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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Early history</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/History_of_Atlantic_hurricane_warnings/Lz5FA3vQ">History of Atlantic hurricane warnings</a> and <a href="/facts/Tropical_cyclone_naming/H3Yn9a7B">Tropical cyclone naming</a></p> <p>The first hurricane warning service was set up in the 1870s from Cuba with the work of Father <a href="/facts/Benito_Vines/GNV5bt0q">Benito Viñes</a>. After his death, hurricane warning services were assumed by the <a href="/facts/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)/xAqQnv2w">United States Signal Corps</a> and <a href="/facts/United_States_Weather_Bureau/gcWCQRzr">United States Weather Bureau</a> over the next decade, first based in Jamaica in 1898 and Cuba in 1899 before shifting to Washington, D.C., in 1902.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>The central office in Washington, which evolved into the National Meteorological Center and Weather Prediction Center (formerly known as the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center), assumed hurricane warning/advisory responsibility at that time. This responsibility passed to regional hurricane offices in 1935, and the concept of the Atlantic hurricane season was established to keep a vigilant lookout for tropical cyclones during certain times of the year. Hurricane advisories issued every six hours by the regional hurricane offices began at this time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>The Jacksonville hurricane warning office moved to <a href="/facts/Miami%2c_Florida/L5FsgQcb">Miami, Florida</a>, in 1943. Tropical cyclone naming began for Atlantic tropical cyclones using the <a href="/facts/Joint_Army%2fNavy_Phonetic_Alphabet/LKcNL3A4">Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet</a> by 1947.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In 1950, the Miami Hurricane Warning Office began to prepare the annual hurricane season summary articles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/1953_Atlantic_hurricane_season/DhWb5w1p">1953 Atlantic season</a>, the United States Weather Bureau began naming storms which reach tropical storm intensity with human names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <p>The <a href="/facts/National_Hurricane_Research_Project/7osg4svl">National Hurricane Research Project</a>, begun in the 1950s, used aircraft to study tropical cyclones and carry out experiments on mature hurricanes through its <a href="/facts/Project_Stormfury/8Vb3ldA3">Project Stormfury</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> On July 1, 1956, a National Hurricane Information Center was established in Miami, Florida, which became a warehouse for all hurricane-related information from one United States Weather Bureau office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The Miami Hurricane Warning Office (HWO) moved from Lindsey Hopkins Hotel to the Aviation Building 4 miles (6.4 km) to the northwest on July 1, 1958.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Forecasts within the hurricane advisories were issued one day into the future in 1954 before being extended to two days into the future in 1961, three days into the future in 1964, and five days into the future in 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The Miami HWO moved to the campus of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Miami/2rPFYefT">University of Miami</a> in 1964,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and was referred to as the NHC in 1965.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The Miami HWO tropical cyclone reports were done regularly and took on their modern format in 1964.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>As the National Hurricane Center</h3> National Hurricane Center directors<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Director</th><th scope="col">Tenure</th><th scope="col">Ref.</th></tr><tr><td scope="row">Gordan Dunn</td><td> 1965–1967</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bob_Simpson_(meteorologist)/wuCGv4JB">Robert Simpson</a></td><td> 1968–1973</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Neil_Frank/Xa4InkW6">Neil Frank</a></td><td> 1973–1987</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bob_Sheets/v9l0QqLD">Bob Sheets</a></td><td> 1988–1995</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Bob Burpee</td><td> 1995–1997</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Jerry Jarrell</td><td> 1998–2000</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Max_Mayfield/0nHcLHmA">Max Mayfield</a></td><td> 2000–2007</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bill_Proenza/SLMWPgJw">Bill Proenza</a></td><td> 2007</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Edward_Rappaport/Eo8A3bmS">Edward Rappaport</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td> 2007–2008</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bill_Read/cIrKuoTg">Bill Read</a></td><td> 2008–2012</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Richard_Knabb/hERGtGdt">Richard Knabb</a></td><td> 2012–2017</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Edward_Rappaport/Eo8A3bmS">Edward Rappaport</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td> 2017–2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ken_Graham/WB3S7qHa">Kenneth Graham</a></td><td> 2018–2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Jamie Rhome<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td> 2022–2023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Mike Brennan</td><td> 2023–present</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Beginning in 1973, the National Meteorological Center duties (renamed the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center; renamed for a second time in 2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> gained advisory responsibility for tracking and publicizing inland tropical depressions. The <a href="/facts/World_Meteorological_Organization/NWrDcKbl">World Meteorological Organization</a> assumed control of the Atlantic hurricane naming list in 1977.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> In 1978, the NHC's offices moved off the campus of the University of Miami across <a href="/facts/U.S._Highway_1/bLk8m7zK">U.S. Highway 1</a> to the IRE Financial Building.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Male names were added into the hurricane list beginning in the <a href="/facts/1979_Atlantic_hurricane_season/WMGcTUuK">1979 season</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> The hurricane warning offices remained active past 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>In 1984, the NHC was separated from the Miami Weather Service Forecast Office, which meant the meteorologist in charge at Miami was no longer in a supervisory position over the hurricane center director.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> By 1988, the NHC gained responsibility for eastern Pacific tropical cyclones as the former <a href="/facts/Eastern_Pacific_Hurricane_Center/LMLFsQKW">Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center</a> in San Francisco was decommissioned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> In 1992, <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Andrew/ogXxDM0r">Hurricane Andrew</a> blew the <a href="/facts/WSR-57/jjT82xkk">WSR-57</a> weather radar and the anemometer off the roof of NHC's/the Miami State Weather Forecast offices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> The radar was replaced with a WSR-88D <a href="/facts/NEXRAD/aS650Dvc">NEXRAD</a> system in April 1993 installed near <a href="/facts/Zoo_Miami/WjxV4XGq">Metro Zoo</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> near where Hurricane Andrew made landfall. </p><p>In 1995, the NHC moved into a new hurricane-resistant facility on the campus of <a href="/facts/Florida_International_University/TTAQr7rp">Florida International University</a>, capable of withstanding 130 mph (210 km/h) winds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Its name was changed to the Tropical Prediction Center in 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> After the name change to TPC, the hurricane specialists were grouped as a separate NHC unit under the Tropical Prediction Center,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> separating themselves from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch. On October 1, 2010, the Tropical Prediction Center was renamed the NHC,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> and the group formerly known as the NHC became known as the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>Tropical cyclone forecasting uses statistical methods based on tropical cyclone climatology, as well as methods of <a href="/facts/Numerical_weather_prediction/TXdbEfE4">numerical weather prediction</a> where computers use mathematical equations of motion to determine their movement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The World Meteorological Organization continues to create and maintain the annual hurricane naming lists. Naming lists use a six-year rotation, with the deadliest or most infamous storm names retired from the rotation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="organization">Organization</h2> <p>For the <a href="/facts/Fiscal_year/qcR3PIXe">fiscal year</a> of 2008, the budget for the NHC was $6.8 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The NHC staff has 66 members including 12 managers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The NHC is one of nine national centers which compose the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p> <h3>Hurricane Specialist Unit</h3> <p>Known as the NHC from 1995 through 2010, the hurricane specialists within the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU) are the chief meteorologists that predict the actions of tropical storms. The specialists work rotating eight-hour shifts from May through November, monitoring weather patterns in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific oceans. Whenever a tropical or subtropical cyclone forms, they issue advisories every six hours until the storm is over. Public advisories are issued more often when the storm expected to be of tropical storm or hurricane intensity threatens land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> The specialists coordinate with officials in each country likely to be affected. They forecast and recommend watches and warnings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p><p>During the hurricane season, the HSU routinely issues their Tropical Weather Outlook product, which identifies areas of concern within the tropics which could develop into tropical cyclones. If systems occur outside the defined hurricane season, the HSU issues special Tropical Weather Outlooks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Backup responsibility for their northeast Pacific area resides at the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> and vice versa if CPHC were to have communication issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> North Atlantic responsibilities are backed up by the Weather Prediction Center (WPC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Routine coordination occurs at 1700 UTC each day between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center to identify systems for the pressure maps three to seven days into the future within the tropics, and points for existing tropical cyclones six to seven days into the future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Outside of the hurricane season, the specialists concentrate on public education efforts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p><p>On April 30, 2020, senior hurricane specialist <a href="/facts/Lixion_Avila/6ynvyNBD">Lixion Avila</a> retired after working at the NHC since 1987.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> On January 3, 2022, it was announced that senior hurricane specialist Stacy Stewart, who also served in the U.S. Navy reserves, retired after working at the NHC since 1999. He retired due to surgeries and post-surgical effects after being injured in Iraq.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="9">Hurricane Specialist Unit</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">Daniel Brown</th><th scope="col">Jack Beven, Ph.D.</th><th scope="col">Richard Pasch, Ph.D.</th><th scope="col">Robbie Berg</th><th scope="col">John Cangialosi</th><th scope="col"><i>Vacant</i></th></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Branch Chief</td><td>Senior Hurricane Specialist</td><td>Senior Hurricane Specialist</td><td>Senior Hurricane Specialist</td><td>Senior Hurricane Specialist</td><td>Warning Coordination Meteorologist</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">Eric Blake</th><th scope="col">Lisa Bucci, Ph.D.</th><th scope="col">Larry Kelly</th><th scope="col">Dave Roberts</th><th scope="col">Philippe Papin, Ph.D.</th><th scope="col">Brad Reinhart</th></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Senior Hurricane Specialist</td><td>Hurricane Specialist</td><td>Hurricane Specialist</td><td>U.S. Navy Hurricane Specialist</td><td>Hurricane Specialist</td><td>Hurricane Specialist</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch</h3> <p>The Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB, formerly the Tropical Satellite Analysis and Forecast unit and the Tropical Analysis Center) is a part of the National Hurricane Center and was created in 1967.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> The TAFB is responsible for <a href="/facts/High_seas/PUPq5zmR">high seas</a> analyses and forecasts for tropical portions of the Atlantic and Pacific between the <a href="/facts/IERS_Reference_Meridian/tyQSXUSF">Prime Meridian</a> and the 140th meridian west poleward to the 30th parallel north in the northeast Pacific Ocean and the 31st parallel north in the northern Atlantic Ocean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> Unlike the Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU), TAFB is staffed full-time around the year. Other responsibilities of the TAFB include satellite-derived <a href="/facts/Tropical_cyclone/FQzVXly7">tropical cyclone</a> position and <a href="/facts/Dvorak_technique/VJanCgW6">intensity</a> estimates, <a href="/facts/NEXRAD/aS650Dvc">WSR-88D radar</a> fixes for tropical cyclones, tropical cyclone forecast support, media support, and general operational support.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> The Ocean Prediction Center backs up TAFB in the event of a communications outage, and vice versa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="8">Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch</td></tr><tr><th scope="col"></th><th scope="col">Christopher Landsea, Ph.D.</th><th scope="col">Eric Christenen</th><th scope="col">Andrew Levine</th><th scope="col">Jeffrey Lewitsky</th><th scope="col">Scott Stripling</th><th scope="col">Stephen Konarik</th><th scope="col"></th></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Branch Chief</td><td>Lead Forecaster</td><td>Lead Forecaster</td><td>Lead Forecaster</td><td>Lead Forecaster</td><td>Lead Forecaster</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="col"></th><th scope="col">Jorge Aguirre-Echevarria</th><th scope="col">Amanda Reinhart</th><th scope="col">Vacant</th><th scope="col">Gladys Rubio</th><th scope="col">Nelsie Ramos, Ph.D.</th><th scope="col">Evelyn Rivera-Acevedo</th><th scope="col"></th></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Forecaster</td><td>Forecaster</td><td>Forecaster</td><td>Forecaster</td><td>Forecaster</td><td>Forecaster</td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="col">Mike Tichacek</th><th scope="col">Sandy Delgado</th><th scope="col">Patrick Chan</th><th scope="col">Cassandra Mora</th><th scope="col">Andrew Hagen</th><th scope="col">Heather Nepaul, Ph.D.</th><th scope="col">Dylan Flynn</th><th scope="col">Aidan Mahoney</th></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surface Analyst Forecaster</td><td>Surface Analyst Forecaster</td><td>Surface Analyst Forecaster</td><td>Surface Analyst Forecaster</td><td>Surface Analyst Forecaster</td><td>Surface Analyst Forecaster</td><td>Surface Analyst Forecaster</td><td>Pathways Intern</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Technology and Science Branch</h3> <p>The Technology & Science Branch (TSB) develops and transitions new tools and techniques into operations for tropical weather prediction in conjunction with other government and academic entities. TSB created and continues development of the <a href="/facts/Automated_Tropical_Cyclone_Forecasting_System/RI3adM3T">Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting (ATCF) system</a>, used to incorporate various data and model outputs, create and update <a href="/facts/HURDAT/6ImYelVY">HURDAT</a>, and to generate tropical cyclone forecasts. The TSB provides support for NHC computer and communications systems including its website. TSB maintains a number of statistical and dynamical models used in predicting both tropical cyclone behavior and associated weather conditions. The <a href="/facts/Storm_surge/kByBlFz1">Storm Surge</a> Unit, which develops and maintains software to forecast the storm surge of tropical cyclones, is part of this branch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> The Techniques Development and Applications Unit (TDAU) is part of TSB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p> <h3>CARCAH</h3> <p>The Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) is a subunit of the <a href="/facts/53d_Weather_Reconnaissance_Squadron/NtbzHIbD">53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron</a> (<a href="/facts/Hurricane_Hunters/ENdW6tdF">Hurricane Hunters</a>). CARCAH's mission is to provide a point-of-contact and to coordinate all tropical cyclone operational reconnaissance requirements at NHC and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center for the North Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and the North Pacific basin east of the International Date Line in accordance with the National Hurricane Operations Plan (NHOP). During the winter, CARCAH coordinates the Atlantic and Pacific winter storm requirements in support of the National Winter Storms Operations Plan (NWSOP). Missions are flown in advance of the high-impact weather events forecast to affect the U.S., such as heavy snowfall,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> and at times when there is significant uncertainty within/between <a href="/facts/Numerical_weather_prediction/TXdbEfE4">numerical weather prediction</a> output.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p> <h3>HLT</h3> <p>The Hurricane Liaison Team (HLT) supports <a href="/facts/Hurricane_response/ChJ25Egx">hurricane response</a> through information exchange between the NHC, the National Weather Service (NOAA/NWS), and the emergency management community. The HLT is composed of federal, state, and local emergency managers, as well as NWS meteorologists and hydrologists, who maintain open lines of communication about the progress and threat level of the storm with appropriate Federal, state, and local officials. The team establishes and facilitates video and/or teleconferences with the NHC, FEMA and other Federal agencies, state Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs), Weather Prediction Center (WPC), Storm Prediction Center (SPC), and River Forecast Centers (RFCs).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> During significant landfalling hurricanes, the <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">president of the United States</a> as well as affected city <a href="/facts/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States/r7B4VHxB">mayors</a> and state <a href="/facts/Governor_(United_States)/Mb01HzEt">governors</a> join the daily briefing call, which occurs at noon <a href="/facts/Eastern_Daylight_Time/jP4S8j1V">Eastern Daylight Time</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="research">Research</h2> <p>As part of their annual tropical cyclone activity, the agency issues a <i>tropical cyclone report</i> on every tropical cyclone in the <a href="/facts/Atlantic/EI4uChIb">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/facts/Eastern_Pacific/bdxgXRVM">Eastern Pacific</a> Ocean basins, which are available since 1958 and 1988, respectively. The report summarizes the synoptic history, meteorological statistics, casualties and damages, and the post-analysis best track of a storm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> The reports were formally known as Preliminary Reports up until 1999.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> The agency maintains archives and climatological statistics on Atlantic and Pacific hurricane history, including annual reports on every tropical cyclone, a complete set of tropical cyclone advisories, digitized copies of related materials on older storms, season summaries published as the <a href="/facts/Monthly_Weather_Review/AKQztS7G">Monthly Weather Review</a>, and <a href="/facts/HURDAT/6ImYelVY">HURDAT</a>, which is the official tropical cyclone database.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p><p>Programs are dedicated to improving the accuracy of tropical cyclone forecasts from the center. The Joint Hurricane Testbed (JHT) is a joint operation between the <a href="/facts/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration/IvcuqNJg">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) and United States Weather Research Program to speed up the transfer of tropical cyclone-related research into forecast operations. Since 2001, with its annual budget of between $1.0 and $1.5 million, the JHT has funded 62 initiatives, with most of them being implemented operationally. The projects have had varied success, ranging from minor to significant advances in the way the NHC operates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> The Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program's (HFIP) five-year goal is to lead to a 20 percent improvement within the <a href="/facts/Numerical_weather_prediction/TXdbEfE4">numerical weather prediction</a> models provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction to NHC by 2015 and a 50 percent improvement within <a href="/facts/Tropical_cyclone_track_forecasting/8xL9mTs0">tropical cyclone track forecasting</a> and intensity guidance by 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Tropical cyclones portal</li><li>United States portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bureau_of_Meteorology/eVxfMybu">Bureau of Meteorology</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Canadian_Hurricane_Centre/J85rr3LG">Canadian Hurricane Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Central_Pacific_Hurricane_Center/wykeFUlw">Central Pacific Hurricane Center</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/India_Meteorological_Department/7HkhCd2R">India Meteorological Department</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Japan_Meteorological_Agency/d6j94aBR">Japan Meteorological Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center/o2BUSeo6">Joint Typhoon Warning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fiji_Meteorological_Service/lxLTU0yT">Fiji Meteorological Service</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RSMC_La_R%25C3%25A9union/DVDNHAMR">Centre météorologique régional spécialisé cyclones de La Réunion</a> (La Réunion) in French (<a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a>: <i><a href="http://www.meteofrance.re/cyclone/activite-cyclonique-en-cours">Météo-France: Centre météorologique régional spécialisé cyclones de La Réunion</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Meteorological_Service_of_New_Zealand_Limited/LW2DHVpQ">Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Meteorology%2c_Climatology%2c_and_Geophysical_Agency/bH2vTflA">Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (TCWC Jakarta)</a> (Indonesia) (<a href="/facts/Indonesian_language/J8Q78Ywb">Indonesian</a>: <i><a href="http://tcwc.bmkg.go.id/siklon">Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika: Pusat Peringatan Dini Siklon Tropis</a></i>)</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Works related to National Hurricane Center at Wikisource</li> <li><a href="https://www.nhc.noaa.gov">Official website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"NHC Visitor Information. 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