Chinatown, London

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
The first area in London known as Chinatown was located in the <a href="/facts/Limehouse/2Ab9BY2b">Limehouse</a> area of the <a href="/facts/East_End_of_London/20qrEv2Q">East End of London</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> At the start of the 20th century, the Chinese population of London was concentrated in that area, setting up businesses which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented in <a href="/facts/London_Docklands/6pUgsazx">Docklands</a>. The area was known through exaggerated reports and tales of <a href="/facts/Slum_housing/NboD5tJK">slum housing</a> and (the then-legal) <a href="/facts/Opium/JzHUtced">opium</a> dens, rather than the Chinese restaurants and supermarkets of the current Chinatown. However, much of the area was damaged by aerial bombing during <a href="/facts/The_Blitz/lznUfoDQ">the Blitz</a> in the <a href="/facts/Second_World_War/2efV5L1U">Second World War</a>, although a number of elderly Chinese still choose to live in this area. After the Second World War, however, the growing popularity of <a href="/facts/Chinese_cuisine/deFGefLG">Chinese cuisine</a> and an influx of immigrants from <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a> led to an increasing number of Chinese restaurants being opened elsewhere.
The present Chinatown, which is off <a href="/facts/Shaftesbury_Avenue/qzLrPQtQ">Shaftesbury Avenue</a> did not start to be established until the 1970s. Previously, it was a regular Soho area, run-down, with <a href="/facts/Gerrard_Street%2c_London/W3zyMFHk">Gerrard Street</a> the main thoroughfare. It was dominated by the Post Office, facing Macclesfield Street, and other major establishments were The Tailor & Cutter House, at 43/44, now a Chinese supermarket and restaurant, the Boulogne Restaurant, near the Wardour Street end, and by Peter Mario's Restaurant at the other end. Other businesses included a master baker's, the Sari Centre, Lesgrain French Coffee House, <a href="/facts/Harrison_Marks/RN0gY7f6">Harrison Marks</a>' Glamour Studio, an Indian restaurant and various brothels. Probably the first Chinese restaurants opened in Lisle Street,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> parallel to Gerrard Street, and more opened gradually; one of the first restaurants was Kowloon Restaurant. The Tailor & Cutter did not close down until around 1974. The area now has more than 80 restaurants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
In 2005, the property developer Rosewheel proposed a plan to redevelop the eastern part of Chinatown. The plan was opposed by many of the existing retailers in Chinatown, as they believe that the redevelopment would drive out the traditional Chinese retail stores from the area and change the ethnic characteristic of Chinatown. In October 2013 and July 2018, the London Chinatown Community Centre (LCCC) organised a one-day shutdown in <a href="/facts/Protest/XlKeUgBy">protest</a> of violent tactics by immigration officers from the <a href="/facts/Home_Office/qY31Kvhl">Home Office</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
The London Chinatown Community Centre (LCCC) has been housed in the Chinatown area since it was founded in 1980 by Dr Abraham Lue. The Centre claims to have received 40,000 people for help and assistance since its foundation. Located since 1998 on the second floor of 28-29 Gerrard Street, the Centre relocated to 2 Leicester Court in 2012, above the <a href="/facts/Hippodrome%2c_London/c9UCE6jG">Hippodrome Casino</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
On 25 July 2016, a new Chinatown gate on <a href="/facts/Wardour_Street/F7hECj0m">Wardour Street</a> was opened by <a href="/facts/Prince_Andrew%2c_Duke_of_York/AMzHBJP0">Prince Andrew, the Duke of York</a>. It was made by Chinese artisans and assembled in London. The gate is in the style of the <a href="/facts/Qing_dynasty/5j6r4p5m">Qing dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
There was a Chinese-style <a href="/facts/Pavilion/23qy3yUB">pavilion</a> at Newport Place from the 1980s which was a popular <a href="/facts/Meeting_point/EaJvdyNK">meeting point</a>, but it was demolished in 2016 after more than thirty years, despite protests. The development authorities had plans to renovate and enlarge the square.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The construction of a new pavilion at a different location was announced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

<h2 id="geography">Geography</h2>
Chinatown has no officially defined size, but it has commonly been considered to approximately encompass Gerrard Street, the bottom half of <a href="/facts/Wardour_Street/F7hECj0m">Wardour Street</a>, <a href="/facts/Rupert_Street/HN3RSB0C">Rupert Street</a> and Rupert Court, a section of <a href="/facts/Shaftesbury_Avenue/qzLrPQtQ">Shaftesbury Avenue</a> and Lisle Street, Macclesfield Street and Newport Place, Newport Court and Little Newport Street.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Charing_Cross_Road/d2DpuD6E">Charing Cross Road</a> – built 1887, and named as it led to the cross at Charing, from the Old English word "cierring", referring to a bend in the <a href="/facts/River_Thames/XnQWN52L">River Thames</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Coventry_Street/59kUDRUu">Coventry Street</a> – after Henry Coventry, Secretary of State to <a href="/facts/Charles_II_of_England/Acc7cFtF">Charles II</a>, who lived near here in Shaver's Hall<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a></li>
<li>Cranbourn Street – built in the 1670s and named after local landowner the Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranbourn (or Cranbourne) after the <a href="/facts/Cranborne%2c_Dorset/5fCd0kgt">town</a> in Dorset<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></li>
<li>Dansey Place – unknown; formerly named George Yard, after a pub adjacent called the George and Dragon<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a></li>
<li>Gerrard Place and <a href="/facts/Gerrard_Street%2c_London/W3zyMFHk">Gerrard Street</a> – after <a href="/facts/Charles_Gerard%2c_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield/9NHBcdgM">Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield</a>, who owned this land when the street as built in the 1680s; the form ‘Gerrard’ developed in the 19th century<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Great_Windmill_Street/CpFnnCGz">Great Windmill Street</a> – after a windmill that formerly stood near here in Ham Yard in the 16th-17th century; the ‘great’ prefix was to distinguish it from Little Windmill Street, now Lexington Street<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a></li>
<li>Horse and Dolphin Yard – after the Horse and Dolphin inn which stood here in the 17th – 19th centuries<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a></li>
<li>Leicester Court, Leicester Place, <a href="/facts/Leicester_Square/wyry9TWw">Leicester Square</a> and Leicester Street – in the 17th and 18th centuries on the north side of the square was <a href="/facts/Leicester_House%2c_Westminster/XDLP5lzT">Leicester House</a>, built by <a href="/facts/Robert_Sidney%2c_2nd_Earl_of_Leicester/KH7g8c3G">Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester</a> and later the residence of <a href="/facts/Frederick%2c_Prince_of_Wales/JY21Y0v5">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>; Leicester Court was formerly Ryder Court, after a local leaseholder, Richard Ryder, but was renamed in 1936<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></li>
<li>Lisle Street – after Philip, Viscount Lisle, who succeeded to the earldom of Leicester in 1677<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></li>
<li>Macclesfield Street – after <a href="/facts/Charles_Gerard%2c_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield/9NHBcdgM">Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield</a>, local landowner in the 17th century<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a></li>
<li>Newport Court, Newport Place and Little Newport Street – after Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport (<a href="/facts/Isle_of_Wight/3mWfGanJ">Isle of Wight</a>), who owned a house on this street (then just Newport Street) in the 17th century. Following the construction of Charing Cross Road, Newport Street was split in two and the two sections renamed as they are today<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></li>
<li>Rupert Court and Rupert Street – after <a href="/facts/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine/M5SIcQPs">Prince Rupert of the Rhine</a>, noted 17th century general and son of <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Stuart%2c_Queen_of_Bohemia/6XF39tEJ">Elizabeth Stuart</a>, daughter of King <a href="/facts/James_VI_and_I/mcmPE59x">James I</a>; he was First Lord of the Admiralty when this street was built in 1676<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Shaftesbury_Avenue/qzLrPQtQ">Shaftesbury Avenue</a> – after <a href="/facts/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper%2c_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury/RfjAjQVP">Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury</a>, Victorian politician and philanthropist<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Wardour_Street/F7hECj0m">Wardour Street</a> – named after local 17th century landowners the Wardour family, and formerly called Colman Hedge Lane/Close after a nearby field; the section south of Brewer Street was formerly Prince Street prior to 1878, in parallel with Rupert Street<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="education">Education</h2>
For education in Chinatown, London, see <a href="/facts/City_of_Westminster/8pvuYHq2">City of Westminster § Education</a>.
The City of Westminster operates the Charing Cross Library with the Westminster Chinese Library.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h2 id="transport">Transport</h2>
The nearest <a href="/facts/List_of_London_Underground_stations/tN91ymH5">London Underground stations</a> are <a href="/facts/Leicester_Square_tube_station/B8GdDPvH">Leicester Square</a> and <a href="/facts/Piccadilly_Circus_tube_station/h7EYp6yp">Piccadilly Circus</a>.

<h2 id="popular-culture">Popular culture</h2>

The song lyrics to <a href="/facts/Warren_Zevon/vGV4qhMb">Warren Zevon</a>'s 1978 hit song "<a href="/facts/Werewolves_of_London/ddAqE8Wm">Werewolves of London</a>": "He was looking for the place called Lee Ho Fook‘s / Gonna get a big dish of beef chow mein" refer to <a href="/facts/Lee_Ho_Fook/ozFgBYQU">Lee Ho Fook</a>, a Chinese restaurant that stood on 15 <a href="/facts/Gerrard_Street%2c_London/W3zyMFHk">Gerrard Street</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
The films <a href="/facts/Ping_Pong_(1986_film)/mjv7Fa45">Ping Pong</a> (1986) and <a href="/facts/Soursweet/gpzL1xVN">Soursweet</a> (1988) are set in Chinatown; they are regarded as the first British-Chinese films, and make extensive use of Chinatown locations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

<h2 id="car-park">Car park</h2>
There is a China Town car park, which is underneath Vale Royal House, a large residential block in Newport Court, both built in the 1980s and managed by <a href="/facts/Westminster_City_Council/6jDgbKVq">Westminster City Council</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>China portal</li><li>Hong Kong portal</li><li>London portal</li><li>United Kingdom portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Brick_Lane/VrQMNqRR">Brick Lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Chinese_community_in_London/gJ6B2StK">Chinese community in London</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/British_Chinese/8P8SWRkw">British Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Wong_Kei/jDhGukmU">Wong Kei</a></li></ul>

Notes

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>

<ul><li><a href="http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.127/chapterId/2614/Chinese-in-the-Port-of-London.html">"London's first Chinatown"</a>. portcities.org.uk. Accessed 11 April 2011.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinatown, London.

<ul><li><a href="http://www.chinatown.co.uk/">The official Chinatown London website</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ccc.org.uk/">London Chinatown Community Centre (LCCC)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q&layer=c&z=17&sll=51.511746,-0.131163&cid=16904610334733917027&panoid=C5Tqf-MOMxcAAAQINSwKdQ&cbp=13,51.604690084777069,,0,0&ved=0CBEQ2wU&sa=X&ei=i7KUUqqKKpCeigaJvoHABA&gl=US&hl=en">New Google 360 degree tour of Chinatown</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.lccauk.com/">The official London Chinatown Chinese Association website</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/Onlineresources/RWWC/themes/1084/1106">Reassessing what we collect website – Chinese London</a> - history of Chinese London with objects and images</li>
<li><a href="http://www.shaolinway.com/shaolinway/shaolin-lion1.htm">Chinatown Chinese Lion Dance</a></li></ul>
<a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chinatown,_London¶ms=51_30_40_N_0_07_53_W_type:landmark_source:cswiki">51°30′40″N 0°07′53″W / 51.51111°N 0.13139°W / 51.51111; -0.13139</a>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Sales, Rosemary (2012). "London's Chinatown". In Donald, Stephanie (ed.). Branding cities : cosmopolitanism, parochialism, and social change. d'Angelo, Alessio; Liang, Xiujing; Montagna, Nicola. London: Routledge. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-0-415-53670-7. OCLC 782999960. <a href="978-0-415-53670-7" target="_blank">978-0-415-53670-7</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">In the 1950s, followed by SeeWoo, a Chinese supermarket, still serving the community today. Lisle Street was the Mecca of electronic junk, attracting hifi and television enthusiasts from all over southern England <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Giles Coren reviews Empress of Sichuan". The Times. 20 February 2010. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/giles-coren-reviews-empress-of-sichuan-lq0s5m08chq" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/article/giles-coren-reviews-empress-of-sichuan-lq0s5m08chq</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Chinatown in London is shutting down to protest 'violent fishing raids' by immigration officials". i. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018. <a href="https://inews.co.uk/news/chinatown-protest-immigration-fishing-raids/" target="_blank">https://inews.co.uk/news/chinatown-protest-immigration-fishing-raids/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Topping, Alexandra (22 October 2013). "Chinatown workers walk out in protest at immigration raids". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2018. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/oct/22/chinatown-protest-immigration-border-agency-raids" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/oct/22/chinatown-protest-immigration-border-agency-raids</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Our History". London Chinatown Community Centre. Retrieved 21 November 2013. <a href="http://www.ccc.org.uk/about-us/our-history-%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2/" target="_blank">http://www.ccc.org.uk/about-us/our-history-%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Find out about Chinatown". <a href="https://chinatown.co.uk/en/about-us/" target="_blank">https://chinatown.co.uk/en/about-us/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Chinatown pagoda is demolished as part of regeneration scheme". West End Extra. <a href="http://westendextra.com/article/chinatown-pagoda-is-demolished-as-part-of-regeneration-scheme" target="_blank">http://westendextra.com/article/chinatown-pagoda-is-demolished-as-part-of-regeneration-scheme</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"London's iconic Chinatown pavilion set for rebirth - World - Chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn. <a href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016-11/16/content_27399386.htm" target="_blank">https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016-11/16/content_27399386.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Find out about Chinatown". <a href="https://chinatown.co.uk/en/about-us/" target="_blank">https://chinatown.co.uk/en/about-us/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p65 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Charing Cross – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". library.eb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2010. <a href="http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-9022531?query=charing%20cross&ct=" target="_blank">http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-9022531?query=charing%20cross&ct=</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Helen Bebbington London Street Names (1972) <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Bebbington (1972), p. 81 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p. 84 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Bebbington (1972), p. 100 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Fairfield, p. 85 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Bebbington (1972), p. 101 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Londonist – Dansey Place". 4 June 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2017. <a href="https://londonist.com/2008/06/londonists_back_37" target="_blank">https://londonist.com/2008/06/londonists_back_37</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"British History Online: Gerrard Street Area: The Military Ground, Introduction". Retrieved 10 October 2017. <a href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols33-4/pp380-384" target="_blank">https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols33-4/pp380-384</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p132 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Bebbington, G. (1972) London Street Names, p141-2 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p143 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Bebbington, G. (1972) London Street Names, p153 <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p164 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Bebbington, G. (1972) London Street Names, p177 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p. 290 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Bebbington, G. London Street Names (1972), pp. 74, 198 <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p193 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Bebbington (1972), p. 200 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Fairfield, S. The Streets of London – A dictionary of the names and their origins, p. 202 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Bebbington (1972), p. 208 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Fairfield, p. 281 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Fairfield, p. 273 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Bebbington (1972), p. 281 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Fairfield, p. 292 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Bebbington (1972), p. 298 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Fairfield, p. 333 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Charing Cross Library Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 21 January 2009. <a href="http://www.westminster.gov.uk/libraries/findalibrary/charing.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.westminster.gov.uk/libraries/findalibrary/charing.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"Westminster Chinese Library." City of Westminster. Retrieved on 1 April 2012. <a href="http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/libraries/special/chineselibrary/" target="_blank">http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/libraries/special/chineselibrary/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Wooldridge, Max (2002). Rock 'n' Roll London. New York: Macmillan Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 0-312-30442-0. Retrieved 9 August 2020. <a href="0-312-30442-0" target="_blank">0-312-30442-0</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Self, Will (2001). Feeding Frenzy. London: Viking Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-670-88995-2. Retrieved 9 August 2020. <a href="978-0-670-88995-2" target="_blank">978-0-670-88995-2</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"BFI – Discover Chinese Britain on Film". Retrieved 4 October 2017. <a href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/discover-chinese-britain-film" target="_blank">https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/discover-chinese-britain-film</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"BFI Screenonline – British-Chinese Cinema". Retrieved 4 October 2017. <a href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/475755/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/475755/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Vale Royal House at wikimapia.org, accessed 20 May 2020 <a href="http://wikimapia.org/1692267/Vale-Royal-House" target="_blank">http://wikimapia.org/1692267/Vale-Royal-House</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Chinatown, London open-in-new

Chinatown, London