JADE (planning system)

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
In 1999, the operational tool used for managing force deployment planning in the U.S. military was the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES). The JADE tool for rapid crisis action planning had been developed by <a href="/facts/BBN_Technologies/9kA7axL3">BBN Technologies</a> under a contract to <a href="/facts/DARPA/Uf9sarhT">DARPA</a> within the ARPA-Rome Planning Initiative, but was available only in a prototype environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> In subsequent years, JADE was successfully demonstrated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>: 24  and then integrated into the <a href="/facts/Global_Command_and_Control_System/J6ugqEuh">Global Command and Control System</a> (GCCS) and the Adaptive Course of Action (ACOA) environment while meeting the requirements of the Defense Information Infrastructure Common Operating Environment (DII-COE).
An official 2016 document approved for public release titled Human Systems Roadmap Review describes plans to create autonomous weapon systems that analyze social media and make decisions, including the use of lethal force, with minimal human involvement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> This type of system is referred to as a <a href="/facts/Lethal_autonomous_weapon/tkM0Nz3j">Lethal Autonomous Weapon System</a> (LAWS).
The name "JADE" comes from the <a href="/facts/Jade_(color)/tj1IJvbu">jade green color</a> seen on the island of <a href="/facts/Oahu%2c_Hawaii/xgjwewcW">Oahu</a> in <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a> where the U.S. <a href="/facts/United_States_Pacific_Command/eeqQM4dU">Pacific Command</a> (PACOM) is headquartered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>: 1 
JFRG II will be replaced with JADE.

<h2 id="components">Components</h2>
JADE integrates the technology of three software systems:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>: 1–2 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

<ul><li>ForMAT (Force Management and Analysis Tool) – a <a href="/facts/Case-based_reasoning/JkxLXCqF">case-based reasoning</a> (CBR) force deployment planning tool that uses past experience (past planned Force modules (FMs)); the tool was developed initially by <a href="/facts/The_MITRE_Corporation/lmFLYepE">The MITRE Corporation</a>, and then developed further by <a href="/facts/BBN_Technologies/9kA7axL3">BBN Technologies</a></li>
<li>Prodigy-Analogy – a combined case-based reasoning and generative planner with a multi-strategy planning and learning architecture developed by <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a></li>
<li>PARKA – a highly indexed <a href="/facts/Knowledge-based_systems/uocg0bY3">knowledge-based</a> management system developed by the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="features">Features</h2>
JADE uses <a href="/facts/Artificial_Intelligence/lJGauQwX">Artificial Intelligence</a> (AI) technology with <a href="/facts/Case-based_reasoning/JkxLXCqF">case-based</a> and generative planning methods to provide the ability to develop large-scale and complex <a href="/facts/Military_operation_plan/WhD4vpds">plans</a> in minimal time. JADE is a <a href="/facts/Knowledge-based_systems/uocg0bY3">knowledge-based</a> system that uses highly structured information that takes advantage of data hierarchies. JADE uses dialog initiated both by the user and by the system. JADE is used to rapidly create <a href="/facts/Time_Phased_Force_Deployment_Data/P5EBfQMT">Time Phased Force Deployment Data</a> (TPFDD) to organize the deployment of combat-ready forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>: 1–2  Case-based planning methods (also known as the variant approach) use an existing plan for a similar mission and make the necessary modifications to the plan for the new mission. Generative planning methods build new plans from the mission goals and requirements by means of <a href="/facts/Automated_planning_and_scheduling/VL1TcrmD">planning algorithms</a> and the <a href="/facts/Knowledge_base/zKXdqQjH">knowledge base</a>.
JADE supports the retrieval and reuse of previous plan elements for use in the development of new plans by using a map-oriented <a href="/facts/Drag_and_drop/7Xd8vXfn">drag and drop</a> interface. Force modules (FMs) from previous plans (cases) can be dragged from the case library and dropped onto a geographic destination. To support plan adaption of previous plans or modifications resulting from changing mission requirements, constraint checking against the knowledge base and mission goals causes automatic reminders from the system to notify the user of changes and improvements that need to be made. JADE is a mixed-initiative system, using dialog initiated by both the user (user-initiative) and by the system (system-initiative).
The knowledge base supports the development of deployment plans for war and situations other than war. JADE is designed to inter-operate with the Adaptive Course of Action (ACOA) program, which provides a near real-time distributed collaborative environment that supports end-to-end joint planning by multiple command centers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>: 21–23  The Time Phased Force Deployment Data (TPFDD) produced by JADE included an Operational Plan (OPLAN) which describes the mission and specifies where and when the forces involved in a mission are to be deployed. The TPFDD also specifies the combat forces and the combat service support required in order to support the mission, which includes transportation phasing, mode, and geographical locations.

<h2 id="time-phased-force-deployment-data-tpfdd">Time Phased Force Deployment Data (TPFDD)</h2>
"Time Phased Force Deployment Data" (TPFDD) is a U.S. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a> (DOD) term. A TPFDD is the <a href="/facts/Data_base/VYcpkevb">data base</a> portion of an <a href="/facts/Military_operation_plan/WhD4vpds">operation plan</a> in the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES); this system is part of the <a href="/facts/Global_Command_and_Control_System/J6ugqEuh">Global Command and Control System</a> (GCCS). The TPFDD contains data on <a href="/facts/Military_unit/M93qdLz7">military units</a> and forces regarding force data as scheduled over time, data for cargo and personnel that are not part of the units, and movement data for the operation plan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
Data regarding military units in the TPFDD include:

<ul><li>Units that are already in-place</li>
<li>Units deploying to support the operation plan, including a priority for the desired sequencing</li>
<li>Routing and movement data associated with forces that are being deployed</li>
<li>Estimates of non-unit-related cargo and personnel movements that occur concurrently with the deployment of forces</li>
<li>Estimates of transportation requirements using common-user resources and resources assigned or attached</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Joint_All-Domain_Command_and_Control/75v6e3FL">Joint All-Domain Command and Control</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Joint_Enterprise_Defense_Infrastructure/nf5Cz38K">Joint Warfighter Cloud Capability</a></li>
<li>AI and Data Acceleration initiative</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Automated_planning_and_scheduling/VL1TcrmD">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Battle_command/lUKs83a5">Battle command</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Battle_command_knowledge_system/odfntuQr">Battle command knowledge system</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Computer-aided_process_planning/9Krxl1yb">Computer-aided process planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dynamic_Analysis_and_Replanning_Tool/qUPMJm3b">Dynamic Analysis and Replanning Tool (DART)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/FirstNet/rBY8HohJ">FirstNet</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Future_Attribute_Screening_Technology/sGa1URMy">Future Attribute Screening Technology (FAST)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Global_Information_Network_Architecture/hRaa759x">Global Information Network Architecture (GINA)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Goal-oriented_inference/St5dtGYq">Goal-oriented inference</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Human_Terrain_System/BJXmpUpI">Human Terrain System (HTS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/NetOps/gUgqtICu">NetOps</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stingray_phone_tracker/p5VKLykN">Stingray phone tracker</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Palantir_Technologies/Kwr2cPV0">Palantir</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Alice M. Mulvehill; Clinton Hyde; David Rager (2001). "Joint Assistant for Development and Execution (JADE)" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. PDF download; the abstract is available from ResearchGate <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Alice M. Mulvehill; Joseph A. Caroli (1999). "JADE: A Tool for Rapid Crisis Action Planning" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. <a href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a458570.pdf" target="_blank">http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a458570.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Alice M. Mulvehill; Clinton Hyde; David Rager (2001). "Joint Assistant for Development and Execution (JADE)" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. PDF download; the abstract is available from ResearchGate <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Dr. John Tangney (2016). "Human Systems Roadmap Review" (PDF). Defense Innovation Marketplace. <a href="http://www.defenseinnovationmarketplace.mil/resources/NDIA_Human_Systems_Conference_2016_HSCOI_DistroA_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.defenseinnovationmarketplace.mil/resources/NDIA_Human_Systems_Conference_2016_HSCOI_DistroA_FINAL.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Alice M. Mulvehill; Clinton Hyde; David Rager (2001). "Joint Assistant for Development and Execution (JADE)" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. PDF download; the abstract is available from ResearchGate <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Alice M. Mulvehill; Clinton Hyde; David Rager (2001). "Joint Assistant for Development and Execution (JADE)" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. PDF download; the abstract is available from ResearchGate <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">A. Boukhtouta; J. Berger; A. Guitouni; F. Bouak; A. Bedrouni (2005). "Description and analysis of military planning systems" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). pp. 20–21. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. <a href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a437437.pdf" target="_blank">http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a437437.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Anet Greenley; Sylvain Pronovost; Dennis Kelleher; John Graham; Peter Race; Patrick Lachance (2010). "Identification of Decision Support Concepts for the Planning of Air Force Immediate Contingencies Operations" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). pp. 190–191. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. <a href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a554352.pdf" target="_blank">http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a554352.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Alice M. Mulvehill; Clinton Hyde; David Rager (2001). "Joint Assistant for Development and Execution (JADE)" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. PDF download; the abstract is available from ResearchGate <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Alice M. Mulvehill; Clinton Hyde; David Rager (2001). "Joint Assistant for Development and Execution (JADE)" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. PDF download; the abstract is available from ResearchGate <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA398021.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"time-phased force and deployment data". About.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722223638/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/glossarytermst/g/t6400.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150722223638/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/glossarytermst/g/t6400.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Definition of the United States Department of Defense military term "time-phased force and deployment data"". MilitaryFactory.com. <a href="http://www.militaryfactory.com/dictionary/military-terms-defined.asp?term_id=5459" target="_blank">http://www.militaryfactory.com/dictionary/military-terms-defined.asp?term_id=5459</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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JADE (planning system)