011, and 9.9⋅109 Ω⋅cm for 860, 8616 and 8617 respectively.</td><td>The thermal grease 860 is a silicone oil with a Zinc Oxide filler and 8616 and 8617 are synthetic oils with various fillers including Aluminum Oxide and Boron Nitride. At 25 °C the densities are 2.40, 2.69 and 1.96 g/mL for the greases 860, 8616 and 8617 respectively.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Helium_II/yRul93TG">Helium II</a></td><td> ≳100000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370"><sup>370</sup></a> in practice, <a href="/facts/Phonon_scattering/1UP4UC7z">phonon scattering</a> at solid-liquid interface is main barrier to heat transfer.</td><td> 2.2</td><td></td><td>Liquid helium in its superfluid state below 2.2 K</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/House/fdDCUhyD">House</a></td><td> American 2016Wood Product Blow-in, Attic Insulation0.0440 − 0.0448<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371"><sup>371</sup></a>FIBERGLAS Blow-in, Attic Insulation0.0474 − 0.0531<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372"><sup>372</sup></a>PINK FIBERGLAS Flexible Insulation0.0336 − 0.0459<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373"><sup>373</sup></a>BritishCONCRETE:General 1.28(2300 kg/m3) 1.63(2100 kg/m3 typical floor) 1.40(2000 kg/m3 typical floor) 1.13(medium 1400 kg/m3)0.51(lightweight 1200 kg/m3) 0.38(lightweight 600 kg/m3) 0.19(aerated 500 kg/m3) 0.16PLASTER:(1300 kg/m3) 0.50(600 kg/m3) 0.16TIMBER:Timber (650 kg/m3) 0.14Timber flooring (650 kg/m3) 0.14Timber rafters 0.13Timber floor joists 0.13MISC.:Calcium silicate board (600 kg/m3) 0.17Expanded polystyrene 0.030 −0.038Plywood (950 kg/m3) 0.16Rock mineral wool 0.034 −0.042List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374"><sup>374</sup></a>Wallboard, see Wallboard.1960s ValuesDry Zero − Kapok between burlap or paperdensity 0.016 g cm−3, TC=0.035 W⋅m−1K−1Hair Felt − Felted cattle hairdensity 0.176 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.208 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1Balsam Wool − Chemically treated wood fibredensity 0.035 g cm−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m−1K−1Hairinsul − 50% hair 50% jutedensity 0.098 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1Rock Wool − Fibrous material made from rockdensity 0.096 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.160 g cm−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.224 g cm−3, TC=0.040 W⋅m−1K−1Glass Wool − Pyrex glass curleddensity 0.064 g cm−3, TC=0.042 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.160 g cm−3, TC=0.042 W⋅m−1K−1Corkboard − No added binderdensity 0.086 g cm−3, TC=0.036 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.112 g cm−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.170 g cm−3, TC=0.043 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.224 g cm−3, TC=0.049 W⋅m−1K−1Corkboard − with asphaltic binderdensity 0.232 g cm−3, TC=0.046 W⋅m−1K−1Cornstalk Pith Board: 0.035 − 0.043Cypressdensity 0.465 g cm−3, TC=0.097 W⋅m−1K−1White pinedensity 0.513 g cm−3, TC=0.112 W⋅m−1K−1Mahoganydensity 0.545 g cm−3, TC=0.123 W⋅m−1K−1Virginia pinedensity 0.545 g cm−3, TC=0.141 W⋅m−1K−1Oakdensity 0.609 g cm−3, TC=0.147 W⋅m−1K−1Mapledensity 0.705 g cm−3, TC=0.159 W⋅m−1K−1List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375"><sup>375</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td>American 2016: Flexible insulation from Owens Corning includes faced and unfaced rolls of glass wool and with foil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376"><sup>376</sup></a> 1960s values: All thermal conductivities from Cypress to Maple are given across the grain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377"><sup>377</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">Hydrogen</a></td><td> 0.1819<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378"><sup>378</sup></a></td><td> 290</td><td></td><td>Hydrogen gas at room temperature.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ice/BGvkKFjD">Ice</a></td><td>1.6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379"><sup>379</sup></a>-2.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380"><sup>380</sup></a>-2.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381"><sup>381</sup></a>-2.22<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382"><sup>382</sup></a>The Historic Ice Authorities<i>van Duser 1929</i>2.092.1612.2322.3032.3742.445<i>Choi & Okos/Bonales 1956 — 2017</i>2.21992.38542.63222.96033.36953.8601<i>Ratcliffe/Bonales 1962 — 2017</i>2.09142.29732.54312.84103.20863.6723List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383"><sup>383</sup></a><i>Clark, S.P. Jr., 1966*</i>2.0922.552List: Clark, S.P. Jr. in Robertson p. 58<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384"><sup>384</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385"><sup>385</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386"><sup>386</sup></a> - 273<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387"><sup>387</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388"><sup>388</sup></a>273.15253.15233.15213.15193.15173.15273.15253.15233.15213.15193.15173.15273.15253.15233.15213.15193.15173.15273.15143.15</td><td></td><td>Bonales says that his posted formulas are lined up with his old authorities though more recent ones (and Bonales among them) have come to believe that ices that come to low temperatures remember a cooling rate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389"><sup>389</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390"><sup>390</sup></a><p>The formulas are: 1)van Duser: k=2.09(1–0.0017 T(°C)); 2)Choi & Okos: k=2.2199-6.248 ⋅ 10−3 T(°C) + 1.0154 ⋅ 10−4 T(°C)2; 3)Ratcliffe: k=2135 T(K)−1.235.</p><p>k is given in w ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1.</p><p><i>Errata:</i> Contrary to what they say the formula of Bonales and Sanz cannot be fitted to their data and also it is not consistent with the results of Choi and Okos since their formula is a typo and also Choi and Okos did not cook up a linear function to start with. Instead the formula that would fit some of the Bonales data is k ≈ 2.0526 - 0.0176TC and not k = -0.0176 + 2.0526T as they say on page S615 and also the values they posted for Alexiades and Solomon do not fit the <i>other</i> formula that they posted on table 1 on page S611 and the formula that would fit <i>over there</i> is k = 2.18 - 0.01365TC and not k = 2.18 - 0.01365TK.</p><ul><li>The Clark Ice has a density of 0.9 g/cm−3. Robertson page 58.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Indium_phosphide/IEW8ApM2">Indium phosphide</a></td><td>80<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391"><sup>391</sup></a></td><td>300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392"><sup>392</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Refractory/LoKrzGkR">Insulating firebrick</a></td><td> Sheffield Pottery, 2016: NC-23 0.190.200.230.26 NC-26 0.250.260.270.30 NC-28 0.290.320.330.36List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393"><sup>393</sup></a>1940s Blast Furnace: 1.581.551.53List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394"><sup>394</sup></a></td><td>533811108913665338111089136653381110891366636.2843.21036.2</td><td></td><td>Sheffield pottery: Standard ASTM 155 Grades, 05/10/2006: NC-23, Cold Crushing Strength=145 lbs/inch2, density=36 lbs/ft3 NC-26, Cold Crushing Strength=220 lbs/inch2, density=46 lbs/ft3 NC-28, Cold Crushing Strength=250 lbs/inch2, density=55 lbs/ft3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395"><sup>395</sup></a>---1940s Blast Furnace: Kolechkova, A. F. and Goncharov, V. V., Ogneupory, 14, 445–53, 1949, TPRC pages 488, 493 & 1161.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396"><sup>396</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Iron</a>, pure</td><td>71.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397"><sup>397</sup></a>-72.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398"><sup>398</sup></a>-79.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399"><sup>399</sup></a>-80<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400"><sup>400</sup></a>-80.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401"><sup>401</sup></a>-80.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402"><sup>402</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403"><sup>403</sup></a>55.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404"><sup>404</sup></a>34.6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405"><sup>405</sup></a>TPRC1492242973714425135806457059978145553722652041681461329483.580.369.461.354.748.743.338.032.629.729.927.928.229.930.931.8List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406"><sup>406</sup></a>The Soviet Union86.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407"><sup>407</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408"><sup>408</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409"><sup>409</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410"><sup>410</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411"><sup>411</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412"><sup>412</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413"><sup>413</sup></a>573<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414"><sup>414</sup></a>1273<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415"><sup>415</sup></a>23456789102030405060708090100200273.230040050060070080090010001100118311831200130014001500273.15</td><td>9,901,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416"><sup>416</sup></a> - 10,410,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417"><sup>417</sup></a></td><td>The <i>TPRC</i> recommended values are for well annealed 99.998% pure iron with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.0327 <i>μ</i>Ω⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 169.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418"><sup>418</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cast_iron/lASt55k2">Iron, cast</a></td><td>55<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419"><sup>419</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420"><sup>420</sup></a>Tadokoro Cast Iron*<i>White</i>12.813.314.314.517.3<i>Grey</i>29.529.730.030.131.1List: Tadokoro, curves 39 & 40 in TPRC Vol. I, pp 1130–31<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421"><sup>421</sup></a>Donaldson Cast Iron*48.548.146.947.346.946.0List: Donaldson, curve 1 in TPRC Vol. I, pp 1129 & 1131<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422"><sup>422</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423"><sup>423</sup></a>303.2323.2362.2373.2425.2303.2323.2361.2373.2427.2353.70376.70418.20429.70431.70447.20</td><td></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Fe</a>+(2–4)%<a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">C</a>+(1–3)%<a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">Si</a>)<p>Apart from a thermal conductivity a boiler company also has an interface heat transfer coefficient <i>Q</i> and also some Kurganov has posted this simplification that water flowing in tubes has <i>Q</i> ≈ 500 - 1200 W/(m2K).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424"><sup>424</sup></a></p><ul><li>These Tadokoro Irons are 3.02% C, 0.089% Cu, 0.53% Mn, 0.567% P, 0.074% S, 0.57% Si and 3.08% C, 0.136% Cu, 0.44% Mn, 0.540% P, .074% S and 0.58% Si, White Cast and Grey Cast respectively.</li></ul><p>By comparison the Donaldson Iron is 2.80% C, 0.10% Mn, 0.061% P, 0.093% S and 0.39% Si. It has 0.76% graphitic carbon and 2.04% combined carbon and the thermal conductivity measurements come with a 2% error estimate. Tadokoro, Y., J., Iron Steel Inst. (Japan), 22, 399 — 424, 1936 and Donaldson, J.W., J. Iron Steel Inst. (London), 128, p. 255-76, 1933.</p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Laminates/o9EGJdwn">Laminates</a>, metal non-metal</td><td>Taylor I<i>30 varnished silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.014 inches (0.356 mm): density 7.36 g cm−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 132 psi:</i>0 psi 0.512 w m−1 K−120 psi 0.74840 psi 0.84660 psi 0.90680 psi 0.925100 psi 0.965120 psi 0.992132 psi 1.02120 psi 1.00100 psi NA*80 psi 0.98460 psi 0.94540 psi 0.90620 psi 0.8460 psi 0.591Taylor II<i>30 varnished silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.0172 inches (0.4368 mm); density 7.51 g cm−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 128 psi:</i>0 psi 0.433 w m−1 K−120 psi 0.80740 psi 0.96560 psi 1.0480 psi 1.10100 psi 1.18120 psi 1.24128 psi 1.26120 psi 1.26100 psi 1.2280 psi 1.1860 psi 1.1440 psi 1.1020 psi 0.9840 psi 0.630Taylor III<i>30 silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.0172 inches (0.4368 mm); density 7.79 g cm−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 125 psi:</i>0 psi 0.496 w m−1 K−110 psi 0.74822.5 psi 0.945125 psi 1.65100 psi 1.5980 psi 1.5447 psi 1.3820 psi 1.140 psi 0.709List: Taylor, T.S., Elec. World, 76 (24), 1159 — 62, 1920.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425"><sup>425</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td>*The report in the Data Series says that the Taylor I laminate had a thermal conductivity of 0.0996 w cm−1 K−1 at 100 psi in descent and that is an obvious typo [NA]. What would fit is 0.00996 w cm−1 K−1 = 0.996 w m−1 K−1. TPRC Volume 2, pp 1037–9.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">Lead</a>, pure</td><td>34.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426"><sup>426</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427"><sup>427</sup></a>-35.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428"><sup>428</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429"><sup>429</sup></a>-35.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430"><sup>430</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431"><sup>431</sup></a>29.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432"><sup>432</sup></a>TPRC27704240340022401380820490320230178146123107948477665950.747.745.143.539.636.635.535.233.832.531.2List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433"><sup>433</sup></a>The Soviet Union35.6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434"><sup>434</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435"><sup>435</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436"><sup>436</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437"><sup>437</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438"><sup>438</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439"><sup>439</sup></a>573<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440"><sup>440</sup></a>12345678910111213141516182025304050100200273.2300400500600273.15</td><td>4,808,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441"><sup>441</sup></a> - 4,854,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442"><sup>442</sup></a></td><td>The TPRC List is the TPRC estimate for well annealed Lead of 99.99+% purity and residual electrical resistivity ρ0=0.000880 <i>μ</i>Ω cm. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, page 191.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443"><sup>443</sup></a>This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 7.193 Kelvins. Weast page E-87.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444"><sup>444</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Limestone/8ntvtFnR">Limestone</a></td><td>1.26<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445"><sup>445</sup></a> - 1.33<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446"><sup>446</sup></a>Indiana Limestone R1.191.211.191.111.121.071.030.620.570.54List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447"><sup>447</sup></a>Queenstone Grey L1.431.411.401.33List1.43<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448"><sup>448</sup></a>Generic Limestone R*<i>Air in Pores</i>Solidity = 1.0: K = 2.67*Solidity = 0.9: K = 2.17Solidity = 0.8: K = 1.72Solidity = 0.7: K = 1.32<i>Water in Pores</i>Solidity = 1.0: K = 2.97Solidity = 0.9: K = 2.52Solidity = 0.8: K = 2.12Solidity = 0.7: K = 1.77List: Robertson formula 6 and page 10&16.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449"><sup>449</sup></a></td><td>----47255368381395210131075118112531324395.9450.4527.6605.4300</td><td></td><td>Mostly <a href="/facts/Calcium_carbonate/UQ1wLFna">CaCO3</a> and the "Indiana Limestone" is 98.4% <a href="/facts/Calcium_carbonate/UQ1wLFna">CaCO3</a>, 1% quartz and 0.6% hematite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450"><sup>450</sup></a>By comparison Queenstone Grey is a mixture of dolomite and calcite containing 22% MgCO2. Density=2.675 g cm−3. Niven, C.D., Can J. Research, A18, 132–7, 1940, TPRC pages 821 and 1170.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451"><sup>451</sup></a><ul><li>Generic Limestone R is relatively pure polycrystaline calcite, solidity is the quotient of the solid grain volume divided by the bulk volume and K is thermal conductivity in W⋅m−1⋅K−1.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Manganese</a></td><td>7.81<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452"><sup>452</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td>lowest thermal conductivity of any pure metal</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Marble/5JEFb0qu">Marble</a></td><td>2.07<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453"><sup>453</sup></a>-2.08<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454"><sup>454</sup></a>-2.94<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455"><sup>455</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456"><sup>456</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457"><sup>457</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Methane/kBHneYnh">Methane</a></td><td>0.030<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458"><sup>458</sup></a>-0.03281<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459"><sup>459</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460"><sup>460</sup></a>-273<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461"><sup>461</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mineral_wool/NzLte52T">Mineral wool insulation</a></td><td>0.04<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462"><sup>462</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463"><sup>463</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464"><sup>464</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465"><sup>465</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466"><sup>466</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">Nickel</a></td><td>90.9<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467"><sup>467</sup></a>-91<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468"><sup>468</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469"><sup>469</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470"><sup>470</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">Nitrogen</a>, pure</td><td>0.0234<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471"><sup>471</sup></a>-0.024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472"><sup>472</sup></a>-0.02583<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473"><sup>473</sup></a>-0.026<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474"><sup>474</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475"><sup>475</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476"><sup>476</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477"><sup>477</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478"><sup>478</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479"><sup>479</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480"><sup>480</sup></a></td><td></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">N</a>2) (1 atm)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Norite/uDGB2fLy">Norite</a></td><td>2.7 ± 0.4List: Misener and others in Robertson page 31.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481"><sup>481</sup></a></td><td>300</td><td></td><td>This summary came from five samples in 1951.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">Oxygen</a>, pure (gas)</td><td>0.0238<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482"><sup>482</sup></a>-0.024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483"><sup>483</sup></a>-0.0263<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484"><sup>484</sup></a>-0.02658<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485"><sup>485</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486"><sup>486</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487"><sup>487</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488"><sup>488</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489"><sup>489</sup></a></td><td></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">O</a>2) (1 atm)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Oil/fsgX2IRM">Oil</a></td><td>Transformer Oil<i>CRC Oil</i>Regular0.177Light Heat0.132List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490"><sup>490</sup></a><i>Yarwood and Castle</i>0.135<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491"><sup>491</sup></a></td><td>343.15 — 373.15303.15 — 373.15273.15</td><td></td><td>Yarwood and Castle have their transformer oil on page 37.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Paper/FUETwwKV">Paper</a></td><td>Ordinary Paper<i>Engineeringtoolbox</i>0.05<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492"><sup>492</sup></a><i>Yarwood and Castle</i>0.125<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493"><sup>493</sup></a>Oil Impregnated Paper0.180 — 0.186<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494"><sup>494</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495"><sup>495</sup></a>291.15294.7 — 385.2</td><td></td><td>The oil-impregnated paper was about 0.05 inches thick and it was loaded under about 2 PSI. TPRC Volume 2, page 1127.Yarwood and Castle has the thermal conductivity of their paper on page 36</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perlite/X0vFLpzj">Perlite</a>, (1 atm)</td><td>0.031<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496"><sup>496</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497"><sup>497</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perlite/X0vFLpzj">Perlite</a> in partial <a href="/facts/Vacuum/BTk3goyV">vacuum</a></td><td>0.00137<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498"><sup>498</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499"><sup>499</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pine/HvMa9uc1">Pine</a></td><td> 0.08860.09130.09390.09660.09940.102List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500"><sup>500</sup></a></td><td>222.0238.7255.4272.2288.9305.5</td><td></td><td>Density=0.386 g cm−3. Rowley, F. B., Jordan, R. C. and Lander, R. M., Refrigeration Engineering, 53, 35–9, 1947, TPRC pages 1083 and 1161.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501"><sup>501</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fiber-reinforced_plastic/FeQEqIjX">Plastic, fiber-reinforced</a></td><td>0.23<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502"><sup>502</sup></a> - 0.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503"><sup>503</sup></a> - 1.06<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504"><sup>504</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505"><sup>505</sup></a> - 296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506"><sup>506</sup></a></td><td>10−15<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507"><sup>507</sup></a> - 100<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508"><sup>508</sup></a></td><td>10-40%<a href="/facts/Fiberglass/T6MtJ4ep">GF</a> or <a href="/facts/Carbon_fiber/6PlL4mB2">CF</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polyethylene/LaaAf4cn">Polyethylene</a>, high-density</td><td>0.42<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509"><sup>509</sup></a> - 0.51<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510"><sup>510</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511"><sup>511</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polymer/eF32E50K">Polymer</a>, high-density</td><td>0.33<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512"><sup>512</sup></a> - 0.52<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513"><sup>513</sup></a></td><td>296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514"><sup>514</sup></a></td><td>10−16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515"><sup>515</sup></a> - 102<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516"><sup>516</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polymer/eF32E50K">Polymer</a>, low-density</td><td>0.04<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517"><sup>517</sup></a> - 0.16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518"><sup>518</sup></a> - 0.25<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:519" href="#fn:519"><sup>519</sup></a> - 0.33<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:520" href="#fn:520"><sup>520</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:521" href="#fn:521"><sup>521</sup></a> - 296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:522" href="#fn:522"><sup>522</sup></a></td><td>10−17<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:523" href="#fn:523"><sup>523</sup></a> - 100<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:524" href="#fn:524"><sup>524</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polyurethane/qNo2KSXA">Polyurethane</a> foam</td><td>0.03<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:525" href="#fn:525"><sup>525</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:526" href="#fn:526"><sup>526</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Porcelain/deuLm3sb">Porcelain</a>, electrical porcelain</td><td>1940s Values<i>Sample 1</i>1.90 — 2.27<i>Sample 2</i>1.40 — 2.15<i>Sample 3</i>1.84 — 2.24</td><td>388.2 — 1418.2395.2 — 1456.2385.2 — 1396.2</td><td></td><td>Starting material was 19.0 flint, 37.0 feldspar, 7.0 Edgar plastic kaolin, 22.0 Edgar Nocarb clay, and 15.0 Kentucky old mine No. 4 ball clay, ball milled for 15 hours, slip cast and fired to 1250 °C; 25% open pores; bulk density 2.5 g ⋅ cm−3. Norton, F.H. and Kingery, W.D., USAEC Rept. NYO — 601, 1 — 52, 1943 in TPRC Vol. 2 page 937<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:527" href="#fn:527"><sup>527</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Propylene_glycol/vVGdx32R">Propylene glycol</a></td><td>0.2007<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:528" href="#fn:528"><sup>528</sup></a></td><td>293.15 — 353.15</td><td></td><td>This hearsay value is posted in the 48th Edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics on page E-4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:529" href="#fn:529"><sup>529</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pyroxenite/orwgCqVw">Pyroxenite</a></td><td>4.3 ± 0.1List: Birch and Clark in Robertson, page 31.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:530" href="#fn:530"><sup>530</sup></a></td><td>300</td><td></td><td>This summary came from 2 samples in 1940.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Silica/A3WILp6J">Quartz, single crystal</a></td><td>12<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:531" href="#fn:531"><sup>531</sup></a> ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to <i>c</i> axis, 06.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:532" href="#fn:532"><sup>532</sup></a> ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to <i>c</i> axisRutgers University11.1 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to <i>c</i> axis, 5.88 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to <i>c</i> axis9.34 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to <i>c</i> axis, 5.19 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to <i>c</i> axis8.68 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to <i>c</i> axis, 4.50 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to <i>c</i> axisList<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:533" href="#fn:533"><sup>533</sup></a>NBS6.00 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to <i>c</i> axis, 3.90 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to <i>c</i> axis5.00 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to <i>c</i> axis, 3.41 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to <i>c</i> axis4.47 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to <i>c</i> axis, 3.12 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to <i>c</i> axis4.19 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to <i>c</i> axis, 3.04 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to <i>c</i> axisList<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:534" href="#fn:534"><sup>534</sup></a></td><td>300311366422500600700800</td><td></td><td>The noted authorities have reported some values in three digits as cited here in metric translation but they have not demonstrated three digit measurement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:535" href="#fn:535"><sup>535</sup></a><i>Errata:</i> The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:536" href="#fn:536"><sup>536</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fused_quartz/avtX1fy3">Quartz, fused</a>, or vitreous silica, or fused silica</td><td>1.46<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:537" href="#fn:537"><sup>537</sup></a>-3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:538" href="#fn:538"><sup>538</sup></a>1.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:539" href="#fn:539"><sup>539</sup></a>England 0.841.051.201.321.411.48List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:540" href="#fn:540"><sup>540</sup></a>America 0.521.131.231.401.421.501.531.591.731.922.172.482.873.344.004.806.18List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:541" href="#fn:541"><sup>541</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:542" href="#fn:542"><sup>542</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:543" href="#fn:543"><sup>543</sup></a>323<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:544" href="#fn:544"><sup>544</sup></a>12317322327332337310020022329332337340050060070080090010001100120013001400</td><td>1.333E-18<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:545" href="#fn:545"><sup>545</sup></a> - 10−16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:546" href="#fn:546"><sup>546</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fused_quartz/avtX1fy3">Quartz, powdered</a></td><td> Kozak 19520.1840.2090.2300.259 Sinel'nikov 19580.02890.03350.03560.0410.04480.05150.06690.07530.08120.0837List: TPRC II pages 177-180<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:547" href="#fn:547"><sup>547</sup></a></td><td>373.2483.2588.2673.2313.2373.2473.2571.2617.2667.2713.2811.2863.2868.2</td><td></td><td>Kozak grain sizes ranged from 0.3 to 1 mm diameter and the density was 0.54 grams ⋅ cm−3. Kozak, M.I. Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., <i>22</i> (1), 73–6, 1952. By comparison Sinel'nikov powder is a powder in a vacuum, gran sizes range from 100 to 200 micrometers, the powder density is 1.35 g per cm−3. Sinel'nikov, N.N. and Filipovich, V.N., Soviet Phys. Tech., <i>3</i>, 193–6, 1958. The TPRC record is blurred up some on the Sinel'nikov vacuum which looks like it is probably 5 ⋅ 10−5 mmHg.<p>TPRC pages 177–180, Volume 2, curves 62 and 65, Reference numbers 326 and 327 respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:548" href="#fn:548"><sup>548</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fused_quartz/avtX1fy3">Quartz, slip-cast</a></td><td> First Run0.340.390.450.510.62 Second Run0.630.660.69List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:549" href="#fn:549"><sup>549</sup></a></td><td>5007009001100130090010001100</td><td></td><td>This material which must have started out like unfired pottery was slip cast from fused silica. Then it was dried four days at 333 K before being tested. It was 9 inches in diameter and 1 inch thick, density 1.78 ⋅ cm−3. The first run went to 1317K and then on the second run the same insulator proved to be more conductive. 1959.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:550" href="#fn:550"><sup>550</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Redwood/yKCmSFbw">Redwood bark</a></td><td> Whole: Density=0.0641 g cm−3 L0.02860.03070.03300.03560.03790.0407Shredded: Density=0.0625 g cm−3 L 0.0107List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:551" href="#fn:551"><sup>551</sup></a></td><td>222.2239.2255.5272.1288.8305.3318.7</td><td></td><td>Whole: Rowley, F. B., Jordan, R. C. and Lander, R. M., Refrig. Eng., 50, 541–4, 1945, TPRC pages 1084 & 1172.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:552" href="#fn:552"><sup>552</sup></a>Shredded: Wilkes, G. B., Refrig. Eng., 52, 37–42, 1946, TPRC pages 1084 & 1162.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:553" href="#fn:553"><sup>553</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rice_hulls/zhp9nNAq">Rice hulls (ash)</a></td><td>0.062<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:554" href="#fn:554"><sup>554</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rice_hulls/zhp9nNAq">Rice hulls (whole)</a></td><td>0.0359<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:555" href="#fn:555"><sup>555</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rock_(geology)/FXCJkmop">Rock, felsic igneous</a></td><td>Air in Pores, 5 MPa*<i>Solidity* = 1</i>20%v Quartz: 2.2140%v Quartz: 2.9760%v Quartz: 3.72<i>Solidity = 0.9</i>20%v Quartz: 1.8040%v Quartz: 2.4160%v Quartz: 3.02Water in Pores, 5 MPa<i>Solidity = 1</i>20%v Quartz: 2.8340%v Quartz: 4.1460%v Quartz: 5.46<i>Solidity = 0.9</i>20%v Quartz: 2.4140%v Quartz: 3.4760%v Quartz: 4.54List: Formula values (6), page 10, Robertson.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:556" href="#fn:556"><sup>556</sup></a></td><td>300</td><td></td><td>*5 MPa is 5 ⋅ 106 Pascals or 5 ⋅ 106 Newtons per meter2 or about fifty atmospheres pressure.*Solidity ≡ the ratio of the volume of solid to the bulk volume, or the ratio of bulk density to solid grain density dB/dG.Symbols: %v is percent by volume.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rock_(geology)/FXCJkmop">Rock, mafic igneous</a></td><td>Air in Pores, 5 MPa<i>Solidity = 1</i>0 %v OPA*: 1.505 %v OPA : 1.5810%v OPA: 1.6520%v OPA: 1.8030%v OPA: 1.95<i>Solidity = 0.9</i>0 %v OPA : 1.255 %v OPA : 1.3110%v OPA: 1.3720%v OPA: 1.4930%v OPA: 1.62Water in Pores, 5 MPa<i>Solidity = 1</i>0 %v OPA : 1.845 %v OPA : 1.9610%v OPA: 2.0920%v OPA: 2.3430%v OPA: 2.59<i>Solidity = 0.9</i>0 %v OPA : 1.635 %v OPA : 1.7310%v OPA: 1.8320%v OPA: 2.0430%v OPA: 2.24List: Formula values (6), page 10, Robertson.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:557" href="#fn:557"><sup>557</sup></a></td><td>300</td><td></td><td>*OPA is olivine, pyroxene and/or amphibole in any proportions.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rubber/CbsjJxhY">Rubber</a></td><td>CRC Rubber, 92%, nd0.16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:558" href="#fn:558"><sup>558</sup></a>Griffiths Natural Rubber 19230.134Hayes Synthetic Rubbers 1960<i>Thiokel ST</i>0.268<i>Kel-F 3700</i>0.1170.1130.1130.113<i>Carboxy Rubber, Firestone butaprene T</i>0.2550.2380.197List Griffiths and Hayes curves 11, 41, 43 & 56 in TPRC II pp 981–984<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:559" href="#fn:559"><sup>559</sup></a></td><td>303<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:560" href="#fn:560"><sup>560</sup></a>298.2310.9310.9422.1477.6533.2310.9422.1477.6</td><td>1×10^−13~<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:561" href="#fn:561"><sup>561</sup></a></td><td>The Listed Synthetic Rubbers and more of them in the data collection are credited to Hayes, R.A., Smith, F.M., Kidder, G.A., Henning, J.C., Rigby, J.D. and Hall, G.L., WADC TR 56-331 (Pt.4), 1–157, 1960 [AD 240 212].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:562" href="#fn:562"><sup>562</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sand/MdTIt0M8">Sand</a>, Hudson River</td><td>0.27List: Robertson page 58<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:563" href="#fn:563"><sup>563</sup></a></td><td>303.15</td><td></td><td>This sample has a density of 1.36 g/cm3.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sandstone/RP8B6fqL">Sandstone</a></td><td>1.83<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:564" href="#fn:564"><sup>564</sup></a> - 2.90<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:565" href="#fn:565"><sup>565</sup></a>2.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:566" href="#fn:566"><sup>566</sup></a> - 3.9<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:567" href="#fn:567"><sup>567</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td>~95-71%<a href="/facts/Silicon_dioxide/A3WILp6J">SiO2</a>~98-48%<a href="/facts/Silicon_dioxide/A3WILp6J">SiO2</a>, ~16-30% <a href="/facts/Effective_porosity/YP3kCW2F">Porosity</a></td></tr><tr><td>Silica <a href="/facts/Aerogel/cjhmCvSa">aerogel</a></td><td>0.003<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:568" href="#fn:568"><sup>568</sup></a> (carbon black9%~0.0042<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:569" href="#fn:569"><sup>569</sup></a>)-0.008<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:570" href="#fn:570"><sup>570</sup></a>-0.017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:571" href="#fn:571"><sup>571</sup></a>-0.02<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:572" href="#fn:572"><sup>572</sup></a>-0.03<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:573" href="#fn:573"><sup>573</sup></a></td><td>98<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:574" href="#fn:574"><sup>574</sup></a> - 298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:575" href="#fn:575"><sup>575</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:576" href="#fn:576"><sup>576</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Foam/kGrXWWcb">Foamed</a> <a href="/facts/Glass/hezRsAGf">glass</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Silver</a>, pure</td><td>406<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:577" href="#fn:577"><sup>577</sup></a>-407<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:578" href="#fn:578"><sup>578</sup></a>-418<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:579" href="#fn:579"><sup>579</sup></a>427<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:580" href="#fn:580"><sup>580</sup></a>-429<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:581" href="#fn:581"><sup>581</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:582" href="#fn:582"><sup>582</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:583" href="#fn:583"><sup>583</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:584" href="#fn:584"><sup>584</sup></a>-430<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:585" href="#fn:585"><sup>585</sup></a>1970s values:<i>TPRC</i>394078301720016800510019301050700550497471460450432430428427420413405397389382List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:586" href="#fn:586"><sup>586</sup></a>The Soviet Union429<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:587" href="#fn:587"><sup>587</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:588" href="#fn:588"><sup>588</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:589" href="#fn:589"><sup>589</sup></a>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:590" href="#fn:590"><sup>590</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:591" href="#fn:591"><sup>591</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:592" href="#fn:592"><sup>592</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:593" href="#fn:593"><sup>593</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:594" href="#fn:594"><sup>594</sup></a>125102030405060708090100150200273.2300400500600700800900273.15</td><td>61,350,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:595" href="#fn:595"><sup>595</sup></a> - 63,010,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:596" href="#fn:596"><sup>596</sup></a></td><td>Highest <i>electrical</i> conductivity of any metal<i>TPRC</i> recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure silver with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.000620 <i>μ</i>Ω⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 348 (1970).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:597" href="#fn:597"><sup>597</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sterling_silver/fa6mHoon">Silver, sterling</a></td><td>361<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:598" href="#fn:598"><sup>598</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Snow/HEFKcgIB">Snow</a>, dry</td><td>0.05<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:599" href="#fn:599"><sup>599</sup></a>-0.11<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:600" href="#fn:600"><sup>600</sup></a>-0.25<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:601" href="#fn:601"><sup>601</sup></a></td><td>273<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:602" href="#fn:602"><sup>602</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sodium_chloride/MWcXl3Mb">Sodium chloride</a></td><td>35.1 - 6.5 - 4.85<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:603" href="#fn:603"><sup>603</sup></a></td><td>80 - 289 - 400<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:604" href="#fn:604"><sup>604</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Soil/5Ddpr3QM">Soil</a>, dry with organic matter</td><td>0.15<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:605" href="#fn:605"><sup>605</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:606" href="#fn:606"><sup>606</sup></a>-1.15<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:607" href="#fn:607"><sup>607</sup></a>-2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:608" href="#fn:608"><sup>608</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:609" href="#fn:609"><sup>609</sup></a></td><td></td><td>composition may vary</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Soil/5Ddpr3QM">Soil</a>, saturated</td><td>0.6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:610" href="#fn:610"><sup>610</sup></a>-4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:611" href="#fn:611"><sup>611</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:612" href="#fn:612"><sup>612</sup></a></td><td></td><td>composition may vary</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Soils/5Ddpr3QM">Soils</a>, temperate</td><td> Andersland Soils<i>Sandy Soils</i><i>Dry Density</i>= 1200 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.90 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−140% Saturation: K= 1.05 60% Saturation: K= 1.15 80% Saturation: K= 1.20<i>Dry Density</i>= 1400 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 1.09 40% Saturation: K= 1.30 60% Saturation: K= 1.44 80% Saturation: K= 1.54<i>Dry Density</i>= 1600 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 1.29 40% Saturation: K= 1.58 60% Saturation: K= 1.76 80% Saturation: K= 1.88<i>Dry Density</i>= 1800 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 1.50 40% Saturation: K= 1.90 60% Saturation: K= 2.15 80% Saturation: K= 2.31<i>Silt and Clay Soils</i><i>Dry Density</i>= 1200 kg ⋅ meter−320% Saturation: K= 0.54 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−140% Saturation: K= 0.76 60% Saturation: K= 0.90 80% Saturation: K= 1.00<i>Dry Density</i>= 1400 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.59 40% Saturation: K= 0.86 60% Saturation: K= 1.04 80% Saturation: K= 1.15<i>Dry Density</i>= 1600 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.61 40% Saturation: K= 1.00 60% Saturation: K= 1.23 80% Saturation: K= 1.39<i>Dry Density</i>= 1800 kg ⋅ meter−320% Saturation: K= 0.65 40% Saturation: K= 1.08 60% Saturation: K= 1.39 80% Saturation: K= 1.62Charts: Andersland and Anderson in Farouki, figures 152 page 106 and 148 on page 104<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:613" href="#fn:613"><sup>613</sup></a>de Vries SoilsMineral; density 2.65 g cm−3: K = 2.93Organic; density 1.3 g cm−3: K = 0.251Soil, mineral, dry; density 1.50 g cm−3: K = 0.209Soil, mineral, saturated; density 1.93 g cm−3: K = 2.09Soil, organic, dry; density 0.13 g cm−3: K = 0.033Soil, organic, sat.; density 1.03 g cm−3: K = 0.502List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:614" href="#fn:614"><sup>614</sup></a>Higashi Soil With Water r*<i>Loose Packed</i>r = 0.0: K= 0.255 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1r = 0.2: K= 0.534r = 0.4: K= 0.883r = 0.6: K= 1.162<i>Close Packed</i>r = 0.0: K= 0.372r = 0.2: K= 0.697r = 0.4: K= 1.127r = 0.6: K= 1.627List: Higashi, Akira; Hokkaido University Library<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:615" href="#fn:615"><sup>615</sup></a>Kersten Soils<i>Silt-Clay Soils</i>1.28 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry50% Saturation: K = 0.89 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1100% Saturation: K = 1.11.44 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry50% Saturation: K = 1.0100% Saturation: K = 1.31.60 grams ⋅ cm−3dry50% Saturation: K = 1.2100% Saturation: K = 1.5<i>Sandy Soil</i>1.60 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry50% Saturation: K = 1.7 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1100% Saturation: K = 2.0List: Kersten in Farouki, figures 146 & 150, pp. 103 & 105<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:616" href="#fn:616"><sup>616</sup></a></td><td>293.2277.59</td><td></td><td>The cited Andersland Charts include corresponding water content percentages for easy measurements.The TPRC Data Book has been quoting de Vries with values of 0.0251 and 0.0109 W⋅cm−3⋅Kelvin−1 for the thermal conductivities of organic and dry mineral soils respectively but the original article is free at the website of their cited journal. Errors: TPRC Volume 2 pages 847 and 1159.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:617" href="#fn:617"><sup>617</sup></a> Journal archives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:618" href="#fn:618"><sup>618</sup></a>Also some de Vries authorities include John Webb, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" November 1956, <i>Nature</i> Volume 178, pages 1074–1075, and M.W. Makowski, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" April 1957, <i>Nature</i> Volume 179, pages 778-779 and more recent notables include Nan Zhang Phd and Zhaoyu Wang PhD "Review of soil thermal conductivity and predictive models" July 2017, <i>International Journal of Thermal Sciences</i> Volume 117 pages 172–183.<ul><li>r ≡ The ratio of the water mass to the dried soil mass. Higashi Soil.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Soils/5Ddpr3QM">Soils</a>, frozen, below saturation</td><td>Higashi Soils <i>Soil A, Black cultivated, 0 — 10 cm deep</i>Dry: K = 0.488 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1Saturated: K = 3.151<i>Soil B, Brown subsoil, 25 — 30 cm deep</i>Dry: K = 0.232Saturated: K = 2.604<i>Soil C, Yellow brown subsoil, 50 — 60 cm deep</i>Dry: K = 0.290Saturated: K = 2.279List: Higashi, Hokkaido University Library<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:619" href="#fn:619"><sup>619</sup></a>Kersten Soils<i>Sandy Soil</i>1.60 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry50% Saturation: K = 1.7 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1100% Saturation: K > 3.17List: Kersten in Farouki, figure 151 page 105.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:620" href="#fn:620"><sup>620</sup></a></td><td>268.15 ± 2K269.26</td><td></td><td><i>Higashi anomalies:</i> The very high c values that are labeled as thermal conductivities in table III on page 100 would roughly fit the thesis of the paper if they came with lower orders of magnitude. The way that the dry soils get a lot lighter between Table I on page 99 and table IV on pages 102-3 is eventually explained by the fact that Table I has pycnometer densities.<p>For those who may already see reasons to learn more about the thermal conductivities of the soils it is free from the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. The whole thing is on the Farouki reference footnote<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:621" href="#fn:621"><sup>621</sup></a> and it comes with graphs and with formulas.</p><p>To make it easier a lb/ft3 is about 0.01601846 grams/cm3 and a Btu in./ft2 hr °F is about 0.14413139 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1.</p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Soils/5Ddpr3QM">Soils</a>, frozen, above saturation</td><td>Higashi Soils<i>Soil A</i>r* = 0.7: K = 3.953 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1<i>Soil B</i>r = 0.8: K = 3.348List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:622" href="#fn:622"><sup>622</sup></a></td><td>268.15 ± 2K</td><td></td><td>In this sample of two there is one very dirty kind of ice that conducts heat at nearly twice the rate of plain ice. *r ≡ The ratio of the water mass to the dried mass.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Solder/GBvJH75t">Solder</a>, <a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">Sn</a>/63% <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">Pb</a>/37%</td><td>50<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:623" href="#fn:623"><sup>623</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lead-free_solder/GBvJH75t">Lead-free solder</a>, <a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">Sn</a>/95.6% <a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Ag</a>/3.5% <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Cu</a>/0.9%, <a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">Sn</a>/95.5% <a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Ag</a>/3.8% <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Cu</a>/0.7% (SAC)</td><td>~60<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:624" href="#fn:624"><sup>624</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Carbon_steel/QGYURvFA">Steel, carbon</a></td><td>36<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:625" href="#fn:625"><sup>625</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:626" href="#fn:626"><sup>626</sup></a>-43<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:627" href="#fn:627"><sup>627</sup></a> 50.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:628" href="#fn:628"><sup>628</sup></a>-54<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:629" href="#fn:629"><sup>629</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:630" href="#fn:630"><sup>630</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:631" href="#fn:631"><sup>631</sup></a>Intermediate British Steels, 1933<i>CS 81: 0.1% C, 0.34% Mn</i>67.466.164.9<i>CS 91: 0.26% C, 0.61% Mn</i>56.155.254.4<i>CS 92: 0.44% C, 0.67% Mn</i>54.052.751.9List: Naeser, G. in TPRC I pp 1186–90, curves 81, 91 and 92<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:632" href="#fn:632"><sup>632</sup></a>Tool Steel, 1.41% C, 0.23% Mn, 0.158% Si L<i>Water Quenched</i>30.531.031.8<i>Tempered at 150°C and air cooled</i>32.232.232.8<i>Tempered at 200°C and air cooled</i>33.133.933.5<i>Tempered at 250°C and air cooled</i>36.836.437.2<i>Tempered at 300°C and air cooled</i>37.738.538.1<i>Tempered at 350°C and air cooled</i>38.138.538.9List: Hattori, D., J. Iron Steel Inst. (London) 129 (1), 189–306, 1934 in TPRC I pp 1115–1120 curves 61-66<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:633" href="#fn:633"><sup>633</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:634" href="#fn:634"><sup>634</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:635" href="#fn:635"><sup>635</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:636" href="#fn:636"><sup>636</sup></a>373.2473.2573.2373.2473.2573.2373.2473.2573.2355.70374.20390.20360.70376.70389.70366.20401.70427.20364.20395.70424.70365.70393.20427.20369.20390.70432.20</td><td></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Fe</a>+(1.5-0.5)%<a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">C</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">Steel, stainless</a></td><td>16.3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:637" href="#fn:637"><sup>637</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:638" href="#fn:638"><sup>638</sup></a>-16.7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:639" href="#fn:639"><sup>639</sup></a>-18<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:640" href="#fn:640"><sup>640</sup></a>-24<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:641" href="#fn:641"><sup>641</sup></a></td><td>296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:642" href="#fn:642"><sup>642</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:643" href="#fn:643"><sup>643</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:644" href="#fn:644"><sup>644</sup></a></td><td>1,176,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:645" href="#fn:645"><sup>645</sup></a> - 1,786,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:646" href="#fn:646"><sup>646</sup></a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">Fe</a>, <a href="/facts/Chromium/6sVk6Uu7">Cr</a>12.5-25%, <a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">Ni</a>0-20%, <a href="/facts/Molybdenum/RX6vp2bF">Mo</a>0-3%, <a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">Ti</a>0-trace)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Styrofoam/ULtGBPUN">Styrofoam-expanded polystyrene</a></td><td> Dow Chemical 0.033-0.036<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:647" href="#fn:647"><sup>647</sup></a>K. T. Yucel et al. 0.036-0.046<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:648" href="#fn:648"><sup>648</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Syenite/SetBxRcB">Syenite</a></td><td>2.18List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 58<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:649" href="#fn:649"><sup>649</sup></a></td><td>300</td><td></td><td>This summary came from one sample in 1940.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Thermal_grease/QneaXV33">Thermal grease</a></td><td>0.4 - 3.0 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermal tape</td><td>0.60<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:650" href="#fn:650"><sup>650</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Thorium_dioxide/wboPx2It">Thorium dioxide</a></td><td> 3.683.122.842.662.54List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:651" href="#fn:651"><sup>651</sup></a></td><td>10001200140016001800</td><td></td><td>Recommended values, TPRC, Polycrystaline, 99.5% pure, 98% dense, page 198<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:652" href="#fn:652"><sup>652</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">Tin</a></td><td> TPRC20400 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 14200 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 18300 P*36000 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 25000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 32300 P33100 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 23000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 29700 P20200 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 14000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 18100 P13000 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 9000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (11700) P8500 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 5900 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (7600) P5800 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 4000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (5200) P4000 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 2800 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (3600) P2900 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 2010 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (2600) P2150 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 1490 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (1930) P1650 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 1140 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (1480) P1290 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 900 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (1160) P1040 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 20 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (930) P850 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 590 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (760) P700 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 490 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (630) P590 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 410 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (530) P450 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 310 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (400) P360 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 250 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (320) P250 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 172 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (222) P200 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 136* ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (176) P167 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 116 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (150) P(150) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (104) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (133) P(137) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (95) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (123) P(128) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (89) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (115) P(107) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (74) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (96) P(98.0) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (68.0) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (88.0) P(95.0) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (66.0) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (85.0) P(86.7) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (60.2) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (77.9) P(81.6) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (56.7) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (73.3) P(75.9) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (52.7) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 68.2 P(74.2) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (51.5) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 66.6 P69.3 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 48.1 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 62.2 P66.4 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 46.1 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 59.6 PList<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:653" href="#fn:653"><sup>653</sup></a>The Soviet Union68.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:654" href="#fn:654"><sup>654</sup></a></td><td>1234567891011121314151618202530354045507090100150200273.2300400500273.15</td><td></td><td>*The P Conductivity is the conductivity of polycrystalline Tin.TPRC Tin is well annealed 99.999+% pure white tin with residual electrical resistivity ρ0=0.000120, 0.0001272 & 0.000133 <i>μ</i>Ω cm respectively for the single crystal along directions perpendicular ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } and parallel ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis and for polycrystalline tin P. The recommended values are thought to be accurate to within 3% near room temperature and 3 to [unintelligible] at other temperatures. Values in parentheses are extrapolated, interpolated, or estimated.*It happens that the online record has the thermal conductivity at 30 Kelvins and ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis posted at 1.36 W⋅cm−1 K−1 and 78.0 Btu hr−1 ft−1 F−1 which is incorrect. Also the copy is blurred up enough to give you the impression that maybe what it really means is 1.36 W−1 cm−1 K−1 and 78.6 Btu hr−1 ft−1 F−1 and a type-head that got overdue for its cleaning since the secretary had a tall heap of papers on her desk and if that is the case then the multilingual expression is perfectly consistent. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, page 408.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:655" href="#fn:655"><sup>655</sup></a>This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 3.722 Kelvins. Weast page E-75.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:656" href="#fn:656"><sup>656</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">Titanium</a>, pure</td><td>15.6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:657" href="#fn:657"><sup>657</sup></a>-19.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:658" href="#fn:658"><sup>658</sup></a>-21.9<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:659" href="#fn:659"><sup>659</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:660" href="#fn:660"><sup>660</sup></a>-22.5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:661" href="#fn:661"><sup>661</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:662" href="#fn:662"><sup>662</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:663" href="#fn:663"><sup>663</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:664" href="#fn:664"><sup>664</sup></a></td><td>1,852,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:665" href="#fn:665"><sup>665</sup></a> - 2,381,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:666" href="#fn:666"><sup>666</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">Titanium</a> <a href="/facts/Alloy/I7w7WQWR">alloy</a></td><td>5.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:667" href="#fn:667"><sup>667</sup></a></td><td>296<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:668" href="#fn:668"><sup>668</sup></a></td><td>595,200<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:669" href="#fn:669"><sup>669</sup></a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">Ti</a>+6%<a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Al</a>+4%<a href="/facts/Vanadium/UvKkKTSm">V</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">Tungsten</a>, pure</td><td>173 14409710208173<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:670" href="#fn:670"><sup>670</sup></a>11898<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:671" href="#fn:671"><sup>671</sup></a></td><td>110100293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:672" href="#fn:672"><sup>672</sup></a>10002000</td><td>18,940,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:673" href="#fn:673"><sup>673</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wallboard/hR6CWcVT">Wallboard (1929)</a></td><td> 0.06400.05810.0633List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:674" href="#fn:674"><sup>674</sup></a></td><td>322.8</td><td></td><td>Stiles, H., Chem. Met. Eng.,36, 625–6, 1929, TPRC Volume 2 pages 1131 and 1172. This is commercial wallboard in three samples of it at the same mean temperature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:675" href="#fn:675"><sup>675</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">Water</a></td><td>0.563<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:676" href="#fn:676"><sup>676</sup></a>-0.596<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:677" href="#fn:677"><sup>677</sup></a>-0.6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:678" href="#fn:678"><sup>678</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:679" href="#fn:679"><sup>679</sup></a>-0.609<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:680" href="#fn:680"><sup>680</sup></a><a href="/facts/Deionized_water/r0mpReV1">Deionized ultra-filtered water</a>0.598<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:681" href="#fn:681"><sup>681</sup></a>TPRC0.5225*0.5551*0.58180.59180.60840.62330.63670.64850.65870.66730.67970.68640.67270.63480.5708List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:682" href="#fn:682"><sup>682</sup></a>The Soviet Union0.599<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:683" href="#fn:683"><sup>683</sup></a></td><td>273<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:684" href="#fn:684"><sup>684</sup></a>-293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:685" href="#fn:685"><sup>685</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:686" href="#fn:686"><sup>686</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:687" href="#fn:687"><sup>687</sup></a>-300<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:688" href="#fn:688"><sup>688</sup></a>293.15250270280290300310320330340350370400450500550293.15</td><td>5×<a href="/facts/Deionized_water/r0mpReV1">Pure</a>10−6<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:689" href="#fn:689"><sup>689</sup></a>-<a href="/facts/Drinking_water/FmSJcKGG">Sweet</a>10−3±1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:690" href="#fn:690"><sup>690</sup></a>-<a href="/facts/Sea_water/fRBJjbws">Sea</a>1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:691" href="#fn:691"><sup>691</sup></a></td><td><4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:692" href="#fn:692"><sup>692</sup></a>%<a href="/facts/Sodium_chloride/MWcXl3Mb">(NaCl</a>+<a href="/facts/Magnesium_chloride/uk1f69LG">MgCl2</a>+<a href="/facts/Calcium_chloride/e1EwNPGF">CaCl2)</a>*The TPRC Estimates for water at 250K and 270K are for supercooled liquid. Of course the values for 400K and above are for water under steam pressure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:693" href="#fn:693"><sup>693</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Water_vapor/DX5IUFG0">Water vapor</a></td><td>0.016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:694" href="#fn:694"><sup>694</sup></a>-0.02479 (101.3 kPa)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:695" href="#fn:695"><sup>695</sup></a>0.0471 (1 bar)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:696" href="#fn:696"><sup>696</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:697" href="#fn:697"><sup>697</sup></a>-398<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:698" href="#fn:698"><sup>698</sup></a>600<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:699" href="#fn:699"><sup>699</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wood/z13NpHPl">Wood</a>, moist</td><td>+>=12% water: 0.09091<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:700" href="#fn:700"><sup>700</sup></a>-0.16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:701" href="#fn:701"><sup>701</sup></a>-0.21<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:702" href="#fn:702"><sup>702</sup></a>-0.4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:703" href="#fn:703"><sup>703</sup></a>The Royal Society:Fir L<i>Specific gravity=0.6</i>15% moisture⊥ to the grain U*: 0.117Mahogany L<i>Specific gravity=0.70</i>15% m & ⊥ to the grain R*: 0.16715% m & ⊥ to the grain T*: 0.15515% m & ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the grain: 0.310Oak L<i>Specific gravity=0.60</i>14% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.117Spruce: L<i>Electric Oven</i>3.40% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.1225.80% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.1267.70% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.1299.95% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.13317.0% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.142<i>Specific gravity=0.041</i>16% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.12116% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.10516% m & ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the grain: 0.222Teak L<i>Specific gravity=0.72</i>10% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.138Walnut L<i>Specific gravity=0.65</i>12.1% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.14511.3% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.13611.8% m & ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the grain: 0.332List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:704" href="#fn:704"><sup>704</sup></a></td><td>298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:705" href="#fn:705"><sup>705</sup></a>-293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:706" href="#fn:706"><sup>706</sup></a>293.2293.2293.2293.2293.2373.2373.2373.2373.2373.2293.2293.2293.2293.2293.2293.2293.2</td><td></td><td>Species-Variable<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:707" href="#fn:707"><sup>707</sup></a>The Royal Society: Griffiths, E. and Kaye, G. W. C., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A104, 71–98, 1923, TPRC Volume 2, pages 1073, 1080, 1082, 1086 and 1162.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:708" href="#fn:708"><sup>708</sup></a>*The R conductivity is the thermal conductivity radial to the annual rings, T is tangential to those rings and U is unspecified. Mahogany: page 1080, Oak: page 1082, Spruce: page 1086, Teak: page 1087, Walnut: page 1089.<p>Method: Longitudinal Heat Flow, TPRC 1, page 24a.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:709" href="#fn:709"><sup>709</sup></a></p><p>Note: all the percentages refer to moisture. The Fir was measured at 15%, Mahogany, 15%, Oak, 14%, Spruce, 3.40%, 5.80%, 7.70%, 9.95%, 17.0% and 16%. Teak was measured at 10% and Walnut was measured at 12.1%, 11.3% and 11.8% moisture.</p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wood/z13NpHPl">Wood</a>, unspecified</td><td>0.04<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:710" href="#fn:710"><sup>710</sup></a>-0.055<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:711" href="#fn:711"><sup>711</sup></a>-0.07692<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:712" href="#fn:712"><sup>712</sup></a>-0.12<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:713" href="#fn:713"><sup>713</sup></a>-0.17<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:714" href="#fn:714"><sup>714</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:715" href="#fn:715"><sup>715</sup></a>The Royal Society<i>Walnut</i> L⊥ to the grain & tangent to the annual rings, various pressures and thicknesses all 0.137 ± 0.001 twelve times over. Griffiths, E. and Kaye, G. W. C., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A104, 71–98, 1923 in TPRC 2 page 1089.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:716" href="#fn:716"><sup>716</sup></a>VariousPine, see Pine.Redwood Bark, see Redwood Bark.</td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:717" href="#fn:717"><sup>717</sup></a>-298<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:718" href="#fn:718"><sup>718</sup></a>293.2</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Balsa/TnCvlbg0">Balsa</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:719" href="#fn:719"><sup>719</sup></a>-<a href="/facts/Cedar_wood/5F3u2hAe">Cedar</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:720" href="#fn:720"><sup>720</sup></a>-<a href="/facts/Hickory/wSpADscb">Hickory</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:721" href="#fn:721"><sup>721</sup></a>/<a href="/facts/Oak/1NJJzkzB">Oak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:722" href="#fn:722"><sup>722</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Angora_wool/kf4uoI7k">Wool</a>, Angora wool</td><td>0.0464<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:723" href="#fn:723"><sup>723</sup></a></td><td>293.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:724" href="#fn:724"><sup>724</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Bettini, T. M., Ric. Sci. 20 (4), 464–6, 1950, TPRC pages 1092 and 1172<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:725" href="#fn:725"><sup>725</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wool/AENKRTYl">Wool felt</a></td><td>0.0623<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:726" href="#fn:726"><sup>726</sup></a>0.0732<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:727" href="#fn:727"><sup>727</sup></a></td><td>313.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:728" href="#fn:728"><sup>728</sup></a>343.2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:729" href="#fn:729"><sup>729</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Taylor, T. S., Mech. Eng., 42, 8–10, 1920, TPRC pages 1133 and 1161.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:730" href="#fn:730"><sup>730</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zinc</a>, pure</td><td>116<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:731" href="#fn:731"><sup>731</sup></a></td><td>293<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:732" href="#fn:732"><sup>732</sup></a></td><td>16,950,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:733" href="#fn:733"><sup>733</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zinc_oxide/P7sTyDez">Zinc oxide</a></td><td>21<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:734" href="#fn:734"><sup>734</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zirconia/d2RN7wGQ">Zirconium dioxide</a></td><td> Slip Cast, first run (1950) 2.031.981.961.911.911.90Second Run (1950) 1.811.801.921.901.951.921.971.982.042.29CaO stabilized (1964) 1.541.641.641.761.621.791.802.462.332.802.562.70List<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:735" href="#fn:735"><sup>735</sup></a></td><td>766.2899.21006.21090.21171.21233.2386.2470.2553.2632.2734.2839.2961.21076.21163.21203.21343.21513.21593.21663.21743.22003.22103.22323.22413.22413.22493.22523.2</td><td></td><td>First Run: Density=5.35 g cm−3. Norton, F. H., Kingery, W. D., Fellows, D. M., Adams, M., McQuarrie, M. C. and Coble, R. L. USAEC Rept. NYO-596, 1–9, 1950, TPRC pages 247 and 1160<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:736" href="#fn:736"><sup>736</sup></a>Second Run: Same Specimen, same USAEC Report.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:737" href="#fn:737"><sup>737</sup></a>CaO stabilized: Density=4.046 g cm−3 (66.3% of theoretical). Feith, A. D., Gen. Elec. Co., Adv. Tech. Service, USAEC Rept. GEMP-296, 1-25, 1964, TPRC pages 247 and 1165.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:738" href="#fn:738"><sup>738</sup></a><p>Some recent developments include Zirconia fibrous thermal insulation for temperatures up to about 2000 Kelvins. Various conductivities less than 0.4 w m−1 K−1. Zircar Zirconia, Inc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:739" href="#fn:739"><sup>739</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:740" href="#fn:740"><sup>740</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><th>Material</th><th>Thermal conductivity [<a href="/facts/Watt/VK8oqRrm">W</a>·<a href="/facts/Metre/hPhzc1CV">m</a>−1·<a href="/facts/Kelvin/E3trzC4C">K</a>−1]</th><th><a href="/facts/Temperature/QyGe4gmj">Temperature</a> [K]</th><th><a href="/facts/Electrical_conductivity/akyCKvMy">Electrical conductivity</a> @ 293 K [<a href="/facts/Ohm/QNVrlGjw">Ω</a>−1·m−1]</th><th>Notes</th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Laser_flash_analysis/teH4eloG">Laser flash analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_insulation_materials/bG3jYnX7">List of insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/R-value_(insulation)/vevLBEKw">R-value (insulation)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermal_transmittance/vEcFdnx1">Thermal transmittance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Specific_heat_capacity/9P0U6YgI">Specific heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermal_conductivity/qWnSG3nQ">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)/KfytFdfs">Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermal_diffusivity/dRa1aeHY">Thermal diffusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermodynamics/q4hIx3yP">Thermodynamics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>David R. Lide, ed. (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2qJId5TKOkC"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a> (84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8493-0484-2.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatcond.html#c1">Heat Conduction Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-calculator-d_857.html">Thermal Conductivity Online Converter - An online thermal conductivity calculator</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2006/08/thermal-conductivity-of-solders/">Thermal Conductivities of Solders</a></li> <li>Thermal conductivity of air as a function of temperature can be found at <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306020819/http://users.wpi.edu/~ierardi/PDF/air_k_plot.PDF">James Ierardi's Fire Protection Engineering Site</a></li> <li>Non-Metallic Solids: The thermal conductivities of non-metallic solids are found in about 1286 pages in the TPRC Data Series volume 2 at the PDF link here (Identifier ADA951936): <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA951936">http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA951936</a> with full text link <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> retrieved February 2, 2019 at 10:15 PM EST.</li> <li>Gasses and Liquids: The thermal conductivities of gasses and liquids are found in the TPRC Data Series volume 3 at the PDF link here (Identifier ADA951937): <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA951937">http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA951937</a> with full text link <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf</a> retrieved February 2, 2019 at 10:19 PM EST.</li> <li>Metals and Alloys: The thermal conductivities of metals are found in about 1595 pages in the TPRC Data Series volume 1 at the PDF link here: <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA951935">http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA951935</a> with full text link <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> retrieved February 2, 2019 at 10:20 PM EST.</li> <li>Specific Heat and Thermal Radiation: Primary sources are found in the TPRC data series volumes 4 — 9, links: <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951938.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951938.pdf</a>, <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951939.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951939.pdf</a>, <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951940.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951940.pdf</a>, <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951941.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951941.pdf</a>, <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951942.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951942.pdf</a> and <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951943.pdf">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951943.pdf</a> retrieved at various times February 2 and 3, 2019.</li> <li>Vacuums: Vacuums and various levels of vacuums and the thermal conductivities of air at reduced pressures are known at <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2002/11/the-thermal-conductivity-of-air-at-reduced-pressures-and-length-scales/">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2002/11/the-thermal-conductivity-of-air-at-reduced-pressures-and-length-scales/</a> retrieved February 2, 2019 at 10:44 PM EST.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Metals, Metallic Elements and Alloys - Thermal Conductivities". 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AZO Materials. <a href="https://www.azom.com/properties.aspx?ArticleID=263" target="_blank">https://www.azom.com/properties.aspx?ArticleID=263</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Kang, Joon Sang; Li, Man; Wu, Huan; Nguyen, Huuduy; Hu, Yongjie (2018). "Experimental observation of high thermal conductivity in boron arsenide". Science. 361 (6402): 575–578. Bibcode:2018Sci...361..575K. doi:10.1126/science.aat5522. PMID 29976798. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat5522" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat5522</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Leichtfried, G.; et al. (2002). "13.5 Properties of diamond and cubic boron nitride". In P. Beiss; et al. (eds.). Landolt-Börnstein – Group VIII Advanced Materials and Technologies: Powder Metallurgy Data. Refractory, Hard and Intermetallic Materials. Landolt-Börnstein - Group VIII Advanced Materials and Technologies. Vol. 2A2. Berlin: Springer. pp. 118–139. doi:10.1007/b83029. ISBN 978-3-540-42961-6. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Copper - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Copper.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Copper.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"DuPont Kapton HN Polyimide Film" (PDF). dupont.com. 30 July 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2025. <a href="https://www.dupont.com/content/dam/electronics/amer/us/en/electronics/public/documents/en/EI-10206-Kapton-HN-Data-Sheet.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.dupont.com/content/dam/electronics/amer/us/en/electronics/public/documents/en/EI-10206-Kapton-HN-Data-Sheet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Apart from maybe Neptunium (6.3 W/(m⋅K)) and Plutonium (6.74 W/(m⋅K)). <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" target="_blank">/wiki/Neptunium</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Marble Institute of America (2 values are usually given: the highest and lowest test scores) <a href="http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Thermal Insulation Properties of Expanded Polystyrene as Construction and Insulating Materials" (PDF). Demirel University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2015. 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"Thermal and electrical properties of silicon nitride substrates". AIP Advances. 7 (9). Bibcode:2017AIPA....7i5022D. doi:10.1063/1.4996314. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4996314" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4996314</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Zhou, You; Hyuga, Hideki; Kusano, Dai; Yoshizawa, Yu-ichi; Ohji, Tatsuki; Hirao, Kiyoshi (2015). "Development of high-thermal-conductivity silicon nitride ceramics". Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 3 (3): 221–229. doi:10.1016/j.jascer.2015.03.003. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jascer.2015.03.003" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jascer.2015.03.003</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. 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(most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"Air - Thermophysical Properties". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-properties-d_156.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-properties-d_156.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Thermal conductivity of gases", CRC Handbook, p. 6–195. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"Thermal conductivity of gases", CRC Handbook, p. 6–195. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Weast, Robert C., Editor-in chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 48th Edition, 1967-1968, Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1967 <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Lasance, Clemens J., "The Thermal Conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales," Electronics Cooling, November 2002, http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2002/11/the-thermal-conductivity-of-air-at-reduced-pressures-and-length-scales/ Retrieved 05:20, 10 April 2016 (UTC). <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2002/11/the-thermal-conductivity-of-air-at-reduced-pressures-and-length-scales/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2002/11/the-thermal-conductivity-of-air-at-reduced-pressures-and-length-scales/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. 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Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>LLC., Engineers Edge. 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Retrieved 4 March 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20130102114434/http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/packaging-article-display/231839/articles/advanced-packaging/volume-14/issue-7/features/cover-story/thermal-conductivity-in-advanced-chips.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130102114434/http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/packaging-article-display/231839/articles/advanced-packaging/volume-14/issue-7/features/cover-story/thermal-conductivity-in-advanced-chips.html</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html [dead link] <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html [dead link] <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html [dead link] <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html [dead link] <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Alumina - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Alumina.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Alumina.html</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Alumina - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Alumina.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Alumina.html</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>Greg Becker; Chris Lee & Zuchen Lin (July 2005). "Thermal conductivity in advanced chips — Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages". Advanced Packaging: 2–4. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20130102114434/http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/packaging-article-display/231839/articles/advanced-packaging/volume-14/issue-7/features/cover-story/thermal-conductivity-in-advanced-chips.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130102114434/http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/packaging-article-display/231839/articles/advanced-packaging/volume-14/issue-7/features/cover-story/thermal-conductivity-in-advanced-chips.html</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Alumina (Al2O3) - Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical and Chemical Properties - Supplier Data by Ceramaret Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=3382#_Thermal_Properties" target="_blank">http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=3382#_Thermal_Properties</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>R.W.Powell, C.Y.Ho and P.E.Liley, Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS-NBS 8, Issued 25 November 1966, pages 73-83>Link Text <a href="https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. 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"Alumina - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Alumina.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Alumina.html</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>Alumina (Al2O3) - Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical and Chemical Properties - Supplier Data by Ceramaret Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=3382#_Thermal_Properties" target="_blank">http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=3382#_Thermal_Properties</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Alumina - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Alumina.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Alumina.html</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>Alumina (Al2O3) - Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical and Chemical Properties - Supplier Data by Ceramaret Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=3382#_Thermal_Properties" target="_blank">http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=3382#_Thermal_Properties</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>R.W.Powell, C.Y.Ho and P.E.Liley, Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS-NBS 8, Issued 25 November 1966, pages 73-83>Link Text <a href="https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. 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"Copper - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Copper.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Copper.html</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:249"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:250"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:251"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:252"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:253"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Copper - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Copper.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Copper.html</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:254"><p>Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:255"><p>Serway, Raymond, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Saunders College Publishing, 1983, page 496. <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:256"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:257"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:258"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:259"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:260"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:261"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:262"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:263"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:264"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:265"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:266"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:267"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:268"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:269"><p>Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references" target="_blank">/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references</a> <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:270"><p>Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F.; Fleischer, J. F.; Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Pryor, R. W. (27 December 1989). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically enriched 12C diamond". Physical Review B. 42 (2): 1104–1111. Bibcode:1990PhRvB..42.1104A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.42.1104. PMID 9995514. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:271"><p>Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F.; Fleischer, J. F.; Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Pryor, R. W. (27 December 1989). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically enriched 12C diamond". Physical Review B. 42 (2): 1104–1111. Bibcode:1990PhRvB..42.1104A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.42.1104. PMID 9995514. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:272"><p>Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references" target="_blank">/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:273"><p>Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F.; Fleischer, J. F.; Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Pryor, R. W. (27 December 1989). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically enriched 12C diamond". Physical Review B. 42 (2): 1104–1111. Bibcode:1990PhRvB..42.1104A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.42.1104. PMID 9995514. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:274"><p>"Carbon Nanotubes: Thermal Properties" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081011/http://hone.mech.columbia.edu/pdf/hone_thermal_ency_nano.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081011/http://hone.mech.columbia.edu/pdf/hone_thermal_ency_nano.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:275"><p>Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F. (16 February 1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond". Physical Review Letters. 70 (24): 3764–3767. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..70.3764W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764. PMID 10053956. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:276"><p>Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F. (16 February 1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond". Physical Review Letters. 70 (24): 3764–3767. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..70.3764W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764. PMID 10053956. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:277"><p>Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F.; Fleischer, J. F.; Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Pryor, R. W. (27 December 1989). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically enriched 12C diamond". Physical Review B. 42 (2): 1104–1111. Bibcode:1990PhRvB..42.1104A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.42.1104. PMID 9995514. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:278"><p>"Carbon Nanotubes: Thermal Properties" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081011/http://hone.mech.columbia.edu/pdf/hone_thermal_ency_nano.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081011/http://hone.mech.columbia.edu/pdf/hone_thermal_ency_nano.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:279"><p>Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F. (16 February 1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond". Physical Review Letters. 70 (24): 3764–3767. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..70.3764W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764. PMID 10053956. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:280"><p>Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F. (16 February 1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond". Physical Review Letters. 70 (24): 3764–3767. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..70.3764W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764. PMID 10053956. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:281"><p>Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references" target="_blank">/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:282"><p>Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references" target="_blank">/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:283"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. 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Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:295"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:296"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Polystyrene - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polystyrene.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polystyrene.html</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:297"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Polystyrene - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polystyrene.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polystyrene.html</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:298"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:299"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:300"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:300" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:301"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Polystyrene - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polystyrene.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polystyrene.html</a> <a href="#fnref:301" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:302"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Polystyrene - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polystyrene.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polystyrene.html</a> <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:303"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:303" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:304"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:304" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:305"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:305" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:306"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:306" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:307"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:307" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:308"><p>Robertson, Eugene C., Thermal Properties of Rocks, United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Open-File Report 88-441, 1988 at https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf Retrieved January 24, 2019 at 12:08 AM EST <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf" target="_blank">https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:308" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:309"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:309" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:310"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:310" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:311"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:312"><p>Yarwood and CastlePhysical and Mathematical Tables 3rd edition, Glasgow UK: The University Press 1970 <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:313"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:313" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:314"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:314" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:315"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:315" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:316"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:316" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:317"><p>Greg Becker; Chris Lee & Zuchen Lin (July 2005). "Thermal conductivity in advanced chips — Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages". Advanced Packaging: 2–4. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20130102114434/http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/packaging-article-display/231839/articles/advanced-packaging/volume-14/issue-7/features/cover-story/thermal-conductivity-in-advanced-chips.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130102114434/http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/packaging-article-display/231839/articles/advanced-packaging/volume-14/issue-7/features/cover-story/thermal-conductivity-in-advanced-chips.html</a> <a href="#fnref:317" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:318"><p>"Silica - Goodfellow, online source, sources, small quantity, quantities". Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081116100234/http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silica.HTML" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081116100234/http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silica.HTML</a> <a href="#fnref:318" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:319"><p>"Silica - Goodfellow, online source, sources, small quantity, quantities". Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081116100234/http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silica.HTML" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081116100234/http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silica.HTML</a> <a href="#fnref:319" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:320"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:321"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:322"><p>[R.W.Powell, C.Y.Ho and P.E.Liley, Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS-NBS 8, 25 November 1966, pp. 67, 68, and 89. https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf Link text] <a href="https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:323"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:324"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:325"><p>"Silica - Goodfellow, online source, sources, small quantity, quantities". Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081116100234/http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silica.HTML" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081116100234/http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silica.HTML</a> <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:326"><p>Serway, Raymond A. (1998). Principles of Physics (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, Texas; London: Saunders College Pub. p. 602. ISBN 978-0-03-020457-9. <a href="978-0-03-020457-9" target="_blank">978-0-03-020457-9</a> <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:327"><p>Griffiths, David (1999) [1981]. "7. Electrodynamics". In Alison Reeves (ed.). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-13-805326-0. OCLC 40251748. <a href="978-0-13-805326-0" target="_blank">978-0-13-805326-0</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:328"><p>"Silica - Goodfellow, online source, sources, small quantity, quantities". Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081116100234/http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silica.HTML" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081116100234/http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silica.HTML</a> <a href="#fnref:328" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:329"><p>Serway, Raymond A. (1998). Principles of Physics (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, Texas; London: Saunders College Pub. p. 602. ISBN 978-0-03-020457-9. <a href="978-0-03-020457-9" target="_blank">978-0-03-020457-9</a> <a href="#fnref:329" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:330"><p>Griffiths, David (1999) [1981]. "7. Electrodynamics". In Alison Reeves (ed.). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-13-805326-0. OCLC 40251748. <a href="978-0-13-805326-0" target="_blank">978-0-13-805326-0</a> <a href="#fnref:330" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:331"><p>[R.W.Powell, C.Y.Ho and P.E.Liley, Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS-NBS 8, 25 November 1966, pp. 67, 68, and 89. https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf Link text] <a href="https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:331" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:332"><p>T.M.Yarwood & F. Castle, Physical and Mathematical Tables, Glasgow: The University Press, 1970 page 38. <a href="#fnref:332" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:333"><p>"Thermophysical Properties Research Center Data Series Volume 5" at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951939.pdf retrieved February 2, 2019 at 11:20PM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951939.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951939.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:333" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:334"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:334" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:335"><p>"Thermal Conductivities for some common Liquids". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-liquids-d_1260.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-liquids-d_1260.html</a> <a href="#fnref:335" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:336"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:336" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:337"><p>"Thermal Conductivities for some common Liquids". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-liquids-d_1260.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-liquids-d_1260.html</a> <a href="#fnref:337" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:338"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:338" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:339"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:339" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:340"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:340" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:341"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:341" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:342"><p>LLC., Engineers Edge. "Thermal Properties of Metals, Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Specific Heat - Engineers Edge". www.engineersedge.com. <a href="http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm" target="_blank">http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:342" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:343"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Gold - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Gold.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Gold.html</a> <a href="#fnref:343" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:344"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:344" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:345"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:345" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:346"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:346" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:347"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Gold - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Gold.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Gold.html</a> <a href="#fnref:347" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:348"><p>Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:348" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:349"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Gold - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Gold.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Gold.html</a> <a href="#fnref:349" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:350"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:350" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:351"><p>Marble Institute of America (2 values are usually given: the highest and lowest test scores) <a href="http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:351" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:352"><p>Marble Institute of America (2 values are usually given: the highest and lowest test scores) <a href="http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:352" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:353"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. 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"Iron - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Iron.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Iron.html</a> <a href="#fnref:403" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:404"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:404" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:405"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:405" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:406"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:406" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:407"><p>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (Moscow 1976) in English Translation, New York: Macmillan Inc., 1980, volume 25 page 593. <a href="#fnref:407" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:408"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:408" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:409"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:409" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:410"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:410" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:411"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:411" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:412"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:412" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:413"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Iron - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Iron.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Iron.html</a> <a href="#fnref:413" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:414"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:414" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:415"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:415" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:416"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Iron - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Iron.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Iron.html</a> <a href="#fnref:416" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:417"><p>Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:417" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:418"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:418" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:419"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:419" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:420"><p>LLC., Engineers Edge. "Thermal Properties of Metals, Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Specific Heat - Engineers Edge". www.engineersedge.com. <a href="http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm" target="_blank">http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:420" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:421"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:421" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:422"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:422" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:423"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:423" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:424"><p>Kurganov, V., A., in Thermopedia at http://www.thermopedia.com/content/841/ retrieved on January 30, 2019 at about 5:35 PM EST. <a href="http://www.thermopedia.com/content/841/" target="_blank">http://www.thermopedia.com/content/841/</a> <a href="#fnref:424" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:425"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:425" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:426"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:426" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:427"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:427" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:428"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:428" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:429"><p>LLC., Engineers Edge. "Thermal Properties of Metals, Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Specific Heat - Engineers Edge". www.engineersedge.com. <a href="http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm" target="_blank">http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:429" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:430"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:430" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:431"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Lead - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Lead.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Lead.html</a> <a href="#fnref:431" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:432"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:432" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:433"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:433" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:434"><p>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (Moscow 1976) in English Translation, New York: Macmillan Inc., 1980, volume 25 page 593. <a href="#fnref:434" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:435"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:435" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:436"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:436" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:437"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:437" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:438"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:438" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:439"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Lead - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Lead.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Lead.html</a> <a href="#fnref:439" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:440"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:440" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:441"><p>Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:441" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:442"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Lead - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Lead.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Lead.html</a> <a href="#fnref:442" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:443"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:443" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:444"><p>Weast, Robert C., Editor-in chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 48th Edition, 1967-1968, Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1967 <a href="#fnref:444" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:445"><p>Marble Institute of America (2 values are usually given: the highest and lowest test scores) <a href="http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:445" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:446"><p>Marble Institute of America (2 values are usually given: the highest and lowest test scores) <a href="http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:446" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:447"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971) pages 820-822>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA951936.pdf retrieved on June 13, 2024 at 11:43 AM PST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:447" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:448"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:448" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:449"><p>Robertson, Eugene C., Thermal Properties of Rocks, United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Open-File Report 88-441, 1988 at https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf Retrieved January 24, 2019 at 12:08 AM EST <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf" target="_blank">https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:449" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:450"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971) pages 820-822>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA951936.pdf retrieved on June 13, 2024 at 11:43 AM PST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:450" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:451"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:451" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:452"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:452" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:453"><p>Marble Institute of America (2 values are usually given: the highest and lowest test scores) <a href="http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:453" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:454"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:454" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:455"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:455" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:456"><p>Marble Institute of America (2 values are usually given: the highest and lowest test scores) <a href="http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.marble-institute.com/industryresources/rvalue.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:456" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:457"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:457" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:458"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:458" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:459"><p>"Methane". 10 July 2018. <a href="http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?GasID=41" target="_blank">http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?GasID=41</a> <a href="#fnref:459" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:460"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:460" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:461"><p>"Methane". 10 July 2018. <a href="http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?GasID=41" target="_blank">http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?GasID=41</a> <a href="#fnref:461" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:462"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:462" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:463"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:463" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:464"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:464" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:465"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:465" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:466"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:466" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:467"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:467" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:468"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:468" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:469"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:469" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:470"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:470" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:471"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:471" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:472"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:472" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:473"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:473" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:474"><p>LLC., Engineers Edge. "Thermal Conductivity of Gases Chart - Engineers Edge - www.engineersedge.com". www.engineersedge.com. <a href="http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal-conductivity-gases.htm" target="_blank">http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal-conductivity-gases.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:474" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:475"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:475" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:476"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:476" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:477"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:477" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:478"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:478" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:479"><p>LLC., Engineers Edge. "Thermal Conductivity of Gases Chart - Engineers Edge - www.engineersedge.com". www.engineersedge.com. <a href="http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal-conductivity-gases.htm" target="_blank">http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal-conductivity-gases.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:479" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:480"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:480" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:481"><p>Robertson, Eugene C., Thermal Properties of Rocks, United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Open-File Report 88-441, 1988 at https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf Retrieved January 24, 2019 at 12:08 AM EST <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf" target="_blank">https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:481" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:482"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:482" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:483"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:483" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:484"><p>LLC., Engineers Edge. "Thermal Conductivity of Gases Chart - Engineers Edge - www.engineersedge.com". www.engineersedge.com. <a href="http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal-conductivity-gases.htm" target="_blank">http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal-conductivity-gases.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:484" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:485"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:485" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:486"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:486" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:487"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:487" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:488"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:488" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:489"><p>LLC., Engineers Edge. "Thermal Conductivity of Gases Chart - Engineers Edge - www.engineersedge.com". www.engineersedge.com. <a href="http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal-conductivity-gases.htm" target="_blank">http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal-conductivity-gases.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:489" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:490"><p>Weast, R. C., Editor-in Chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 48th Edition, 1967-68, Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1967, page E-5. <a href="#fnref:490" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:491"><p>Yarwood and CastlePhysical and Mathematical Tables 3rd edition, Glasgow UK: The University Press 1970 <a href="#fnref:491" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:492"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:492" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:493"><p>Yarwood and CastlePhysical and Mathematical Tables 3rd edition, Glasgow UK: The University Press 1970 <a href="#fnref:493" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:494"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:494" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:495"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:495" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:496"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:496" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:497"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:497" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:498"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:498" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:499"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:499" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:500"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:500" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:501"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:501" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:502"><p>"Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057</a> <a href="#fnref:502" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:503"><p>"Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057</a> <a href="#fnref:503" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:504"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:504" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:505"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:505" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:506"><p>"Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057</a> <a href="#fnref:506" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:507"><p>"Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057</a> <a href="#fnref:507" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:508"><p>"Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057</a> <a href="#fnref:508" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:509"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:509" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:510"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:510" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:511"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:511" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:512"><p>"Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057</a> <a href="#fnref:512" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:513"><p>"Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091221222736/http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057</a> <a href="#fnref:513" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:514"><p>"Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. 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(1959) in R.W.Powell, C.Y.Ho and P.E.Liley, Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials, NSRDS-NBS 8, Issued 25 November 1966, pages 99, 103>Link Text <a href="https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS-8.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:550" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:551"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:551" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:552"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. 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Thermal Properties - Silica Aerogels <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321182712/http://energy.lbl.gov/ECS/aerogels/sa-thermal.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140321182712/http://energy.lbl.gov/ECS/aerogels/sa-thermal.html</a> <a href="#fnref:571" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:572"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:572" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:573"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:573" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:574"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:574" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:575"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:575" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:576"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:576" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:577"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:577" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:578"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:578" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:579"><p>LLC., Engineers Edge. "Thermal Properties of Metals, Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Specific Heat - Engineers Edge". www.engineersedge.com. <a href="http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm" target="_blank">http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:579" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:580"><p>Greg Becker; Chris Lee & Zuchen Lin (July 2005). "Thermal conductivity in advanced chips — Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages". Advanced Packaging: 2–4. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2008. <a href="https://archive.today/20130102114434/http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/packaging-article-display/231839/articles/advanced-packaging/volume-14/issue-7/features/cover-story/thermal-conductivity-in-advanced-chips.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130102114434/http://www.electroiq.com/index/display/packaging-article-display/231839/articles/advanced-packaging/volume-14/issue-7/features/cover-story/thermal-conductivity-in-advanced-chips.html</a> <a href="#fnref:580" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:581"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:581" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:582"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:582" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:583"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:583" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:584"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Silver - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silver.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silver.html</a> <a href="#fnref:584" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:585"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:585" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:586"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:586" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:587"><p>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (Moscow 1976) in English Translation, New York: Macmillan Inc., 1980, volume 25 page 593. <a href="#fnref:587" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:588"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:588" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:589"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of Metals". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html</a> <a href="#fnref:589" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:590"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:590" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:591"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:591" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:592"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Silver - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silver.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silver.html</a> <a href="#fnref:592" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:593"><p>Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:593" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:594"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:594" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:595"><p>www.goodfellow.com. "Silver - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silver.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silver.html</a> <a href="#fnref:595" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:596"><p>Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" target="_blank">/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)</a> <a href="#fnref:596" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:597"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:597" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:598"><p>S. Vandana (1 December 2002). Alternative Energy. APH. p. 45. ISBN 978-81-7648-349-0. <a href="978-81-7648-349-0" target="_blank">978-81-7648-349-0</a> <a href="#fnref:598" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:599"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:599" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:600"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:600" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:601"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:601" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:602"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:602" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:603"><p>"Sodium Chloride, Sodium Chloride properties, NaCl -- Almaz Optics, Inc". www.almazoptics.com. <a href="http://www.almazoptics.com/NaCl.htm" target="_blank">http://www.almazoptics.com/NaCl.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:603" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:604"><p>"Sodium Chloride, Sodium Chloride properties, NaCl -- Almaz Optics, Inc". www.almazoptics.com. <a href="http://www.almazoptics.com/NaCl.htm" target="_blank">http://www.almazoptics.com/NaCl.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:604" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:605"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:605" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:606"><p>Soil Sci Journals Archived 28 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/figsonly/64/4/1285" target="_blank">http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/figsonly/64/4/1285</a> <a href="#fnref:606" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:607"><p>Soil Sci Journals Archived 28 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/figsonly/64/4/1285" target="_blank">http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/figsonly/64/4/1285</a> <a href="#fnref:607" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:608"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:608" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:609"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:609" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:610"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:610" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:611"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:611" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:612"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:612" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:613"><p>Farouki, Omar T., Thermal Properties of Soils, CRREL Monograph 81-1, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover New Hampshire, December 1981 at https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210018605970;view=1up;seq=3 retrieved January 28, 2019 at 2:19 AM EST. <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210018605970;view=1up;seq=3" target="_blank">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210018605970;view=1up;seq=3</a> <a href="#fnref:613" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:614"><p>de Vries, D. 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"Titanium/Aluminium/Vanadium - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow". www.goodfellow.com. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Titanium-Aluminium-Vanadium.html" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Titanium-Aluminium-Vanadium.html</a> <a href="#fnref:669" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:670"><p>Tungsten <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" target="_blank">/wiki/Tungsten</a> <a href="#fnref:670" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:671"><p>eFunda Inc. "Thermal Conductivity: Tungsten". www.efunda.com. Retrieved 10 February 2025. <a href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/elements/TC_Table.cfm?Element_ID=W" target="_blank">http://www.efunda.com/materials/elements/TC_Table.cfm?Element_ID=W</a> <a href="#fnref:671" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:672"><p>Tungsten <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" target="_blank">/wiki/Tungsten</a> <a href="#fnref:672" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:673"><p>Tungsten <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" target="_blank">/wiki/Tungsten</a> <a href="#fnref:673" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:674"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:674" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:675"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:675" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:676"><p>"2.7.9 Physical properties of sea water". www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/ - www.npl.co.uk/. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html</a> <a href="#fnref:676" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:677"><p>"2.7.9 Physical properties of sea water". www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/ - www.npl.co.uk/. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html</a> <a href="#fnref:677" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:678"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:678" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:679"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:679" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:680"><p>"Thermal Conductivities for some common Liquids". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-liquids-d_1260.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-liquids-d_1260.html</a> <a href="#fnref:680" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:681"><p>Dr. Cederkrantz, Daniel (11 February 2021). "Thermal Conductivity of Water". www.thermtest.se. <a href="https://thermtest.se/thermal-conductivity-of-water" target="_blank">https://thermtest.se/thermal-conductivity-of-water</a> <a href="#fnref:681" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:682"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 3 (1970)https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:34 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:682" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:683"><p>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (Moscow 1976) in English Translation, New York: Macmillan Inc., 1980, volume 25 page 593. <a href="#fnref:683" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:684"><p>"2.7.9 Physical properties of sea water". www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/ - www.npl.co.uk/. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html</a> <a href="#fnref:684" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:685"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:685" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:686"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:686" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:687"><p>"2.7.9 Physical properties of sea water". www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/ - www.npl.co.uk/. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html</a> <a href="#fnref:687" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:688"><p>"Thermal Conductivities for some common Liquids". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-liquids-d_1260.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-liquids-d_1260.html</a> <a href="#fnref:688" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:689"><p>Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references" target="_blank">/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references</a> <a href="#fnref:689" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:690"><p>Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references" target="_blank">/wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references</a> <a href="#fnref:690" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:691"><p>"2.7.9 Physical properties of sea water". www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/ - www.npl.co.uk/. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html</a> <a href="#fnref:691" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:692"><p>"2.7.9 Physical properties of sea water". www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/ - www.npl.co.uk/. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042836/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html</a> <a href="#fnref:692" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:693"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 3 (1970)https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:34 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951937.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:693" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:694"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:694" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:695"><p>"Thermal conductivity of saturated H2O and D2O", CRC Handbook, p. 6–4. <a href="#fnref:695" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:696"><p>"Thermal conductivity of gases", CRC Handbook, p. 6–195. <a href="#fnref:696" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:697"><p>"Thermal conductivity of saturated H2O and D2O", CRC Handbook, p. 6–4. <a href="#fnref:697" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:698"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:698" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:699"><p>"Thermal conductivity of gases", CRC Handbook, p. 6–195. <a href="#fnref:699" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:700"><p>"Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood" (PDF). <a href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:700" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:701"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:701" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:702"><p>"Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood" (PDF). <a href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:702" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:703"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:703" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:704"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:704" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:705"><p>CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required) <a href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/" target="_blank">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:705" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:706"><p>"Products & Services - Hukseflux Thermal Sensors". www.hukseflux.com. <a href="http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html" target="_blank">http://www.hukseflux.com/thermalScience/thermalConductivity.html</a> <a href="#fnref:706" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:707"><p>"Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood" (PDF). <a href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:707" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:708"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:708" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:709"><p>Touloukian, Powell, Ho and Klemens, Purdue Research Foundation, TPRC Data Series Volume 1 (1970): http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf Retrieved 14:46 AM 15 May 2018 (CET). <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951935.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:709" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:710"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:710" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:711"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:711" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:712"><p>"Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood" (PDF). <a href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:712" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:713"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:713" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:714"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:714" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:715"><p>"Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood" (PDF). <a href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:715" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:716"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:716" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:717"><p>HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F)) <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html" target="_blank">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:717" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:718"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:718" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:719"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:719" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:720"><p>"Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood" (PDF). <a href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:720" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:721"><p>"Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood" (PDF). <a href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:721" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:722"><p>"Thermal Conductivity of common Materials and Gases". www.engineeringtoolbox.com. <a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html" target="_blank">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html</a> <a href="#fnref:722" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:723"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:723" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:724"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:724" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:725"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information and Analysis Center Lafayette In, TPRC Data Series Volume 2, (1971)>PDF at https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf retrieved on February 2, 2019 at 5:23 AM EST. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a951936.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:725" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:726"><p>Touloukian, Y.S., Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y. and Klemens, P.G. 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