Seymour Papert

<h2 id="early-years-and-education">Early years and education</h2>
Born to a Jewish family,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Papert attended the <a href="/facts/University_of_the_Witwatersrand/c9ndDQW7">University of the Witwatersrand</a>, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy in 1949 followed by a PhD in mathematics in 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> He then went on to receive a second doctorate,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> also in mathematics, at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a> (1959),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> supervised by <a href="/facts/Frank_Smithies/2jABJuGf">Frank Smithies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="career">Career</h2>
Papert worked as a researcher in a variety of places, including <a href="/facts/St._John%2527s_College%2c_Cambridge/NRRfwkfh">St. John's College, Cambridge</a>, the <a href="/facts/Henri_Poincar%25C3%25A9_Institute/4GxBfjJ9">Henri Poincaré Institute</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Paris/yXAx8nlG">University of Paris</a>, the <a href="/facts/University_of_Geneva/qXnRaoK5">University of Geneva</a>, and the <a href="/facts/National_Physical_Laboratory%2c_UK/NM5HzE0b">National Physical Laboratory</a> in London before becoming a research associate at <a href="/facts/MIT/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a> in 1963.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> He held this position until 1967, when he became professor of applied math and was made co-director of the <a href="/facts/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory/mTg66jb9">MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> by its founding director Professor <a href="/facts/Marvin_Minsky/HTU5MYLL">Marvin Minsky</a>, until 1981; he also served as Cecil and Ida Green professor of education at MIT from 1974 to 1981.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h2 id="research">Research</h2>
Papert worked on <a href="/facts/Learning_theory_(education)/uuYQ4BHW">learning theories</a>, and was known for focusing on the impact of new technologies on learning in general, and in schools as learning organizations in particular.

<h3>Constructionism</h3>
At MIT, Papert went on to create the <a href="/facts/Genetic_epistemology/xhv0krm9">Epistemology</a> and Learning Research Group at the <a href="/facts/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning/VnJSQ5gj">MIT Architecture Machine Group</a> which later became the <a href="/facts/MIT_Media_Lab/Vhgn9KFE">MIT Media Lab</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Here, he was the developer of a theory on learning called <a href="/facts/Constructionist_learning/s2cIIG9c">constructionism</a>, built upon the work of <a href="/facts/Jean_Piaget/gQQBtbCU">Jean Piaget</a> in <a href="/facts/Constructivism_(learning_theory)/AGBx90xm">constructivist learning theories</a>. Papert had worked with Piaget at the University of Geneva from 1958 to 1963<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> and was one of Piaget's protégés; Piaget himself once said that "no one understands my ideas as well as Papert".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Papert has rethought how schools should work, based on these theories of learning.

<h3>Logo</h3>
Papert used Piaget's work in his development of the <a href="/facts/Logo_(programming_language)/Wh4sdwAh">Logo programming language</a> while at MIT. He created Logo as a tool to improve the way children think and solve problems. A small mobile <a href="/facts/Robot/S5mDzWYk">robot</a> called the "<a href="/facts/Turtle_(robot)/7zaVS7dM">Logo Turtle</a>" was developed, and children were shown how to use it to solve simple problems in an <a href="/facts/Play_(activity)/72zJ5jYn">environment of play</a>. A main purpose of the Logo Foundation research group is to strengthen the ability to <a href="/facts/Learning/lehEKRjC">learn</a> <a href="/facts/Knowledge/joozoaup">knowledge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Papert insisted a simple <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">language</a> or <a href="/facts/Computer_program/e38jH9N9">program</a> that children can learn—like Logo—can also have advanced functionality for expert users.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h3>Other work</h3>
As part of his work with technology, Papert has been a proponent of the <a href="/facts/Knowledge_Machine/nyGIa0VQ">Knowledge Machine</a>. He was one of the principals for the <a href="/facts/One_Laptop_Per_Child/5YMMxho2">One Laptop Per Child</a> initiative to manufacture and distribute <a href="/facts/The_Children%2527s_Machine/fD7rnkbb">The Children's Machine</a> in developing nations.
Papert also collaborated with the construction toy manufacturer <a href="/facts/Lego/NW95SLjY">Lego</a> on their Logo-programmable <a href="/facts/Lego_Mindstorms/WhKlrqE6">Lego Mindstorms</a> robotics kits,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> which were named after his groundbreaking 1980 book.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
A curated archive of Papert's articles, speeches, and interviews may be found on a website dedicated to Papert at: The Daily Papert.

<h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2>
Papert became a political and anti-apartheid activist early in his life in South Africa. He subsequently chose self exile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> He was a leading figure in the <a href="/facts/Revolutionary_socialism/UWmMhWon">revolutionary socialist</a> circle around <a href="/facts/Socialist_Review/1XjfQnzr">Socialist Review</a> while living in London in the 1950s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Papert was also a prominent activist against South African <a href="/facts/Apartheid/8x87W8ex">apartheid</a> policies during his university education.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
Papert was married to <a href="/facts/Dona_Strauss/fwzrxnCB">Dona Strauss</a>, and later to <a href="/facts/Androula_Henriques/Jj8RzuEk">Androula Christofides Henriques</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
Papert's third wife was MIT professor <a href="/facts/Sherry_Turkle/xGTkD3Nn">Sherry Turkle</a>, and together they wrote the influential paper "Epistemological Pluralism and the Revaluation of the Concrete".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
In his final 24 years, Papert was married to <a href="/facts/Suzanne_Massie/U3AmDr8L">Suzanne Massie</a>, who was a Russian scholar and author of Pavlovsk: The Life of a Russian Palace and Land of the Firebird.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

<h3>Accident in Hanoi</h3>
Papert (then aged 78), received a serious <a href="/facts/Traumatic_brain_injury/DTq110vw">brain injury</a> when struck by a <a href="/facts/Motor_scooter/6qqPn5a5">motor scooter</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> on 5 December 2006 while crossing the street with colleague Uri Wilensky when they were both attending the 17th <a href="/facts/International_Commission_on_Mathematical_Instruction/T0LCUjam">International Commission on Mathematical Instruction</a> (ICMI) Study conference in <a href="/facts/Hanoi/0W2xfMQN">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> He underwent emergency <a href="/facts/Brain_surgery/39HXY3tc">surgery</a> to remove a <a href="/facts/Blood_clot/vH6FDIQG">blood clot</a> at the <a href="/facts/L%2527H%25C3%25B4pital_Fran%25C3%25A7ais_De_Hano%25C3%25AF/sDsxjsdA">French Hospital of Hanoi</a> before being transferred in a complex operation by Swiss Air Ambulance <a href="https://www.rega.ch/en/operations.aspx">(REGA</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727171020/https://www.rega.ch/en/operations.aspx">Archived</a> 27 July 2019 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>) <a href="/facts/Bombardier_Challenger/WqKXkaW6">Bombardier Challenger</a> Jet<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> to <a href="/facts/Boston/exjfn6xf">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, where he spent approximately four weeks in intensive care.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> He was moved to a hospital closer to his home in January 2007, but then developed <a href="/facts/Sepsis/n52bkffJ">sepsis</a> which damaged a heart valve, which was later replaced.
By 2008 he had returned home, could think and communicate clearly and walk "almost unaided", but still had "some complicated speech problems" and was in receipt of extensive rehabilitation support.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> His rehabilitation team used some of the very principles of experiential, hands-on learning that he had pioneered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
Papert died at his home in Blue Hill, Maine, on 31 July 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<h2 id="awards-honours-and-legacy">Awards, honours, and legacy</h2>
Papert's work has been used by other researchers in the fields of education and computer science. He influenced the work of Uri Wilensky in the design of <a href="/facts/NetLogo/3pzyYsKH">NetLogo</a> and collaborated with him on the study of knowledge restructurations, as well as the work of <a href="/facts/Andrea_diSessa/BIcdyP13">Andrea diSessa</a> and the development of "dynaturtles". In 1981, Papert along with several others in the Logo group at MIT, started <a href="/facts/Logo_Computer_Systems_Inc./lN0aEJmm">Logo Computer Systems Inc.</a> (LCSI), of which he was board chair for over 20 years. Working with LCSI, Papert designed a number of award-winning programs, including LogoWriter<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> and Lego/Logo (marketed as <a href="/facts/Lego_Mindstorms/WhKlrqE6">Lego Mindstorms</a>). He also influenced the research of <a href="/facts/Idit_Harel_Caperton/ExCeyrU2">Idit Harel Caperton</a>, coauthoring articles and the book Constructionism, and chairing the advisory board of the company <a href="/facts/MaMaMedia/C4zwaANJ">MaMaMedia</a>. He also influenced <a href="/facts/Alan_Kay/opDYqrcm">Alan Kay</a> and the <a href="/facts/Dynabook/VnxoHqzl">Dynabook</a> concept, and worked with Kay on various projects.
Papert won a <a href="/facts/Guggenheim_fellowship/SuatTbVK">Guggenheim fellowship</a> in 1980, a <a href="/facts/Marconi_Society/SqFh8huM">Marconi International</a> fellowship in 1981,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> the <a href="/facts/Software_Publishers_Association/dq5KgW7n">Software Publishers Association</a> Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994, and the <a href="/facts/Smithsonian_Award/lY2BmwRm">Smithsonian Award</a> from Computerworld in 1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Papert has been called by <a href="/facts/Marvin_Minsky/HTU5MYLL">Marvin Minsky</a> "the greatest living mathematics educator".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
MIT President <a href="/facts/L._Rafael_Reif/xftzYyTs">L. Rafael Reif</a> summarized Papert's lifetime of accomplishments: "With a mind of extraordinary range and creativity, Seymour Papert helped revolutionize at least three fields, from the study of how children make sense of the world, to the development of artificial intelligence, to the rich intersection of technology and learning. The stamp he left on MIT is profound. Today, as MIT continues to expand its reach and deepen its work in digital learning, I am particularly grateful for Seymour's groundbreaking vision, and we hope to build on his ideas to open doors to learners of all ages, around the world."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
In 2016 Papert's alma mater, University of Witwatersrand, awarded him the degree of Doctor of Science in Engineering, <a href="/facts/Honoris_causa/yVVgQ6Wt">honoris causa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<h3>Selected bibliography</h3>
<ul><li>Counter-free automata (with Robert McNaughton), 1971, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-262-13076-9</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Perceptrons_(book)/Anp3masN">Perceptrons</a> (with Marvin Minsky), MIT Press, 1969 (Enlarged edition, 1988), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-262-63111-3</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mindstorms%3a_Children%2c_Computers%2c_and_Powerful_Ideas/ajNnRB0X">Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas</a>, 1980, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-465-04674-6</li>
<li>Papert, S. & Harel, I. (eds). (1991) Constructionism: research reports and essays 1985–1990 by the Epistemology and Learning Research Group, the Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ablex Pub. Corp, Norwood, NJ.</li>
<li>The Children's Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer, 1993, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-465-01063-6</li>
<li>The Connected Family: Bridging the Digital Generation Gap, 1996, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-56352-335-3</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seymour Papert.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Seymour Papert.

<ul><li><a href="http://dailypapert.com/print-archives/">Seymour Papert Print Archives</a> at <a href="http://dailypapert.com">The Daily Papert</a></li>
<li>Seymour Papert <a href="http://dailypapert.com/multimedia/">Audio & Video Archives</a> at The Daily Papert</li>
<li><a href="http://papert.org">Official website</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Stager, Gary S. (2016). "Seymour Papert (1928–2016) Father of educational computing". Nature. 537 (7620). London: Springer Nature: 308. doi:10.1038/537308a. PMID 27629633. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537308a" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537308a</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Stager, Gary (2016). "Planet Papert: articles by and about Papert". stager.org. <a href="http://www.stager.org/planetpapert.html" target="_blank">http://www.stager.org/planetpapert.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Professor Emeritus Seymour Papert, pioneer of constructionist learning, dies at 88". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Papert, Seymour (2004). "Interviews with Seymour Papert". Computers in Entertainment. 2 (1): 9. doi:10.1145/973801.973816. ISSN 1544-3574. S2CID 52800402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Stager, Gary S. (2016). "Seymour Papert (1928–2016) Father of educational computing". Nature. 537 (7620). London: Springer Nature: 308. doi:10.1038/537308a. PMID 27629633. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537308a" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537308a</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Person Overview ‹ Seymour A. Papert". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://www.media.mit.edu/people/papert/overview/" target="_blank">https://www.media.mit.edu/people/papert/overview/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Professor Seymour Papert". papert.org. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="http://www.papert.org/" target="_blank">http://www.papert.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Curlie – Computers: History: Pioneers: Papert, Seymour". curlie.org. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://curlie.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Papert,_Seymour" target="_blank">https://curlie.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Papert,_Seymour</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"The Daily Papert". The Daily Papert. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://dailypapert.com/" target="_blank">https://dailypapert.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Remembering Seymour Papert: Revolutionary Socialist and Father of A.I." The Forward. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://forward.com/culture/346666/remembering-seymour-papert-revolutionary-socialist-and-father-of-ai/" target="_blank">https://forward.com/culture/346666/remembering-seymour-papert-revolutionary-socialist-and-father-of-ai/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Seymour Papert at the Mathematics Genealogy Project <a href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=20656" target="_blank">https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=20656</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Papert, Seymour Aubrey (1952). Sequential Convergence in Lattices With Special Reference To Modular And Subgroup Lattices (PhD thesis). University of the Witwatersrand. OCLC 775688121. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Stager, Gary S. (2016). "Seymour Papert (1928–2016) Father of educational computing". Nature. 537 (7620). London: Springer Nature: 308. doi:10.1038/537308a. PMID 27629633. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537308a" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537308a</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Papert, Seymour Aubrey (1960). The lattices of logic and topology (PhD thesis). University of the Cambridge. ProQuest 301315242. (subscription required) <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" target="_blank">/wiki/ProQuest</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Papert, Seymour A. in American Men and Women of Science, R.R. Bowker. (1998–99, 20th ed). p. 1056. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Papert, Seymour A. in American Men and Women of Science, R.R. Bowker. (1998–99, 20th ed). p. 1056. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Papert, Seymour A. in American Men and Women of Science, R.R. Bowker. (1998–99, 20th ed). p. 1056. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Group Overview ‹ Lifelong Kindergarten". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/lifelong-kindergarten/overview/" target="_blank">https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/lifelong-kindergarten/overview/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Seymour Papert". mit.edu. MIT. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308021353/http://web.media.mit.edu/~papert/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150308021353/http://web.media.mit.edu/~papert/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Thornburg, David (2013). From the campfire to the holodeck : creating engaging and powerful 21st century learning environments. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. p. 78. ISBN 9781118748060. <a href="9781118748060" target="_blank">9781118748060</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Logo Foundation". el.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/" target="_blank">https://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Stager, Gary S. (2016). "Seymour Papert (1928–2016) Father of educational computing". Nature. 537 (7620). London: Springer Nature: 308. doi:10.1038/537308a. PMID 27629633. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537308a" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2F537308a</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"LEGO Mindstorms". Archived from the original on 9 January 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2005. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109150438/http://mindstorms.lego.com/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060109150438/http://mindstorms.lego.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Professor Emeritus Seymour Papert, pioneer of constructionist learning, dies at 88". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Remembering Seymour Papert: Revolutionary Socialist and Father of A.I." The Forward. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://forward.com/culture/346666/remembering-seymour-papert-revolutionary-socialist-and-father-of-ai/" target="_blank">https://forward.com/culture/346666/remembering-seymour-papert-revolutionary-socialist-and-father-of-ai/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Jim Higgins: More Years for the Locust (1997)". marxists.org. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/higgins/1997/locust/index.htm" target="_blank">https://www.marxists.org/archive/higgins/1997/locust/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Professor Emeritus Seymour Papert, pioneer of constructionist learning, dies at 88". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Professor Emeritus Seymour Papert, pioneer of constructionist learning, dies at 88". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Turkle, Sherry; Papert, Seymour (1992). "Epistemological Pluralism and Revaluation of the Concrete". Journal of Mathematical Behavior. 11 (1). <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Professor Emeritus Seymour Papert, pioneer of constructionist learning, dies at 88". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Author Suzanne Massie biography". suzannemassie.com. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="http://www.suzannemassie.com/bio.html" target="_blank">http://www.suzannemassie.com/bio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Professor Emeritus Seymour Papert, pioneer of constructionist learning, dies at 88". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Artificial Intelligence Pioneer Seymour Papert in Coma in Hanoi". InformationWeek. 8 December 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2016. <a href="http://www.informationweek.com/artificial-intelligence-pioneer-seymour-papert-in-coma-in-hanoi/d/d-id/1049664?" target="_blank">http://www.informationweek.com/artificial-intelligence-pioneer-seymour-papert-in-coma-in-hanoi/d/d-id/1049664?</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"Seymour Papert – Informatika – 3065 – p2k.unkris.ac.id". p2k.unkris.ac.id. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/IT/3065-2962/Seymour-Papert_14321_p2k-unkris.html" target="_blank">http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/IT/3065-2962/Seymour-Papert_14321_p2k-unkris.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"Seymour Papert". The Times. 5 September 2023. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/seymour-papert-q0r3k0jpz" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/seymour-papert-q0r3k0jpz</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"1969 – The Logo Turtle – Seymour Papert et al (Sth African/American)". cyberneticzoo.com. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="http://cyberneticzoo.com/cyberneticanimals/1969-the-logo-turtle-seymour-papert-marvin-minsky-et-al-american/" target="_blank">http://cyberneticzoo.com/cyberneticanimals/1969-the-logo-turtle-seymour-papert-marvin-minsky-et-al-american/</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Welcome to The Learning Barn ~ The Official Seymour Papert Website!". 10 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310185021/http://www.thelearningbarn.org/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080310185021/http://www.thelearningbarn.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Matchan, Linda (12 July 2008). "In search of a beautiful mind". Boston Globe. Retrieved 16 July 2008. <a href="http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/07/12/in_search_of_a_beautiful_mind/" target="_blank">http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/07/12/in_search_of_a_beautiful_mind/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Professor Emeritus Seymour Papert, pioneer of constructionist learning, dies at 88". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"LogoWriter or the Elementary Curriculum". siue.edu. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="https://www.siue.edu/~jandris/HTMLDocuments/ANDRIS/logow.html" target="_blank">https://www.siue.edu/~jandris/HTMLDocuments/ANDRIS/logow.html</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"MARCONIFOUNDATION.ORG". marconifoundation.org. Retrieved 5 September 2023. <a href="http://www.marconifoundation.org/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.marconifoundation.org/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Henderson, Harry. 2003. A to Z of Computer Scientists. New York: Facts on File. p. 208. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">From the cover of Mindstorms. (date needed). <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"Professor Emeritus Seymour Papert, pioneer of constructionist learning, dies at 88". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2016/seymour-papert-pioneer-of-constructionist-learning-dies-0801</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">25 years EIAH, colloque EIAH 2003 [1] Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://archiveseiah.univ-lemans.fr/EIAH2003/Pdf/n005-144.pdf" target="_blank">http://archiveseiah.univ-lemans.fr/EIAH2003/Pdf/n005-144.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Interview from 11 July 2004, on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation network <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1144341.htm" target="_blank">http://www.abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1144341.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Conférence vidéo, colloque EIAH 2003 "Canalc2 : Seymour Papert – EIAH 2003 : Environnements Informatiques pour l'Apprentissage Humain (15/04/2003)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2009. <a href="https://archive.today/20071221154623/http://w3appli.u-strasbg.fr/canalc2/video.asp?idvideo=1868" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20071221154623/http://w3appli.u-strasbg.fr/canalc2/video.asp?idvideo=1868</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">"Honorary Degrees - Wits University". <a href="https://www.wits.ac.za/alumni/distinguished-graduates/honorary-degrees/" target="_blank">https://www.wits.ac.za/alumni/distinguished-graduates/honorary-degrees/</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wits.ac.za%2Fmedia%2Fwits-university%2Falumni%2Fdocuments%2Fhonorary-degree-citations%2FSeymour%2520Papert%2520Citation.doc <a href="https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wits.ac.za%2Fmedia%2Fwits-university%2Falumni%2Fdocuments%2Fhonorary-degree-citations%2FSeymour%2520Papert%2520Citation.doc" target="_blank">https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wits.ac.za%2Fmedia%2Fwits-university%2Falumni%2Fdocuments%2Fhonorary-degree-citations%2FSeymour%2520Papert%2520Citation.doc</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Seymour Papert open-in-new

Seymour Papert