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Princeton University Department of Economics
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Since the university's founding in 1746, many courses in the <a href="/facts/Social_sciences/hAbm1xtD">social sciences</a>, including <a href="/facts/Princeton_University_Department_of_History/sUXkXbct">history</a> and politics, were taught in the department of <a href="/facts/Jurisprudence/wNTsXP4F">Jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/facts/Political_Economy/P753k3It">Political Economy</a>. Coursework specifically in political economy became available in 1819. When <a href="/facts/Woodrow_Wilson/zE4yxK2X">Woodrow Wilson</a> became a professor in 1890, additional courses were added to the curriculum, including the History of Political Economy. By 1913, the department became independent from history and politics, forming the Department of Economics and Social Institutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="academics">Academics</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Undergraduate/GVvPMLFN">undergraduate</a> program is one of the most prestigious programs for the study of economics in the country and in the world. Economics is the most popular concentration (Princeton's version of an academic <a href="/facts/Major_(academic)/CkGyMkHF">major</a>) at the undergraduate level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Because the university does not have a business school, the economics concentration attracts many students who are interested in careers in investment banking, management consulting, finance, technology, and more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The curriculum itself is theoretical in nature, requiring students complete quantitative courses up to multivariate calculus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In partnership with the <a href="/facts/Bendheim_Center_for_Finance/5Anv0stU">Bendheim Center for Finance</a>, the department also offers an Undergraduate Finance Certificate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Graduate_school/e19zs58x">graduate</a> program in economics trains <a href="/facts/Ph.D./paJumdN8">Ph.D.</a> students for careers in <a href="/facts/Academia/Q1cenQyr">academia</a>, <a href="/facts/Government/N4bYL0VC">government</a>, and <a href="/facts/Private_industry/fQudW9hp">industry</a>. It receives approximately 800 applications for a class of 20 to 25 students who come from over 30 different countries around the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The program has numerous fields of specialization and has been particularly strong in the areas of Macroeconomics, Industrial Relations, and International Finance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Graduate students who pursue academic careers have historically had placement records at some of the world's leading universities including Harvard, Yale, MIT, and Cornell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>The department also oversees a number of centers and initiatives, including:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bendheim_Center_for_Finance/5Anv0stU">Bendheim Center for Finance</a></li> <li>The Benjamin H. Griswold III, Class of 1933, Center for Economic Policy Studies</li> <li>The Gregory C. Chow Econometric Research Program</li> <li>Julis-Rabinowitz Center for Public Policy and Finance</li> <li>Center for Health and Wellbeing</li> <li>William S. Dietrich II Economic Theory Center</li> <li>Industrial Relations Section</li> <li>International Economics Section</li> <li><a href="/facts/Office_of_Population_Research/fvYIsySX">Office of Population Research</a></li> <li>Political Economy Program</li> <li>Princeton Experimental Laboratory for the Social Sciences (PExL)</li> <li>Research Program in Development Studies</li> <li>The Gregory C. and Paula K. Chow Macroeconomic Research Program</li> <li>Louis A. Simpson Center for the Study of Macroeconomics</li></ul> <h2 id="rankings">Rankings</h2> <h3>National Rankings</h3> <p>The 2023-2024 <i><a href="/facts/U.S._News_%2526_World_Report/5dUQWa8D">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> places its graduate department as No. 4 nationwide in the field of Economics, tied there with the <a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago/z6zRMUmV">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a>, and the <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The <i><a href="/facts/National_Research_Council_(United_States)/AdYmBBGV">National Research Council's</a></i> rankings place the university at No. 2 in the S-Rank (Scholars Rank) and No. 2 in the Research Rank.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>International Rankings</h3> <p>In the 2018 <i><a href="/facts/QS_World_University_Rankings/FC162Qmf">Q.S. World University Rankings</a></i>, the department places as No. 3 in the world in the fields of <a href="/facts/Econometrics/7U52gzHt">Economics and Econometrics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The 2018 <i><a href="/facts/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings/Fg5wftPL">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a></i> ranks the department as No. 7 globally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> It has been ranked by <a href="/facts/RePEc/uXECwUyI">RePEc</a> among the top ten economics Departments in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notable-faculty">Notable faculty</h2> <h3>Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</h3> <p>Among the department's past and current faculty members are several recipients of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences/8BBwNwre">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel laureates<table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Laureate</th><th>Prize share</th><th>Prize motivation</th><th>Other notability</th><th>Department's affiliation</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2022</td><td><a href="/facts/Ben_Bernanke/XPVRJRWT">Ben Bernanke</a></td><td>1/3</td><td rowspan="2">"for research on banks and financial crises"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>14th <a href="/facts/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve/VJRGrQqQ">Chairman of the Federal Reserve</a> (2006–2014); 23rd Chairman of the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Economic_Advisers/Pvdx5oyP">Council of Economic Advisers</a> (2005–2006)</td><td>Professor of Economics and Public Affairs (1985–2002); Department's chair (1996–2002)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Philip_H._Dybvig/DeP3GhgW">Philip H. Dybvig</a></td><td>1/3</td><td>Director of the Institute of Financial Studies at China's <a href="/facts/Southwest_University_of_Finance_and_Economics/FmXTaS4p">Southwest University of Finance and Economics</a> (2010–2021)</td><td>Assistant Professor of Economics (1980–1981)</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td><a href="/facts/Angus_Deaton/L0bUUqrU">Angus Deaton</a></td><td>1/1</td><td>"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of Economics and International Affairs</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2011</td><td><a href="/facts/Thomas_J._Sargent/ILqddydh">Thomas J. Sargent</a></td><td>1/2</td><td rowspan="2">"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Erwin_Plein_Nemmers_Prize_in_Economics/b2R8HMkQ">Erwin Plein Nemmers Prize in Economics</a> winner (1996)</td><td>Visiting Professor of Economics</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Christopher_A._Sims/jRU5pHAg">Christopher A. Sims</a></td><td>1/2</td><td></td><td>Harold B. Helms ’20 Professor of Economics and Banking</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td><a href="/facts/Paul_Krugman/PIcKk7ln">Paul Krugman</a></td><td>1/1</td><td>"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/John_Bates_Clark_Medal/3N4L10VV">John Bates Clark Medal</a> recipient (1991); <a href="/facts/Columnist/p7ortCgW">Columnist</a> for <i><a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a></i></td><td>Professor of Economics and International Affairs Emeritus</td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td><a href="/facts/Eric_Maskin/7DEYYL5G">Eric Maskin</a></td><td>1/3</td><td>"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Visiting Lecturer with the rank of Professor of Economics</td></tr><tr><td>1994</td><td><a href="/facts/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr./wAg6sMSY">John Forbes Nash Jr.</a></td><td>1/3</td><td>"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td></td><td>Senior Research Mathematician</td></tr><tr><td>1979</td><td><a href="/facts/W._Arthur_Lewis/bfQ5usXz">W. Arthur Lewis</a></td><td>1/2</td><td>"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>First and (so far) only <a href="/facts/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates/eY8yFbqQ">black person to win a Nobel Prize</a> in any scientific field</td><td>James Madison Professor of Political Economy</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other notably past and present faculty members include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mark_Aguiar/kreBNCsm">Mark Aguiar</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Orley_Ashenfelter/N6Infgy0">Orley Ashenfelter</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Blinder/1uENUdI6">Alan Blinder</a>, the 15th <a href="/facts/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve/wcs7Tguh">Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Markus_Brunnermeier/CDq5FfCB">Markus Brunnermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Roland_B%25C3%25A9nabou/tND1zyb9">Roland Bénabou</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leah_Boustan/xuBIDvMW">Leah Platt Boustan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Markus_Brunnermeier/CDq5FfCB">Markus Brunnermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anne_Case/QGppPuBS">Anne Case</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Janet_Currie/dLFA0jXp">Janet M. Currie</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Farber/yHMuDkNr">Henry Farber</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Kenneth_Galbraith/zQv21v7F">John Kenneth Galbraith</a>, a leading academic on <a href="/facts/Post-Keynesian_economics/2fgtHgQK">post-Keynesian economics</a>; former <a href="/facts/United_States_Ambassador_to_India/jqTBvz3X">United States Ambassador to India</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mikhail_Golosov/hEnxpKj7">Mikhail Golosov</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gene_Grossman/vxRn34a1">Gene Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Faruk_G%25C3%25BCl/I32R82TE">Faruk Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kate_Ho/kE8wpaJF">Kate Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bo_Honor%25C3%25A9/L3kc3uDC">Bo E. Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobuhiro_Kiyotaki/555KGJ0B">Nobuhiro Kiyotaki</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henrik_Kleven/M8FNJcdE">Henrik Kleven</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ilyana_Kuziemko/f1w2m4DP">Ilyana Kuziemko</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexandre_Mas/sCkFlIhq">Alexandre Mas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Atif_Mian/RuRM5EM8">Atif Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wolfgang_Pesendorfer/C6dlCXHM">Wolfgang Pesendorfer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stephen_Redding/FMTf1crf">Stephen J. Redding</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Uwe_Reinhardt/gkLH91UT">Uwe Reinhardt</a>, a scholar on <a href="/facts/Health_care_economics/1144ntRd">health care economics</a> and <a href="/facts/Medicare_(United_States)/vLKMBktB">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Rogerson/CmYUP3JD">Richard Rogerson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Esteban_Rossi-Hansberg/Yg3YbXfM">Esteban Rossi-Hansberg</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cecilia_Rouse/mJp9fLTh">Cecilia Rouse</a>, the 30th Chair of the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Economic_Advisers/Pvdx5oyP">Council of Economic Advisers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harold_Tafler_Shapiro/rQuzyXFo">Harold Tafler Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mark_Watson_(economist)/u9Q3SN00">Mark W. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wei_Xiong/LzW9bTe9">Wei Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leeat_Yariv/zana5M1l">Leeat Yariv</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Motohiro_Yogo/1gpSqBTX">Motohiro Yogo</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/MIT_Department_of_Economics/tyJAQs8I">MIT Department of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chicago_School_of_Economics/0Nc2nrbS">Chicago School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paris_School_of_Economics/tD36rUo1">Paris School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/London_School_of_Economics/L8SkGefj">London School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania_Economics_Department/vSc5hLYL">University of Pennsylvania Economics Department</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Rochester_Economics_Department/hGqNWRHv">University of Rochester Economics Department</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://history.princeton.edu/">Official website</a></li></ul> <p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Princeton_University_Department_of_Economics¶ms=40.34835_N_74.65467_W_type:edu_globe:earth_region:US-NJ">40°20′54″N 74°39′17″W / 40.34835°N 74.65467°W / 40.34835; -74.65467</a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Roessler, Christian. "Applying for Admission to Economics PhD Programs in the United States". University of Rochester. <a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/68515089/Guide-to-PhD-s-in-Economics" target="_blank">https://www.scribd.com/document/68515089/Guide-to-PhD-s-in-Economics</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Economics". U.S. News & World Report. <a href="https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-humanities-schools/economics-rankings" target="_blank">https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-humanities-schools/economics-rankings</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Facilities". Princeton University. <a href="https://facilities.princeton.edu/projects/julis-romo-rabinowitz-building-louis-simpson-international-building" target="_blank">https://facilities.princeton.edu/projects/julis-romo-rabinowitz-building-louis-simpson-international-building</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Leitch, Alexander. "The Department of Economics". A Princeton Companion. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2018-08-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080505/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/economics_department.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080505/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/economics_department.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"The 3 most popular majors at every Ivy League school". Business Insider. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/most-popular-ivy-league-major-2017-4" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/most-popular-ivy-league-major-2017-4</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Undergraduate Program". Princeton University Department of Economics. <a href="https://economics.princeton.edu/undergraduate-program/" target="_blank">https://economics.princeton.edu/undergraduate-program/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Requirements". Princeton University Department of Economics. <a href="https://economics.princeton.edu/undergraduate-program/requirements/#mathematicsprerequisites" target="_blank">https://economics.princeton.edu/undergraduate-program/requirements/#mathematicsprerequisites</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Finance Certificate". Princeton University Department of Economics. <a href="https://economics.princeton.edu/undergraduate-program/finance-certificate/" target="_blank">https://economics.princeton.edu/undergraduate-program/finance-certificate/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"The Ph.D. Program". Princeton University Department of Economics. <a href="https://economics.princeton.edu/graduate-program/" target="_blank">https://economics.princeton.edu/graduate-program/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Leitch, Alexander. "Industrial Relations". A Princeton Companion. <a href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/industrial_relations_section.html" target="_blank">http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/industrial_relations_section.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Leitch, Alexander. "International Finance". A Princeton Companion. <a href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/international_finance_section.html" target="_blank">http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/international_finance_section.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Placement". Princeton University Department of Economics. <a href="https://economics.princeton.edu/graduate-program/placement-record/" target="_blank">https://economics.princeton.edu/graduate-program/placement-record/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Centers and Programs". Princeton University Department of Economics. <a href="https://economics.princeton.edu/centers-programs/" target="_blank">https://economics.princeton.edu/centers-programs/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Economics". U.S. News & World Report. <a href="https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-humanities-schools/economics-rankings" target="_blank">https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-humanities-schools/economics-rankings</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Doctoral Programs by the Numbers". The Chronicle of Higher Education. <a href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/NRC-Rankings-Overview-/124724" target="_blank">https://www.chronicle.com/article/NRC-Rankings-Overview-/124724</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"QS world university rankings 2018: economics and econometrics". The Guardian. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2018/feb/28/qs-world-university-rankings-2018-economics-and-econometrics" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2018/feb/28/qs-world-university-rankings-2018-economics-and-econometrics</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"World University Rankings 2018". Times Higher Education. <a href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/subjects/3087/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats" target="_blank">https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/subjects/3087/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Top 10% Economic Institutions, as of July 2019". RePEc. <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.inst.all.html" target="_blank">https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.inst.all.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Nobel Prize, Economics". Princeton University. <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/meet-princeton/honors-awards#nobel-prize-economics" target="_blank">https://www.princeton.edu/meet-princeton/honors-awards#nobel-prize-economics</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2022". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2022/summary/" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2022/summary/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2015". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2015/summary/" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2015/summary/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2011". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2011/summary/" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2011/summary/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2008". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2008/summary/" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2008/summary/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2007/summary/" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2007/summary/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1994". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1994/summary/" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1994/summary/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1979/summary/" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1979/summary/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>