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Uniform polyhedron
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<h2 id="definition">Definition</h2> <p>Coxeter, Longuet-Higgins & Miller (1954) define uniform polyhedra to be <a href="/facts/Vertex-transitive/5nC8PdBm">vertex-transitive</a> polyhedra with regular faces. They define a polyhedron to be a finite set of polygons such that each side of a polygon is a side of just one other polygon, such that no non-empty proper subset of the polygons has the same property. By a polygon they implicitly mean a polygon in 3-dimensional Euclidean space; these are allowed to be non-convex and intersecting each other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>There are some generalizations of the concept of a uniform polyhedron. If the connectedness assumption is dropped, then we get uniform compounds, which can be split as a union of polyhedra, such as the compound of 5 cubes. If we drop the condition that the realization of the polyhedron is non-degenerate, then we get the so-called degenerate uniform polyhedra. These require a more general definition of polyhedra. Grünbaum (1994) gave a rather complicated definition of a polyhedron, while McMullen & Schulte (2002) gave a simpler and more general definition of a polyhedron: in their terminology, a polyhedron is a 2-dimensional <a href="/facts/Abstract_polytope/awkKfRGM">abstract polytope</a> with a non-degenerate 3-dimensional realization. Here an abstract polytope is a poset of its "faces" satisfying various condition, a realization is a function from its vertices to some space, and the realization is called non-degenerate if any two distinct faces of the abstract polytope have distinct realizations. Some of the ways they can be degenerate are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Hidden faces. Some polyhedra have faces that are hidden, in the sense that no points of their interior can be seen from the outside. These are usually not counted as uniform polyhedra.</li> <li>Degenerate compounds. Some polyhedra have multiple edges and their faces are the faces of two or more polyhedra, though these are not compounds in the previous sense since the polyhedra share edges.</li> <li>Double covers. Some non-orientable polyhedra have double covers satisfying the definition of a uniform polyhedron. There double covers have doubled faces, edges and vertices. They are usually not counted as uniform polyhedra.</li> <li>Double faces. There are several polyhedra with doubled faces produced by Wythoff's construction. Most authors do not allow doubled faces and remove them as part of the construction.</li> <li>Double edges. Skilling's figure has the property that it has double edges (as in the degenerate uniform polyhedra) but its faces cannot be written as a union of two uniform polyhedra.</li></ul> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Regular convex polyhedra</h3> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Platonic_solid/jraREXFD">Platonic solids</a> date back to the classical Greeks and were studied by the <a href="/facts/Pythagoreanism/25BjMN2z">Pythagoreans</a>, <a href="/facts/Plato/jGtT1UD5">Plato</a> (c. 424 – 348 BC), <a href="/facts/Theaetetus_(mathematician)/TAuUS5vE">Theaetetus</a> (c. 417 BC – 369 BC), <a href="/facts/Timaeus_of_Locri/NlInqy08">Timaeus of Locri</a> (c. 420–380 BC), and <a href="/facts/Euclid/dHpVyL4R">Euclid</a> (fl. 300 BC). The <a href="/facts/Etruscans/yw3dmLgd">Etruscans</a> discovered the regular dodecahedron before 500 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Nonregular uniform convex polyhedra</h3> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Cuboctahedron/hD7p0Mem">cuboctahedron</a> was known by <a href="/facts/Plato/jGtT1UD5">Plato</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Archimedes/sIeMhSVF">Archimedes</a> (287 BC – 212 BC) discovered all of the 13 <a href="/facts/Archimedean_solid/wYWeHDYT">Archimedean solids</a>. His original book on the subject was lost, but <a href="/facts/Pappus_of_Alexandria/UABLMu0m">Pappus of Alexandria</a> (c. 290 – c. 350 AD) mentioned Archimedes listed 13 polyhedra.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Piero_della_Francesca/7ceP8Tar">Piero della Francesca</a> (1415 – 1492) rediscovered the five truncations of the Platonic solids—truncated tetrahedron, truncated octahedron, truncated cube, truncated dodecahedron, and truncated icosahedron—and included illustrations and calculations of their metric properties in his book <i><a href="/facts/De_quinque_corporibus_regularibus/nJsEBrI8">De quinque corporibus regularibus</a></i>. He also discussed the cuboctahedron in a different book.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Luca_Pacioli/jaC8rCcG">Luca Pacioli</a> plagiarized Francesca's work in <i><a href="/facts/De_divina_proportione/zum7pq7g">De divina proportione</a></i> in 1509, adding the <a href="/facts/Rhombicuboctahedron/TmxUmEnl">rhombicuboctahedron</a>, calling it an <i>icosihexahedron</i> for its 26 faces, which was drawn by <a href="/facts/Leonardo_da_Vinci/E83tcPl2">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Johannes_Kepler/wk6GTN3C">Johannes Kepler</a> (1571–1630) was the first to publish the complete list of <a href="/facts/Archimedean_solid/wYWeHDYT">Archimedean solids</a>, in 1619. He also identified the infinite families of uniform <a href="/facts/Prismatic_uniform_polyhedron/MBJwRJxB">prisms and antiprisms</a>.</li></ul> <h3>Regular star polyhedra</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Johannes_Kepler/wk6GTN3C">Kepler</a> (1619) discovered two of the regular <a href="/facts/Kepler%25E2%2580%2593Poinsot_polyhedra/mzUUgBYS">Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra</a>, the <a href="/facts/Small_stellated_dodecahedron/lX1zlo6C">small stellated dodecahedron</a> and <a href="/facts/Great_stellated_dodecahedron/7efrgSub">great stellated dodecahedron</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Louis_Poinsot/JQnLBjl0">Louis Poinsot</a> (1809) discovered the other two, the <a href="/facts/Great_dodecahedron/LWt3Hgg4">great dodecahedron</a> and <a href="/facts/Great_icosahedron/jaAk3a5Q">great icosahedron</a>.</li> <li>The set of four was proven complete by <a href="/facts/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy/aoTjgj6j">Augustin-Louis Cauchy</a> in 1813 and named by <a href="/facts/Arthur_Cayley/NBd7QkeE">Arthur Cayley</a> in 1859.</li></ul> <h3>Other 53 nonregular star polyhedra</h3> <ul><li>Of the remaining 53, <a href="/facts/Edmund_Hess/HJdajw7h">Edmund Hess</a> (1878) discovered 2, Albert Badoureau (1881) discovered 36 more, and Pitsch (1881) independently discovered 18, of which 3 had not previously been discovered. Together these gave 41 polyhedra.</li> <li>The geometer <a href="/facts/Harold_Scott_MacDonald_Coxeter/D2l5jWGG">H.S.M. Coxeter</a> discovered the remaining twelve in collaboration with <a href="/facts/J._C._P._Miller/wPxXrRDR">J. C. P. Miller</a> (1930–1932) but did not publish. <a href="/facts/Michael_S._Longuet-Higgins/abuxImrj">M.S. Longuet-Higgins</a> and <a href="/facts/H.C._Longuet-Higgins/y3JGEVyq">H.C. Longuet-Higgins</a> independently discovered eleven of these. Lesavre and Mercier rediscovered five of them in 1947.</li> <li>Coxeter, Longuet-Higgins & Miller (1954) published the list of uniform polyhedra.</li> <li>Sopov (1970) proved their conjecture that the list was complete.</li> <li>In 1974, <a href="/facts/Magnus_Wenninger/2QeSYKu2">Magnus Wenninger</a> published his book <a href="/facts/List_of_Wenninger_polyhedron_models/hwApnNpt"><i>Polyhedron models</i></a>, which lists all 75 nonprismatic uniform polyhedra, with many previously unpublished names given to them by <a href="/facts/Norman_Johnson_(mathematician)/bQtL9w56">Norman Johnson</a>.</li> <li>Skilling (1975) independently proved the completeness and showed that if the definition of uniform polyhedron is relaxed to allow edges to coincide then there is just one extra possibility (the <a href="/facts/Great_disnub_dirhombidodecahedron/WqkxxTdV">great disnub dirhombidodecahedron</a>).</li> <li>In 1987, <a href="/facts/Edmond_Bonan/C7sRS0UW">Edmond Bonan</a> drew all the uniform polyhedra and their duals in 3D with a Turbo Pascal program called Polyca. Most of them were shown during the International Stereoscopic Union Congress held in 1993, at the Congress Theatre, Eastbourne, England; and again in 2005 at the Kursaal of Besançon, France.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>In 1993, Zvi Har'El (1949–2008)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> produced a complete kaleidoscopic construction of the uniform polyhedra and duals with a computer program called Kaleido and summarized it in a paper <i>Uniform Solution for Uniform Polyhedra</i>, counting figures 1-80.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Also in 1993, R. Mäder ported this Kaleido solution to <a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a> with a slightly different indexing system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>In 2002 Peter W. Messer discovered a minimal set of closed-form expressions for determining the main combinatorial and metrical quantities of any uniform polyhedron (and its dual) given only its <a href="/facts/Wythoff_symbol/ECD0Wl5x">Wythoff symbol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="uniform-star-polyhedra">Uniform star polyhedra</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Uniform_star_polyhedron/rSv9XpHQ">Uniform star polyhedron</a></p> <p>The 57 nonprismatic nonconvex forms, with exception of the <a href="/facts/Great_dirhombicosidodecahedron/SXj8w5ag">great dirhombicosidodecahedron</a>, are compiled by Wythoff constructions within <a href="/facts/Schwarz_triangle/bIz52h1W">Schwarz triangles</a>. </p> <h2 id="convex-forms-by-wythoff-construction">Convex forms by Wythoff construction</h2> <p>The convex uniform polyhedra can be named by <a href="/facts/Wythoff_construction/8yTYjp5e">Wythoff construction</a> operations on the regular form. </p><p>In more detail the convex uniform polyhedron are given below by their Wythoff construction within each symmetry group. </p><p>Within the Wythoff construction, there are repetitions created by lower symmetry forms. The cube is a regular polyhedron, and a square prism. The <a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">octahedron</a> is a regular polyhedron, and a triangular antiprism. The <a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">octahedron</a> is also a <i>rectified tetrahedron</i>. Many polyhedra are repeated from different construction sources, and are colored differently. </p><p>The Wythoff construction applies equally to uniform polyhedra and <a href="/facts/Spherical_polyhedron/jaglysFR">uniform tilings on the surface of a sphere</a>, so images of both are given. The spherical tilings include the set of <a href="/facts/Hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">hosohedra</a> and <a href="/facts/Dihedron/YkNgovlv">dihedra</a> which are degenerate polyhedra. </p><p>These symmetry groups are formed from the reflectional <a href="/facts/Point_groups_in_three_dimensions/Uc4MRIyl">point groups in three dimensions</a>, each represented by a fundamental triangle (<i>p</i> <i>q</i> <i>r</i>), where <i>p</i> > 1, <i>q</i> > 1, <i>r</i> > 1 and 1/<i>p</i> + 1/<i>q</i> + 1/<i>r</i> < 1. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tetrahedral_symmetry/hIVlf9pu">Tetrahedral symmetry</a> (3 3 2) – order 24</li> <li><a href="/facts/Octahedral_symmetry/qLqhYxgm">Octahedral symmetry</a> (4 3 2) – order 48</li> <li><a href="/facts/Icosahedral_symmetry/pDlwAy23">Icosahedral symmetry</a> (5 3 2) – order 120</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dihedral_symmetry/1PUlRh4M">Dihedral symmetry</a> (<i>n</i> 2 2), for <i>n</i> = 3,4,5,... – order 4<i>n</i></li></ul> <p>The remaining nonreflective forms are constructed by <a href="/facts/Alternation_(geometry)/H2nVs4xj">alternation</a> operations applied to the polyhedra with an even number of sides. </p><p>Along with the prisms and their <a href="/facts/Dihedral_symmetry/1PUlRh4M">dihedral symmetry</a>, the spherical Wythoff construction process adds two <i>regular</i> classes which become degenerate as polyhedra : the <i><a href="/facts/Dihedron/YkNgovlv">dihedra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/facts/Hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">hosohedra</a></i>, the first having only two faces, and the second only two vertices. The truncation of the regular <i>hosohedra</i> creates the prisms. </p><p>Below the convex uniform polyhedra are indexed 1–18 for the nonprismatic forms as they are presented in the tables by symmetry form. </p><p>For the infinite set of prismatic forms, they are indexed in four families: </p> <ol><li><a href="/facts/Hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">Hosohedra</a> <i>H</i>2... (only as spherical tilings)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dihedron/YkNgovlv">Dihedra</a> <i>D</i>2... (only as spherical tilings)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Prism_(geometry)/baIRRkCy">Prisms</a> <i>P</i>3... (truncated hosohedra)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Antiprism/FgP5jIVd">Antiprisms</a> <i>A</i>3... (snub prisms)</li></ol> <h3>Summary tables</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/Norman_Johnson_(mathematician)/bQtL9w56">Johnson</a> name</th><th>Parent</th><th>Truncated</th><th>Rectified</th><th>Bitruncated(tr. dual)</th><th>Birectified(dual)</th><th>Cantellated</th><th>Omnitruncated(cantitruncated)</th><th>Snub</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter diagram</a></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="3">Extended<a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli symbol</a></th><th> { p , q } {\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p,q\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> t { p , q } {\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}p,q\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> { p q } {\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> t { q , p } {\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}q,p\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> { q , p } {\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}q,p\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> r { p q } {\displaystyle r{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> t { p q } {\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> s { p q } {\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}} </th></tr><tr><th>{p,q}</th><th>t{p,q}</th><th>r{p,q}</th><th>2t{p,q}</th><th>2r{p,q}</th><th>rr{p,q}</th><th>tr{p,q}</th><th>sr{p,q}</th></tr><tr><th>t0{p,q}</th><th>t0,1{p,q}</th><th>t1{p,q}</th><th>t1,2{p,q}</th><th>t2{p,q}</th><th>t0,2{p,q}</th><th>t0,1,2{p,q}</th><th>ht0,1,2{p,q}</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Wythoff_symbol/ECD0Wl5x">Wythoff symbol</a>(p q 2)</th><th>q | p 2</th><th>2 q | p</th><th>2 | p q</th><th>2 p | q</th><th>p | q 2</th><th>p q | 2</th><th>p q 2 |</th><th>| p q 2</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Vertex_configuration/wWaBS6t0">Vertex figure</a></th><th>pq</th><th>q.2p.2p</th><th>(p.q)2</th><th>p. 2q.2q</th><th>qp</th><th>p. 4.q.4</th><th>4.2p.2q</th><th>3.3.p. 3.q</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tetrahedral_symmetry/hIVlf9pu">Tetrahedral</a>(3 3 2)</td><td><a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">3.3.3</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_tetrahedron/K9ItvmUK">3.6.6</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">3.3.3.3</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_tetrahedron/K9ItvmUK">3.6.6</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">3.3.3</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cuboctahedron/hD7p0Mem">3.4.3.4</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_octahedron/GA98b4TH">4.6.6</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Icosahedron/wWbpnDYp">3.3.3.3.3</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Octahedral_symmetry/qLqhYxgm">Octahedral</a>(4 3 2)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cube/65lUaAqN">4.4.4</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_cube/XVAUG4fD">3.8.8</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cuboctahedron/hD7p0Mem">3.4.3.4</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_octahedron/GA98b4TH">4.6.6</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">3.3.3.3</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Small_rhombicuboctahedron/TmxUmEnl">3.4.4.4</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_cuboctahedron/nd2ltxcm">4.6.8</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Snub_cube/pbnr40gk">3.3.3.3.4</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Icosahedral_symmetry/pDlwAy23">Icosahedral</a>(5 3 2)</td><td><a href="/facts/Dodecahedron/7r519eCl">5.5.5</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_dodecahedron/PVTAsUWQ">3.10.10</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Icosidodecahedron/P0JluaVA">3.5.3.5</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_icosahedron/LR8ugaY9">5.6.6</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Icosahedron/wWbpnDYp">3.3.3.3.3</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Rhombicosidodecahedron/AaDckLGP">3.4.5.4</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_icosidodecahedron/d5v9VpFY">4.6.10</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Snub_dodecahedron/oouEPVxD">3.3.3.3.5</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>And a sampling of dihedral symmetries: </p><p>(The sphere is not cut, only the tiling is cut.) (On a sphere, an edge is the arc of the great circle, the shortest way, between its two vertices. Hence, a digon whose vertices are not polar-opposite is flat: it looks like an edge.) </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>(p 2 2)</th><th>Parent</th><th>Truncated</th><th>Rectified</th><th>Bitruncated(tr. dual)</th><th>Birectified(dual)</th><th>Cantellated</th><th>Omnitruncated(cantitruncated)</th><th>Snub</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter diagram</a></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="3">Extended<a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli symbol</a></th><th> { p , 2 } {\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p,2\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> t { p , 2 } {\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}p,2\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> { p 2 } {\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p\\2\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> t { 2 , p } {\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}2,p\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> { 2 , p } {\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}2,p\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> r { p 2 } {\displaystyle r{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\2\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> t { p 2 } {\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\2\end{Bmatrix}}} </th><th> s { p 2 } {\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\2\end{Bmatrix}}} </th></tr><tr><th>{p,2}</th><th>t{p,2}</th><th>r{p,2}</th><th>2t{p,2}</th><th>2r{p,2}</th><th>rr{p,2}</th><th>tr{p,2}</th><th>sr{p,2}</th></tr><tr><th>t0{p,2}</th><th>t0,1{p,2}</th><th>t1{p,2}</th><th>t1,2{p,2}</th><th>t2{p,2}</th><th>t0,2{p,2}</th><th>t0,1,2{p,2}</th><th>ht0,1,2{p,2}</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Wythoff_symbol/ECD0Wl5x">Wythoff symbol</a></th><th>2 | p 2</th><th>2 2 | p</th><th>2 | p 2</th><th>2 p | 2</th><th>p | 2 2</th><th>p 2 | 2</th><th>p 2 2 |</th><th>| p 2 2</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Vertex_configuration/wWaBS6t0">Vertex figure</a></th><th>p2</th><th>2.2p.2p</th><th>p. 2.p. 2</th><th>p. 4.4</th><th>2p</th><th>p. 4.2.4</th><th>4.2p.4</th><th>3.3.3.p</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dihedral_symmetry/1PUlRh4M">Dihedral</a>(2 2 2)</td><td><a href="/facts/Dihedron/YkNgovlv">{2,2}</a></td><td>2.4.4</td><td>2.2.2.2</td><td>4.4.2</td><td><a href="/facts/Hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">2.2</a></td><td>2.4.2.4</td><td>4.4.4</td><td>3.3.3.2</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dihedral_symmetry/1PUlRh4M">Dihedral</a>(3 2 2)</td><td><a href="/facts/Dihedron/YkNgovlv">3.3</a></td><td>2.6.6</td><td>2.3.2.3</td><td>4.4.3</td><td><a href="/facts/Hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">2.2.2</a></td><td>2.4.3.4</td><td>4.4.6</td><td>3.3.3.3</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dihedral_symmetry/1PUlRh4M">Dihedral</a>(4 2 2)</td><td><a href="/facts/Dihedron/YkNgovlv">4.4</a></td><td>2.8.8</td><td>2.4.2.4</td><td>4.4.4</td><td><a href="/facts/Hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">2.2.2.2</a></td><td>2.4.4.4</td><td>4.4.8</td><td>3.3.3.4</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dihedral_symmetry/1PUlRh4M">Dihedral</a>(5 2 2)</td><td><a href="/facts/Dihedron/YkNgovlv">5.5</a></td><td>2.10.10</td><td>2.5.2.5</td><td>4.4.5</td><td><a href="/facts/Hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">2.2.2.2.2</a></td><td>2.4.5.4</td><td>4.4.10</td><td>3.3.3.5</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dihedral_symmetry/1PUlRh4M">Dihedral</a>(6 2 2)</td><td><a href="/facts/Dihedron/YkNgovlv">6.6</a></td><td>2.12.12</td><td>2.6.2.6</td><td>4.4.6</td><td><a href="/facts/Hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">2.2.2.2.2.2</a></td><td>2.4.6.4</td><td>4.4.12</td><td>3.3.3.6</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>(3 3 2) Td tetrahedral symmetry</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Tetrahedral_symmetry/hIVlf9pu">tetrahedral symmetry</a> of the sphere generates 5 uniform polyhedra, and a 6th form by a snub operation. </p><p>The tetrahedral symmetry is represented by a fundamental triangle with one vertex with two mirrors, and two vertices with three mirrors, represented by the symbol (3 3 2). It can also be represented by the <a href="/facts/Coxeter_group/bgzHFm1Q">Coxeter group</a> A2 or [3,3], as well as a <a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter diagram</a>: . </p><p>There are 24 triangles, visible in the faces of the <a href="/facts/Tetrakis_hexahedron/RjfM6K49">tetrakis hexahedron</a>, and in the alternately colored triangles on a sphere: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">#</th><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">GraphA3</th><th rowspan="2">GraphA2</th><th rowspan="2">Picture</th><th rowspan="2">Tiling</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Vertex_figure/3u2ySK0C">Vertexfigure</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter</a>and <a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli</a>symbols</th><th colspan="3">Face counts by position</th><th colspan="3">Element counts</th></tr><tr><th>Pos. 2[3](4)</th><th>Pos. 1[2](6)</th><th>Pos. 0[3](4)</th><th>Faces</th><th>Edges</th><th>Vertices</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><td><a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">Tetrahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{3,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>[1]</th><td>Birectified tetrahedron(same as <a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">tetrahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t2{3,3}={3,3}</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>Rectified tetrahedronTetratetrahedron(same as <a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">octahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t1{3,3}=r{3,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_tetrahedron/K9ItvmUK">Truncated tetrahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1{3,3}=t{3,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>8</td><td>18</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>[3]</th><td>Bitruncated tetrahedron(same as <a href="/facts/Truncated_tetrahedron/K9ItvmUK">truncated tetrahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t1,2{3,3}=t{3,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td>8</td><td>18</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>Cantellated tetrahedronRhombitetratetrahedron(same as <a href="/facts/Cuboctahedron/hD7p0Mem">cuboctahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,2{3,3}=rr{3,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>14</td><td>24</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>Omnitruncated tetrahedronTruncated tetratetrahedron(same as <a href="/facts/Truncated_octahedron/GA98b4TH">truncated octahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1,2{3,3}=tr{3,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td>14</td><td>36</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>Snub tetratetrahedron(same as <a href="/facts/Icosahedron/wWbpnDYp">icosahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sr{3,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>20</td><td>30</td><td>12</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>(4 3 2) Oh octahedral symmetry</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Octahedral_symmetry/qLqhYxgm">octahedral symmetry</a> of the sphere generates 7 uniform polyhedra, and a 7 more by alternation. Six of these forms are repeated from the tetrahedral symmetry table above. </p><p>The octahedral symmetry is represented by a fundamental triangle (4 3 2) counting the mirrors at each vertex. It can also be represented by the <a href="/facts/Coxeter_group/bgzHFm1Q">Coxeter group</a> B2 or [4,3], as well as a <a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter diagram</a>: . </p><p>There are 48 triangles, visible in the faces of the <a href="/facts/Disdyakis_dodecahedron/wwAbxHWL">disdyakis dodecahedron</a>, and in the alternately colored triangles on a sphere: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">#</th><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">GraphB3</th><th rowspan="2">GraphB2</th><th rowspan="2">Picture</th><th rowspan="2">Tiling</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Vertex_figure/3u2ySK0C">Vertexfigure</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter</a>and <a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli</a>symbols</th><th colspan="3">Face counts by position</th><th colspan="3">Element counts</th></tr><tr><th>Pos. 2[4](6)</th><th>Pos. 1[2](12)</th><th>Pos. 0[3](8)</th><th>Faces</th><th>Edges</th><th>Vertices</th></tr><tr><th>7</th><td><a href="/facts/Cube/65lUaAqN">Cube</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{4,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td>12</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><th>[2]</th><td><a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">Octahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{3,4}</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>[4]</th><td>Rectified cubeRectified octahedron(<a href="/facts/Cuboctahedron/hD7p0Mem">Cuboctahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{4,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>14</td><td>24</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_cube/XVAUG4fD">Truncated cube</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1{4,3}=t{4,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Octagon/H5PuP3wP">{8}</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>14</td><td>36</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>[5]</th><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_octahedron/GA98b4TH">Truncated octahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1{3,4}=t{3,4}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td>14</td><td>36</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>Cantellated cubeCantellated octahedron<a href="/facts/Rhombicuboctahedron/TmxUmEnl">Rhombicuboctahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,2{4,3}=rr{4,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>26</td><td>48</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>Omnitruncated cubeOmnitruncated octahedron<a href="/facts/Truncated_cuboctahedron/nd2ltxcm">Truncated cuboctahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1,2{4,3}=tr{4,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Octagon/H5PuP3wP">{8}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td>26</td><td>72</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><th>[6]</th><td>Snub octahedron(same as <a href="/facts/Icosahedron/wWbpnDYp">Icosahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>= s{3,4}=sr{3,3}</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>20</td><td>30</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>[1]</th><td>Half cube(same as <a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">Tetrahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>= h{4,3}={3,3}</td><td>1/2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>[2]</th><td>Cantic cube(same as <a href="/facts/Truncated_tetrahedron/K9ItvmUK">Truncated tetrahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>= h2{4,3}=t{3,3}</td><td> 1/2 <a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td></td><td>1/2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>8</td><td>18</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>[4]</th><td>(same as <a href="/facts/Cuboctahedron/hD7p0Mem">Cuboctahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>= rr{3,3}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>14</td><td>24</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>[5]</th><td>(same as <a href="/facts/Truncated_octahedron/GA98b4TH">Truncated octahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>= tr{3,3}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>14</td><td>36</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>[9]</th><td>Cantic snub octahedron(same as <a href="/facts/Rhombicuboctahedron/TmxUmEnl">Rhombicuboctahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>s2{3,4}=rr{3,4}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>26</td><td>48</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>11</th><td><a href="/facts/Snub_cube/pbnr40gk">Snub cuboctahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sr{4,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td>2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>38</td><td>60</td><td>24</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>(5 3 2) Ih icosahedral symmetry</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Icosahedral_symmetry/pDlwAy23">icosahedral symmetry</a> of the sphere generates 7 uniform polyhedra, and a 1 more by alternation. Only one is repeated from the tetrahedral and octahedral symmetry table above. </p><p>The icosahedral symmetry is represented by a fundamental triangle (5 3 2) counting the mirrors at each vertex. It can also be represented by the <a href="/facts/Coxeter_group/bgzHFm1Q">Coxeter group</a> G2 or [5,3], as well as a <a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter diagram</a>: . </p><p>There are 120 triangles, visible in the faces of the <a href="/facts/Disdyakis_triacontahedron/WkV7L9Pg">disdyakis triacontahedron</a>, and in the alternately colored triangles on a sphere: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">#</th><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">Graph(A2)[6]</th><th rowspan="2">Graph(H3)[10]</th><th rowspan="2">Picture</th><th rowspan="2">Tiling</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Vertex_figure/3u2ySK0C">Vertexfigure</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter</a>and <a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli</a>symbols</th><th colspan="3">Face counts by position</th><th colspan="3">Element counts</th></tr><tr><th>Pos. 2[5](12)</th><th>Pos. 1[2](30)</th><th>Pos. 0[3](20)</th><th>Faces</th><th>Edges</th><th>Vertices</th></tr><tr><th>12</th><td><a href="/facts/Dodecahedron/7r519eCl">Dodecahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{5,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Pentagon/jeHEARHH">{5}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>12</td><td>30</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><th>[6]</th><td><a href="/facts/Icosahedron/wWbpnDYp">Icosahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{3,5}</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>20</td><td>30</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>13</th><td>Rectified dodecahedronRectified icosahedron<a href="/facts/Icosidodecahedron/P0JluaVA">Icosidodecahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t1{5,3}=r{5,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Pentagon/jeHEARHH">{5}</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>32</td><td>60</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><th>14</th><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_dodecahedron/PVTAsUWQ">Truncated dodecahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1{5,3}=t{5,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Decagon/GdHnJjMK">{10}</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>32</td><td>90</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><th>15</th><td><a href="/facts/Truncated_icosahedron/LR8ugaY9">Truncated icosahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1{3,5}=t{3,5}</td><td><a href="/facts/Pentagon/jeHEARHH">{5}</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td>32</td><td>90</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><th>16</th><td>Cantellated dodecahedronCantellated icosahedron<a href="/facts/Rhombicosidodecahedron/AaDckLGP">Rhombicosidodecahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,2{5,3}=rr{5,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Pentagon/jeHEARHH">{5}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>62</td><td>120</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><th>17</th><td>Omnitruncated dodecahedronOmnitruncated icosahedron<a href="/facts/Truncated_icosidodecahedron/d5v9VpFY">Truncated icosidodecahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1,2{5,3}=tr{5,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Decagon/GdHnJjMK">{10}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td>62</td><td>180</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><th>18</th><td><a href="/facts/Snub_dodecahedron/oouEPVxD">Snub icosidodecahedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sr{5,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Pentagon/jeHEARHH">{5}</a></td><td>2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>92</td><td>150</td><td>60</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>(p 2 2) Prismatic [p,2], I2(p) family (D<i>p</i>h dihedral symmetry)</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Prismatic_uniform_polyhedron/MBJwRJxB">Prismatic uniform polyhedron</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Dihedral_symmetry/1PUlRh4M">dihedral symmetry</a> of the sphere generates two infinite sets of uniform polyhedra, prisms and antiprisms, and two more infinite set of degenerate polyhedra, the hosohedra and dihedra which exist as tilings on the sphere. </p><p>The dihedral symmetry is represented by a fundamental triangle (p 2 2) counting the mirrors at each vertex. It can also be represented by the <a href="/facts/Coxeter_group/bgzHFm1Q">Coxeter group</a> I2(p) or [n,2], as well as a prismatic <a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter diagram</a>: . </p><p>Below are the first five dihedral symmetries: D2 ... D6. The dihedral symmetry Dp has order <i>4n</i>, represented the faces of a <a href="/facts/Bipyramid/MkzrCA0W">bipyramid</a>, and on the sphere as an equator line on the longitude, and n equally-spaced lines of longitude. </p> <h4>(2 2 2) Dihedral symmetry</h4> <p>There are 8 fundamental triangles, visible in the faces of the <a href="/facts/Square_bipyramid/G38q92xW">square bipyramid</a> (Octahedron) and alternately colored triangles on a sphere: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">#</th><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">Picture</th><th rowspan="2">Tiling</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Vertex_figure/3u2ySK0C">Vertexfigure</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter</a>and <a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli</a>symbols</th><th colspan="3">Face counts by position</th><th colspan="3">Element counts</th></tr><tr><th>Pos. 2[2](2)</th><th>Pos. 1[2](2)</th><th>Pos. 0[2](2)</th><th>Faces</th><th>Edges</th><th>Vertices</th></tr><tr><th>D2H2</th><td><a href="/facts/Digonal_dihedron/YkNgovlv">Digonal dihedron</a>,<a href="/facts/Digonal_hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">digonal hosohedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{2,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Digon/vur5IQ5d">{2}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>D4</th><td>Truncated digonal dihedron(same as <a href="/facts/Square_dihedron/t2dyV0bW">square dihedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t{2,2}={4,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>P4[7]</th><td>Omnitruncated digonal dihedron(same as <a href="/facts/Cube/65lUaAqN">cube</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1,2{2,2}=tr{2,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td>6</td><td>12</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><th>A2[1]</th><td>Snub digonal dihedron(same as <a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">tetrahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sr{2,2}</td><td></td><td>2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td></td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>(3 2 2) D3h dihedral symmetry</h4> <p>There are 12 fundamental triangles, visible in the faces of the <a href="/facts/Hexagonal_bipyramid/LXcnCg3M">hexagonal bipyramid</a> and alternately colored triangles on a sphere: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">#</th><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">Picture</th><th rowspan="2">Tiling</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Vertex_figure/3u2ySK0C">Vertexfigure</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter</a>and <a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli</a>symbols</th><th colspan="3">Face counts by position</th><th colspan="3">Element counts</th></tr><tr><th>Pos. 2[3](2)</th><th>Pos. 1[2](3)</th><th>Pos. 0[2](3)</th><th>Faces</th><th>Edges</th><th>Vertices</th></tr><tr><th>D3</th><td><a href="/facts/Trigonal_dihedron/YkNgovlv">Trigonal dihedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{3,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>H3</th><td><a href="/facts/Trigonal_hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">Trigonal hosohedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{2,3}</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Digon/vur5IQ5d">{2}</a></td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>D6</th><td>Truncated trigonal dihedron(same as <a href="/facts/Hexagonal_dihedron/YkNgovlv">hexagonal dihedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t{3,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>P3</th><td>Truncated trigonal hosohedron(<a href="/facts/Triangular_prism/Yjp4Kw9M">Triangular prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t{2,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td></td><td>5</td><td>9</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>P6</th><td>Omnitruncated trigonal dihedron(<a href="/facts/Hexagonal_prism/oxYc0nF2">Hexagonal prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1,2{2,3}=tr{2,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td>8</td><td>18</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>A3[2]</th><td>Snub trigonal dihedron(same as <a href="/facts/Triangular_antiprism/G38q92xW">Triangular antiprism</a>)(same as <a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">octahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sr{2,3}</td><td><a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td>2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td></td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>P3</th><td>Cantic snub trigonal dihedron(<a href="/facts/Triangular_prism/Yjp4Kw9M">Triangular prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>s2{2,3}=t{2,3}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td><td>9</td><td>6</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>(4 2 2) D4h dihedral symmetry</h4> <p>There are 16 fundamental triangles, visible in the faces of the <a href="/facts/Octagonal_bipyramid/xGe9mvT8">octagonal bipyramid</a> and alternately colored triangles on a sphere: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">#</th><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">Picture</th><th rowspan="2">Tiling</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Vertex_figure/3u2ySK0C">Vertexfigure</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter</a>and <a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli</a>symbols</th><th colspan="3">Face counts by position</th><th colspan="3">Element counts</th></tr><tr><th>Pos. 2[4](2)</th><th>Pos. 1[2](4)</th><th>Pos. 0[2](4)</th><th>Faces</th><th>Edges</th><th>Vertices</th></tr><tr><th>D4</th><td><a href="/facts/Square_dihedron/t2dyV0bW">square dihedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{4,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>H4</th><td><a href="/facts/Square_hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">square hosohedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{2,4}</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Digon/vur5IQ5d">{2}</a></td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>D8</th><td>Truncated square dihedron(same as <a href="/facts/Octagonal_dihedron/YkNgovlv">octagonal dihedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t{4,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Octagon/H5PuP3wP">{8}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><th>P4[7]</th><td>Truncated square hosohedron(<a href="/facts/Cube/65lUaAqN">Cube</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t{2,4}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td></td><td>6</td><td>12</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><th>D8</th><td>Omnitruncated square dihedron(<a href="/facts/Octagonal_prism/pMnX2f7F">Octagonal prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1,2{2,4}=tr{2,4}</td><td><a href="/facts/Octagon/H5PuP3wP">{8}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td>10</td><td>24</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><th>A4</th><td>Snub square dihedron(<a href="/facts/Square_antiprism/4514Q02s">Square antiprism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sr{2,4}</td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td>2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td></td><td>10</td><td>16</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><th>P4[7]</th><td>Cantic snub square dihedron(<a href="/facts/Cube/65lUaAqN">Cube</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>s2{4,2}=t{2,4}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td>12</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><th>A2[1]</th><td>Snub square hosohedron(<a href="/facts/Digonal_antiprism/7rU7jc7U">Digonal antiprism</a>)(<a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">Tetrahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>s{2,4}=sr{2,2}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>(5 2 2) D5h dihedral symmetry</h4> <p>There are 20 fundamental triangles, visible in the faces of the <a href="/facts/Decagonal_bipyramid/aEKmUyGE">decagonal bipyramid</a> and alternately colored triangles on a sphere: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">#</th><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">Picture</th><th rowspan="2">Tiling</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Vertex_figure/3u2ySK0C">Vertexfigure</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter</a>and <a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli</a>symbols</th><th colspan="3">Face counts by position</th><th colspan="3">Element counts</th></tr><tr><th>Pos. 2[5](2)</th><th>Pos. 1[2](5)</th><th>Pos. 0[2](5)</th><th>Faces</th><th>Edges</th><th>Vertices</th></tr><tr><th>D5</th><td><a href="/facts/Pentagonal_dihedron/YkNgovlv">Pentagonal dihedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{5,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Pentagon/jeHEARHH">{5}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><th>H5</th><td><a href="/facts/Pentagonal_hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">Pentagonal hosohedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{2,5}</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Digon/vur5IQ5d">{2}</a></td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>D10</th><td>Truncated pentagonal dihedron(same as <a href="/facts/Decagonal_dihedron/YkNgovlv">decagonal dihedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t{5,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Decagon/GdHnJjMK">{10}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>10</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><th>P5</th><td>Truncated pentagonal hosohedron(same as <a href="/facts/Pentagonal_prism/CtvKLxcy">pentagonal prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t{2,5}</td><td><a href="/facts/Pentagon/jeHEARHH">{5}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td></td><td>7</td><td>15</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><th>P10</th><td>Omnitruncated pentagonal dihedron(<a href="/facts/Decagonal_prism/dIjtR9zW">Decagonal prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1,2{2,5}=tr{2,5}</td><td><a href="/facts/Decagon/GdHnJjMK">{10}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td>12</td><td>30</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><th>A5</th><td>Snub pentagonal dihedron(<a href="/facts/Pentagonal_antiprism/gR8aMBKN">Pentagonal antiprism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sr{2,5}</td><td><a href="/facts/Pentagon/jeHEARHH">{5}</a></td><td>2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td></td><td>12</td><td>20</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><th>P5</th><td>Cantic snub pentagonal dihedron(<a href="/facts/Pentagonal_prism/CtvKLxcy">Pentagonal prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>s2{5,2}=t{2,5}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>7</td><td>15</td><td>10</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>(6 2 2) D6h dihedral symmetry</h4> <p>There are 24 fundamental triangles, visible in the faces of the dodecagonal bipyramid and alternately colored triangles on a sphere. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">#</th><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">Picture</th><th rowspan="2">Tiling</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Vertex_figure/3u2ySK0C">Vertexfigure</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeter</a>and <a href="/facts/Schl%25C3%25A4fli_symbol/jNQR77UU">Schläfli</a>symbols</th><th colspan="3">Face counts by position</th><th colspan="3">Element counts</th></tr><tr><th>Pos. 2[6](2)</th><th>Pos. 1[2](6)</th><th>Pos. 0[2](6)</th><th>Faces</th><th>Edges</th><th>Vertices</th></tr><tr><th>D6</th><td><a href="/facts/Hexagonal_dihedron/YkNgovlv">Hexagonal dihedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{6,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>H6</th><td><a href="/facts/Hexagonal_hosohedron/t2dyV0bW">Hexagonal hosohedron</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>{2,6}</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Digon/vur5IQ5d">{2}</a></td><td>6</td><td>6</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>D12</th><td>Truncated hexagonal dihedron(same as <a href="/facts/Dodecagonal_dihedron/YkNgovlv">dodecagonal dihedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t{6,2}</td><td><a href="/facts/Dodecagon/lKDvfUsm">{12}</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>12</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>H6</th><td>Truncated hexagonal hosohedron(same as <a href="/facts/Hexagonal_prism/oxYc0nF2">hexagonal prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t{2,6}</td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td></td><td>8</td><td>18</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>P12</th><td>Omnitruncated hexagonal dihedron(<a href="/facts/Dodecagonal_prism/50AfF1sz">Dodecagonal prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>t0,1,2{2,6}=tr{2,6}</td><td><a href="/facts/Dodecagon/lKDvfUsm">{12}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">{4}</a></td><td>14</td><td>36</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>A6</th><td>Snub hexagonal dihedron(<a href="/facts/Hexagonal_antiprism/bt1W4cs6">Hexagonal antiprism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sr{2,6}</td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">{6}</a></td><td>2 <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">{3}</a></td><td> </td><td>14</td><td>24</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>P3</th><td>Cantic hexagonal dihedron(<a href="/facts/Triangular_prism/Yjp4Kw9M">Triangular prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> = h2{6,2}=t{2,3}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td><td>9</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>P6</th><td>Cantic snub hexagonal dihedron(<a href="/facts/Hexagonal_prism/oxYc0nF2">Hexagonal prism</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>s2{6,2}=t{2,6}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>8</td><td>18</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><th>A3[2]</th><td>Snub hexagonal hosohedron(same as <a href="/facts/Triangular_antiprism/G38q92xW">Triangular antiprism</a>)(same as <a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">octahedron</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>s{2,6}=sr{2,3}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>6</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="wythoff-construction-operators">Wythoff construction operators</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Operation</th><th>Symbol</th><th><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeterdiagram</a></th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><th>Parent</th><th>{p,q}t0{p,q}</th><td></td><td>Any regular polyhedron or tiling</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Rectification_(geometry)/PkoUdq53">Rectified</a> (r)</th><th>r{p,q}t1{p,q}</th><td></td><td>The edges are fully truncated into single points. The polyhedron now has the combined faces of the parent and dual. Polyhedra are named by the number of sides of the two regular forms: {p,q} and {q,p}, like cuboctahedron for r{4,3} between a cube and octahedron.</td></tr><tr><th>Birectified (2r)(also <a href="/facts/Dual_polyhedron/rkIHbmAf">dual</a>)</th><th>2r{p,q}t2{p,q}</th><td></td><td>The birectified (dual) is a further truncation so that the original faces are reduced to points. New faces are formed under each parent vertex. The number of edges is unchanged and are rotated 90 degrees. A birectification can be seen as the dual.</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Truncation_(geometry)/DYb589Je">Truncated</a> (t)</th><th>t{p,q}t0,1{p,q}</th><td></td><td>Each original vertex is cut off, with a new face filling the gap. Truncation has a degree of freedom, which has one solution that creates a uniform truncated polyhedron. The polyhedron has its original faces doubled in sides, and contains the faces of the dual.</td></tr><tr><th>Bitruncated (2t)(also truncated dual)</th><th>2t{p,q}t1,2{p,q}</th><td></td><td>A bitruncation can be seen as the truncation of the dual. A bitruncated cube is a truncated octahedron.</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Cantellation_(geometry)/kS24Tde3">Cantellated</a> (rr)(Also <a href="/facts/Expansion_(geometry)/eMpoRlnm">expanded</a>)</th><th>rr{p,q}</th><td></td><td>In addition to vertex truncation, each original edge is <i>beveled</i> with new rectangular faces appearing in their place. A uniform cantellation is halfway between both the parent and dual forms. A cantellated polyhedron is named as a rhombi-r{p,q}, like rhombicuboctahedron for rr{4,3}.</td></tr><tr><th>Cantitruncated (tr)(Also <a href="/facts/Omnitruncated_polyhedron/l43QqIur">omnitruncated</a>)</th><th>tr{p,q}t0,1,2{p,q}</th><td></td><td>The truncation and cantellation operations are applied together to create an omnitruncated form which has the parent's faces doubled in sides, the dual's faces doubled in sides, and squares where the original edges existed.</td></tr></tbody></table> Alternation operations<table><tbody><tr><th>Operation</th><th>Symbol</th><th><a href="/facts/Coxeter_diagram/Ik6LmXJB">Coxeterdiagram</a></th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><th>Snub rectified (sr)</th><th>sr{p,q}</th><td></td><td>The alternated cantitruncated. All the original faces end up with half as many sides, and the squares degenerate into edges. Since the omnitruncated forms have 3 faces/vertex, new triangles are formed. Usually these alternated faceting forms are slightly deformed thereafter in order to end again as uniform polyhedra. The possibility of the latter variation depends on the degree of freedom.</td></tr><tr><th>Snub (s)</th><th>s{p,2q}</th><td></td><td>Alternated truncation</td></tr><tr><th>Cantic snub (s2)</th><th>s2{p,2q}</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Alternated cantellation (hrr)</th><th>hrr{2p,2q}</th><td></td><td>Only possible in uniform tilings (infinite polyhedra), alternation of For example, </td></tr><tr><th>Half (h)</th><th>h{2p,q}</th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alternation_(geometry)/H2nVs4xj">Alternation</a> of , same as </td></tr><tr><th>Cantic (h2)</th><th>h2{2p,q}</th><td></td><td>Same as </td></tr><tr><th>Half rectified (hr)</th><th>hr{2p,2q}</th><td></td><td>Only possible in uniform tilings (infinite polyhedra), alternation of , same as or For example, = or </td></tr><tr><th>Quarter (q)</th><th>q{2p,2q}</th><td></td><td>Only possible in uniform tilings (infinite polyhedra), same as For example, = or </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Polyhedron/UC0p9FTF">Polyhedron</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Regular_polyhedron/HJ6oGyug">Regular polyhedron</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Quasiregular_polyhedron/1ukrFhec">Quasiregular polyhedron</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Semiregular_polyhedron/fHygpjHu">Semiregular polyhedron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_uniform_polyhedra/robWbdeH">List of uniform polyhedra</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_uniform_polyhedra_by_vertex_figure/usU8UPRI">List of uniform polyhedra by vertex figure</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_uniform_polyhedra_by_Wythoff_symbol/tI4rXK1n">List of uniform polyhedra by Wythoff symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_uniform_polyhedra_by_Schwarz_triangle/jCr8dlFd">List of uniform polyhedra by Schwarz triangle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Johnson_solids/6lzuVMwH">List of Johnson solids</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Wenninger_polyhedron_models/hwApnNpt">List of Wenninger polyhedron models</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polyhedron_model/4CtUNSVI">Polyhedron model</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Uniform_tiling/QVK02ksI">Uniform tiling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Uniform_tilings_in_hyperbolic_plane/khwIB6I1">Uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pseudo-uniform_polyhedron/E1Aax1C5">Pseudo-uniform polyhedron</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_shapes/lP1HBYsV">List of shapes</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Max_Br%25C3%25BCckner/LdsN5VrA">Brückner, M.</a> <i>Vielecke und vielflache. Theorie und geschichte.</i>. Leipzig, Germany: Teubner, 1900. <a href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/b/bib/bibperm?q1=ABN8316.0001.001">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harold_Scott_MacDonald_Coxeter/D2l5jWGG">Coxeter, Harold Scott MacDonald</a>; <a href="/facts/Michael_S._Longuet-Higgins/abuxImrj">Longuet-Higgins, M. S.</a>; <a href="/facts/J._C._P._Miller/wPxXrRDR">Miller, J. C. P.</a> (1954). <a href="http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roypta/246/916/401.full.pdf">"Uniform polyhedra"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A/WMbAj7Lu">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</a></i>. 246 (916): 401–450. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954RSPTA.246..401C">1954RSPTA.246..401C</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1954.0003">10.1098/rsta.1954.0003</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4614">0080-4614</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/91532">91532</a>. <a href="/facts/MR_(identifier)/uP137L11">MR</a> <a href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0062446">0062446</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202575183">202575183</a>.</li> <li>Diudea, M. V. (2018), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_06DwAAQBAJ"><i>Multi-shell Polyhedral Clusters</i></a>, Carbon Materials: Chemistry and Physics, vol. 10, <a href="/facts/Springer_Science%252BBusiness_Media/nAesf6nT">Springer</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-64123-2">10.1007/978-3-319-64123-2</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-319-64123-2</li> <li><a href="/facts/Branko_Gr%25C3%25BCnbaum/taVzX1MG">Grünbaum, B.</a> (1994), "Polyhedra with Hollow Faces", in Tibor Bisztriczky; Peter McMullen; Rolf Schneider; et al. (eds.), <i>Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Polytopes: Abstract, Convex and Computational</i>, Springer, pp. 43–70, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-0924-6_3">10.1007/978-94-011-0924-6_3</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-94-010-4398-4</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_McMullen/E0HuIJJh">McMullen, Peter</a>; Schulte, Egon (2002), <i>Abstract Regular Polytopes</i>, Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Skilling, J. (1975). "The complete set of uniform polyhedra". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences</i>. 278 (1278): 111–135. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975RSPTA.278..111S">1975RSPTA.278..111S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1975.0022">10.1098/rsta.1975.0022</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4614">0080-4614</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/74475">74475</a>. <a href="/facts/MR_(identifier)/uP137L11">MR</a> <a href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0365333">0365333</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122634260">122634260</a>.</li> <li>Sopov, S. P. (1970). "A proof of the completeness on the list of elementary homogeneous polyhedra". <i>Ukrainskiui Geometricheskiui Sbornik</i> (8): 139–156. <a href="/facts/MR_(identifier)/uP137L11">MR</a> <a href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0326550">0326550</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Magnus_Wenninger/2QeSYKu2">Wenninger, Magnus</a> (1974). <i>Polyhedron Models</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-09859-5.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eric_W._Weisstein/FbMuVDep">Weisstein, Eric W.</a> <a href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/UniformPolyhedron.html">"Uniform Polyhedron"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/MathWorld/yc1jodbq">MathWorld</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="http://harel.org.il/zvi/docs/uniform.pdf">Uniform Solution for Uniform Polyhedra</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.mathconsult.ch/showroom/unipoly/">The Uniform Polyhedra</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.georgehart.com/virtual-polyhedra/uniform-info.html">Virtual Polyhedra</a> Uniform Polyhedra</li> <li><a href="http://www.stereo-club.fr/GalerieSCF/main.php?cmd=album&var1=Edmond+Bonan%2FPolyedres/&var2=3">Uniform polyhedron gallery</a></li> <li><a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/UniformPolyhedron.html">Uniform Polyhedron -- from Wolfram MathWorld</a> <i>Has a visual chart of all 75</i></li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="13"><ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul>Fundamental convex <a href="/facts/Regular_polytope/RYTnEF6Q">regular</a> and <a href="/facts/Uniform_polytope/nFcNAzLy">uniform polytopes</a> in dimensions 2–10</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Coxeter_group/bgzHFm1Q">Family</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Simple_Lie_group/LkHTNYU9"><i>A</i><i>n</i></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Simple_Lie_group/LkHTNYU9"><i>B</i><i>n</i></a></td><td><i>I</i>2(p) / <a href="/facts/Simple_Lie_group/LkHTNYU9"><i>D</i><i>n</i></a></td><td><a href="/facts/E6_(mathematics)/U9YEMtWj"><i>E</i>6</a> / <a href="/facts/E7_(mathematics)/KjFez9PW"><i>E</i>7</a> / <a href="/facts/E8_(mathematics)/NEaKT71H"><i>E</i>8</a> / <a href="/facts/F4_(mathematics)/30H8CQ8v"><i>F</i>4</a> / <a href="/facts/G2_(mathematics)/Bka4pKjQ"><i>G</i>2</a></td><td><a href="/facts/H4_(mathematics)/bgzHFm1Q">Hn</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Regular_polygon/ws89Nhpt">Regular polygon</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Equilateral_triangle/MJomsYDS">Triangle</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Square/JHJeMvmL">Square</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Regular_polygon/ws89Nhpt">p-gon</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hexagon/DPzuCzWE">Hexagon</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pentagon/jeHEARHH">Pentagon</a></td></tr><tr><th>Uniform polyhedron</th><td><a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">Tetrahedron</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">Octahedron</a> • <a href="/facts/Cube/65lUaAqN">Cube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tetrahedron/7mkSrl6j">Demicube</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Regular_dodecahedron/xClYqhcp">Dodecahedron</a> • <a href="/facts/Regular_icosahedron/1U93vmXV">Icosahedron</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Uniform_polychoron/NHxomMxC">Uniform polychoron</a></th><td><a href="/facts/5-cell/Rh6lwDcc">Pentachoron</a></td><td><a href="/facts/16-cell/X0YAfobw">16-cell</a> • <a href="/facts/Tesseract/tlqouBoU">Tesseract</a></td><td><a href="/facts/16-cell/X0YAfobw">Demitesseract</a></td><td><a href="/facts/24-cell/tfoGnlAD">24-cell</a></td><td><a href="/facts/120-cell/W4nroBjJ">120-cell</a> • <a href="/facts/600-cell/tNBtDUe9">600-cell</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Uniform_5-polytope/mqxsoqwY">Uniform 5-polytope</a></th><td><a href="/facts/5-simplex/KIfBFfhl">5-simplex</a></td><td><a href="/facts/5-orthoplex/vU1TvdQ1">5-orthoplex</a> • <a href="/facts/5-cube/XABdhjof">5-cube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/5-demicube/zvCeNbU2">5-demicube</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Uniform_6-polytope/pxqFTw2F">Uniform 6-polytope</a></th><td><a href="/facts/6-simplex/mInfSIeH">6-simplex</a></td><td><a href="/facts/6-orthoplex/eGV6o0ol">6-orthoplex</a> • <a href="/facts/6-cube/xN74tdD0">6-cube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/6-demicube/1oTufnFp">6-demicube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/1_22_polytope/7XXjWGQ8">122</a> • <a href="/facts/2_21_polytope/nF3nYaQk">221</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Uniform_7-polytope/suCJSvTN">Uniform 7-polytope</a></th><td><a href="/facts/7-simplex/6DwtPplH">7-simplex</a></td><td><a href="/facts/7-orthoplex/mIJa3rQp">7-orthoplex</a> • <a href="/facts/7-cube/4af1W7tq">7-cube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/7-demicube/fGVUTvTI">7-demicube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/1_32_polytope/um16Pd2V">132</a> • <a href="/facts/2_31_polytope/zkjkKJ6X">231</a> • <a href="/facts/3_21_polytope/AEUzwA1A">321</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Uniform_8-polytope/M93v3h3c">Uniform 8-polytope</a></th><td><a href="/facts/8-simplex/QUhcnmk2">8-simplex</a></td><td><a href="/facts/8-orthoplex/dXFkXtPn">8-orthoplex</a> • <a href="/facts/8-cube/vEpKH3le">8-cube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/8-demicube/sWAomIhw">8-demicube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/1_42_polytope/DTgYDddB">142</a> • <a href="/facts/2_41_polytope/R9z0wNUz">241</a> • <a href="/facts/4_21_polytope/QFGglCkk">421</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Uniform_9-polytope/UdFL9ns2">Uniform 9-polytope</a></th><td><a href="/facts/9-simplex/dHV7qhxN">9-simplex</a></td><td><a href="/facts/9-orthoplex/D7LjUcAh">9-orthoplex</a> • <a href="/facts/9-cube/RNgCPzoM">9-cube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/9-demicube/dkTpfqss">9-demicube</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Uniform_10-polytope/Qc5NglV8">Uniform 10-polytope</a></th><td><a href="/facts/10-simplex/oeft7Qjn">10-simplex</a></td><td><a href="/facts/10-orthoplex/x6ysTC9U">10-orthoplex</a> • <a href="/facts/10-cube/mmmyBfJJ">10-cube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/10-demicube/TskxfLy9">10-demicube</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Uniform <i>n</i>-<a href="/facts/Polytope/a76nXrL0">polytope</a></th><td><i>n</i>-<a href="/facts/Simplex/0FCfNRN8">simplex</a></td><td><i>n</i>-<a href="/facts/Cross-polytope/erk0byF6">orthoplex</a> • <i>n</i>-<a href="/facts/Hypercube/q2mRPbIz">cube</a></td><td><i>n</i>-<a href="/facts/Demihypercube/ackHKsEa">demicube</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Uniform_1_k2_polytope/eqTstjgl">1k2</a> • <a href="/facts/Uniform_2_k1_polytope/pQv1I7AC">2k1</a> • <a href="/facts/Uniform_k_21_polytope/vv3lWMYd">k21</a></td><td><i>n</i>-<a href="/facts/Pentagonal_polytope/4uxePdKt">pentagonal polytope</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="13">Topics: <a href="/facts/Polytope_families/Gun0RgmR">Polytope families</a> • <a href="/facts/Regular_polytope/RYTnEF6Q">Regular polytope</a> • <a href="/facts/List_of_regular_polytopes_and_compounds/Kng25Ymq">List of regular polytopes and compounds</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Diudea (2018), p. https://books.google.com/books?id=p_06DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 40]. - Diudea, M. V. (2018), Multi-shell Polyhedral Clusters, Carbon Materials: Chemistry and Physics, vol. 10, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64123-2, ISBN 978-3-319-64123-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_06DwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=p_06DwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Coxeter, Longuet-Higgins & Miller (1954). - Coxeter, Harold Scott MacDonald; Longuet-Higgins, M. S.; Miller, J. C. P. (1954). "Uniform polyhedra" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 246 (916): 401–450. Bibcode:1954RSPTA.246..401C. doi:10.1098/rsta.1954.0003. ISSN 0080-4614. JSTOR 91532. MR 0062446. S2CID 202575183. <a href="http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roypta/246/916/401.full.pdf" target="_blank">http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roypta/246/916/401.full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Regular Polytopes, p.13 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Piero della Francesca's Polyhedra <a href="http://www.georgehart.com/virtual-polyhedra/piero.html" target="_blank">http://www.georgehart.com/virtual-polyhedra/piero.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Edmond Bonan, "Polyèdres Eastbourne 1993", Stéréo-Club Français 1993 <a href="https://www.image-en-relief.org/albums_3D/liste_images_repertoire.php?dirAlbum=Bonan_Edmond_1993-Polyedres_Eastbourne" target="_blank">https://www.image-en-relief.org/albums_3D/liste_images_repertoire.php?dirAlbum=Bonan_Edmond_1993-Polyedres_Eastbourne</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Dr. Zvi Har'El (December 14, 1949 – February 2, 2008) and International Jules Verne Studies - A Tribute <a href="http://www.verniana.org/volumes/01/LetterSize/Tribute.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.verniana.org/volumes/01/LetterSize/Tribute.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Har'el, Zvi (1993). "Uniform Solution for Uniform Polyhedra" (PDF). Geometriae Dedicata. 47: 57–110. doi:10.1007/BF01263494. Zvi Har'El, Kaleido software, Images, dual images <a href="http://harel.org.il/zvi/docs/uniform.pdf" target="_blank">http://harel.org.il/zvi/docs/uniform.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Mäder, R. E. Uniform Polyhedra. Mathematica J. 3, 48-57, 1993. [1] <a href="http://www.mathconsult.ch/showroom/unipoly" target="_blank">http://www.mathconsult.ch/showroom/unipoly</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Messer, Peter W. (2002). "Closed-Form Expressions for Uniform Polyhedra and Their Duals". Discrete & Computational Geometry. 27 (3): 353–375. doi:10.1007/s00454-001-0078-2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00454-001-0078-2" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00454-001-0078-2</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>