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Ray, Iran
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<h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <h3>Mountain ranges</h3> <p>Ray County is located in the plain and its mountains are not very tall. These mountains are: </p><p>1. <a href="/facts/Bibi_Shahrbanu_Shrine/LcW6dFQT">Bibi Sharbanu</a> (کوه بی بی شهر بانو): The Bibi Sharbanu mountains are located in the east of Ray City, measuring 1535 meters above sea level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>2. Arad mountains (کوه آراد): located in the center of Ray County, on the border between <a href="/facts/Kahrizak/E359c3Vg">Kahrizak</a> and <a href="/facts/Fashapuyeh_District/29k52U4U">Fashapoye</a> parts, its height is 1428 meters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> This range also appears in a map dated to 1307 AH, during the era of <a href="/facts/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar/xeHhIF48">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a>, drawn by two Iranian engineers of the time. In the book <i>Detailed Geography of Iran</i>, Mount Arad is mentioned with the name of mountains <i>Hasanabad</i> and <i>Kanargard</i> (حسنآباد and کنارگرد). </p><p>3. Mar_e (mære): located in the southwest of Ray City and in the south of the cities of Hassanabad and Rudshur. Its height is 1503 meters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>4. Kūh-e Qarah Bologh (کوه کورابلاغ): This mountain is located at the intersection of four cities, Zarandiyeh, Saveh, Ray and Qom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Rivers</h3> <p>1. <a href="/facts/Karaj_River/bcnWa63S">Karaj River</a>: The Karaj River originates from Mount Alborz and flows into the Salt Lake after passing through several cities in Tehran Province. This river runs in a northwest-southeast direction throughout Ray City and after joining one of the branches of Jajroud flows into the salt lake.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It is the second largest river after <a href="/facts/Zayanderud/sfcSsWUS">Zayandarud</a> in the central plateau region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>2. <a href="/facts/Jajrud_(river)/THwMQ6CJ">Jajrud river</a>: Jajroud river is one of the permanent and important rivers of Tehran province, which flows along the southern direction and finally into the salt lake. A branch of this river passes through the eastern border of Ray City. </p><p>3. <a href="/facts/Fashapuyeh_District/29k52U4U">Shur Fashapoye River</a>: The Shore River originates from Zanjan province and after passing through Qazvin province, the southwest of Tehran province and Zarandieh city, it reaches Ray City. This river crosses the width of Ray city in a northwest-southeast direction. The river is permanent and is 420 kilometers long. </p> <h3>Vegetation</h3> <p>The climate of the city is semi-arid and therefore does not have a natural forest, But it has a hand-planted forest of 387 hectares. However, in terms of pasture, it is relatively rich and has 166,200 hectares of pasture. </p> <h2 id="name">Name</h2> <p><i>Shahr-e Rey</i> (شَهرِ رِی, <i>Šahr-e Rey</i>) is <a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a> for "City of Ray". <i>Ray</i> or <i>Rey</i> (رِی) derives from <a href="/facts/Old_Persian/gxx47Ul7">Old Persian</a> <i>Ragā</i> (𐎼𐎥𐎠), related to Persian رَخش <i>rakhsh</i> (red). It is recorded in <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> as <i>Rhágai</i> (Ῥάγαι) and <i>Rháges</i> (Ῥάγες) and in <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> as <i>Rhagae</i> and <i>Rhaganae</i>. It was once renamed <i>Europos</i> (Ευρωπός) under the Seleucid Empire. </p><p>The name is spelled in various forms, including <i>Ray</i>, <i>Rey</i>, <i>Rayy</i> and <i>Rhay</i>. <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i> uses <i>Ray</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>In the past, the people of Ray were called "<a href="/facts/Razi_(disambiguation)/gWqlxe02">Razi</a>". </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Military_history_of_Ray%2c_Iran/xusT9bPN">Military history of Ray, Iran</a></p> <h3>Ray's Historical Artifacts and Exploitation</h3> <p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the site was dug up carelessly by Western archaeologists and local dealers, mainly looking for valuable objects. Many of the items found were sold on the <a href="/facts/Black_market/HDL3tQDz">black market</a>. Today, several museums have some of the artifacts from Ray that came from this time of collecting. The earliest Western descriptions of Ray (Rayy) came from British travelers such as Sir <a href="/facts/James_Justinian_Morier/DNrRhhn9">James Morier</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and Sir William Ouseley, who explored the area in the 1810s to 1830s. Their writings lacked an archaeological viewpoint and instead reflected a sense of nostalgia, reminiscing about the city's illustrious history. </p> <h3>Mapping Ray: Early Explorations and Accuracy</h3> <p>It was only in the first half of the 19th century that Ray started to be studied more thoroughly. <a href="/facts/Robert_Ker_Porter/cK6QaY11">Robert Ker Porter</a> (1777-1842) created the first map of old Ray, which was surrounded by a strong wall, between 1821 and 1822. Although this map was not very accurate, it has been used in all publications up to now. The map was oriented incorrectly, and it misidentified the main water source, <a href="/facts/Cheshmeh-Ali_(Shahr-e-Rey)/HSmUNl7m">Cheshmeh-Ali</a>. A few years later, in 1840, another traveler, the French architect <a href="/facts/Pascal_Coste/TTNCGyVL">Pascal Coste</a> (1809-1889), visited Ray. He made a more accurate map of the old city. He also drew some views of the site from the <a href="/facts/Bibi_Shahrbanu_Shrine/LcW6dFQT">Bibi Shahrbanu</a> mountain, which is just a few meters to the east. Coste noted all the different water sources and correctly oriented the map according to the actual layout of the city. He identified the various parts of the city and showed the three different walls that were built during different periods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Agricultural settlements were long established as part of the Central Plateau Culture on local <a href="/facts/Foothills/bhPm8MUM">foothills</a> such as that of <a href="/facts/Cheshmeh-Ali_(Shahr-e-Rey)/HSmUNl7m">Cheshme-Ali</a> in northern Ray, which dates back to around 6,000 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The establishment of Ray has been attributed to ancient mythological monarchs, and it is also believed that Ray was the seat of a dynasty of <a href="/facts/Zoroastrianism/rM0QUMtg">Zoroastrian</a> leadership. </p> <h3>Classical era</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Achaemenid_Empire/avlzWxF0">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/facts/Behistun_Inscription/m5Pu9luK">Behistun Inscription</a> mentions Ray (<a href="/facts/Old_Persian_language/gxx47Ul7">Old Persian</a>: 𐎼𐎥𐎠, <i>Ragā</i>; <a href="/facts/Akkadian_language/esQDlrFw">Akkadian</a>: 𒊏𒂵𒀪, <i>ra-ga-</i>; <a href="/facts/Elamite_language/ebpHtDtc">Elamite</a>: 𒊩𒋡𒀭, <i>rák-ka4-an</i>) as a part of <a href="/facts/Media_(region)/PNxgSflJ">Media</a>, which was the political and cultural base of the ancient <a href="/facts/Medes/56a2Eynq">Medes</a>, one of the <a href="/facts/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples/2754eIxR">ancient Iranian peoples</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Ray was one of the main strongholds of the <a href="/facts/Seleucid_Empire/NSYMLBYa">Seleucid Empire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> During the <a href="/facts/Seleucid/NSYMLBYa">Seleucid</a> period, <a href="/facts/Alexander_the_Great/8N3gLElj">Alexander the Great</a>'s general <a href="/facts/Seleucus_I_Nicator/51M948qG">Seleucus I Nicator</a> renamed the city as <i>Europos</i> (Ευρωπός), honoring his home city in <a href="/facts/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)/g0F1DEgc">Macedonia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> In c. 148 BC, Ray was conquered by the <a href="/facts/Parthian_Empire/2Yxcllsk">Parthian</a> king <a href="/facts/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia/SMa8KIhC">Mithridates I</a> (r. 165–132 BC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Following the Parthian conquest of Ray, the city was renamed Arsacia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The city remained an important site under the Parthians, as demonstrated by its many coin mints, under the name of ῬΑΓΑΙ/Ῥάγαι (the Greek form of <i>Ragā/Raγā</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Ray was used as one of the shifting capitals of the Parthian Empire, according to <a href="/facts/Athenaeus/qDV1DyQ9">Athenaeus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> According to <a href="/facts/Isidore_of_Charax/5kEQbdtx">Isidore of Charax</a>, under the Parthian and Seleucid eras, Ray was surrounded by the province of Rhagiana together with four other cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Ray was amongst the bases used by the Parthians to thwart nomadic attacks and to occasionally invade the <a href="/facts/Central_Asia/rB8k0CyT">Central Asian</a> steppe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Under the <a href="/facts/Sasanian_Empire/JvbRevkA">Sasanian Empire</a>, Ray (<a href="/facts/Middle_Persian_language/gDkd45qF">Middle Persian</a>: 𐭫𐭣𐭩) was located near the center of the empire. It was the base of the powerful <a href="/facts/House_of_Mihran/eWl9UAjL">House of Mehran</a> and the <a href="/facts/House_of_Spandiyadh/9Xv8mGl5">House of Spandiyad</a>, two of the <a href="/facts/Seven_Great_Houses_of_Iran/VmULbPsC">Seven Great Houses of Iran</a> during the Sasanian period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h3>Middle Ages</h3> <p>Siyavash, the son of Mehran and the last King of Ray in the Sasanian Empire, was defeated fighting the <a href="/facts/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia/o3y3Wxhk">Muslim invasion</a> in 643.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Ray was then used as a camp site under Arab Muslim military occupation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> By the time of the <a href="/facts/Abbasid_Caliphate/mPeLAbXt">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, Ray was considerably restored and expanded into a new city named Mohammadiya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> During the early Islamic period, the language spoken in Ray was the <a href="/facts/Razi_dialect/G2FfcgvT">Razi dialect</a>, which was most likely a continuation of the <a href="/facts/Median_language/MNvb2VUr">Median language</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Shah_Abdol-Azim_Shrine/VFdYwy6r">Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine</a>, a shrine containing the tomb of <a href="/facts/Abd_al-Aziz_al-Hasani/pFIQTDVM">Abd al-Aziz al-Hasani</a>, a fifth generation descendant of <a href="/facts/Hasan_ibn_Ali/FnaD4tHS">Hasan ibn Ali</a> and a companion of <a href="/facts/Muhammad_al-Taqi/kIVBRnun">Muhammad al-Taqi</a>, was built in the ninth century. It remains as the main Islamic sanctuary of the city to date. </p><p>A <a href="/facts/Tower_of_Silence/amIypbQX">Tower of Silence</a>, where Zoroastrians of after the Muslim conquest had come to put the bodies of the dead in the open, was built by a wealthy inhabitant of Ray on a hill in the tenth century. The tower, today in ruins and designated as <i><a href="/facts/Gabr/jUlpxzyf">Gabri</a></i> (a term denoting "Zoroastrian", adopted after the Muslim conquest), was reportedly soon taken by the Muslims.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <p>Also dating to the tenth century is the <a href="/facts/Bibi_Shahr_Banu_Shrine/LcW6dFQT">Bibi Shahrbanu Shrine</a>, which is the site of a former Zoroastrian temple dedicated to <a href="/facts/Anahita/fn7fJfLb">Anahita</a>, the ancient Iranian goddess of the waters. The temple has been converted into a Muslim shrine claimed to be the burial of <a href="/facts/Shahrbanu/Lws3E6tC">Shahrbanu</a>, a legendary Sasanian princess who was captured by the Muslims and married <a href="/facts/Husayn_ibn_Ali/hXoUh3Pe">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, the grandson of <a href="/facts/Muhammad/5VcA7XrT">Muhammad</a>. It is likely that the name <i>shahrbanu</i>, meaning "lady of the land", is in fact an attribution to Anahita, who bore the title <i>banu</i> ("lady").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>Ray was one of the capital cities of the <a href="/facts/Buyid_dynasty/70QR31qF">Buyid dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> It was one of the cities that were equipped with rapid postal service, which was predominantly used for transferring official mails.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The Buyid period came to an end in 1029, when the city was sacked brutally by <a href="/facts/Mahmud_of_Ghazni/zt8JEwo3">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>. A zealous Sunni, Mahmud had large numbers of the local population, consisting of <a href="/facts/Isma%2527ilism/e6uySs0b">Ismailis</a> and <a href="/facts/Mazdakites/dqMIS3oU">Mazdakites</a>, crucified and many books of the great library of Rayy burned as he considered them heretical.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <p>Ray became later a capital city of the <a href="/facts/Seljuk_Empire/PIdMSP62">Seljuk Empire</a> in the 11th century. During this time, the city of Ray was at its greatest expanse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> It had developed a great urban market that also benefited its neighboring regions, including the once small town of Tehran,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> and had become a remarkable center for silk weaving.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Commercial goods imported by traders via the <a href="/facts/Silk_Road/TLBryY39">Silk Road</a> were brought into the bazaar of Ray. One of the monuments that survives from this period is the 12th-century <a href="/facts/Tughrul_Tower/UJURDC5l">Tughrul Tower</a>, a brick tower built in 1140 that is attributed to <a href="/facts/Tughril/c4LeXBVo">Tughrul I</a>, the founder of the Seljuk Empire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p><p>Ray was home to a <a href="/facts/Shia_Islam/JIQl7ooz">Shia Muslim</a> community and some of the earliest Shia <a href="/facts/Madrasa/zrCBh8dM">madrasas</a> in Iran already in the 12th century, at least one established by Shia scholar Qazvini Razi, prior to the later <a href="/facts/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam/Pbud0xlU">Safavid official adoption of Shiism as the state religion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>In the early 13th century, following the <a href="/facts/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia/CNRmMCMF">Mongol invasion of Iran</a>, Ray was severely destructed. It was abandoned and eventually lost its importance in the presence of the nearby growing town of Tehran.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Ray remained abandoned throughout the time of the <a href="/facts/Timurid_Empire/pyjayK7C">Timurid Empire</a>. </p> <h3>Early modern times</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Am%25C4%25ABn_R%25C4%2581z%25C4%25AB/gQ40gBuz">Amin Razi</a>, a Persian geographer from Ray who lived by the time of the <a href="/facts/Safavid_dynasty/QmhkbI06">Safavid dynasty</a>, attests to the "incomparable abundance" of the gardens and canals of his hometown. In 1618, Italian author <a href="/facts/Pietro_Della_Valle/33fxDX4k">Pietro Della Valle</a> described Ray as a large city with large gardens that was administered by a provincial governor but was not urbanized and did not seem to be inhabited.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>The shrines of Shah Abdol-Azim and Bibi Shahrbanu, among other religious shrines throughout Iran, were notably reconstructed during the early modern period, using architectural techniques that were developed since the time of the Safavid dynasty to the time of the <a href="/facts/Qajar_dynasty/sz5ulL0k">Qajar dynasty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>There is <a href="/facts/Fath_Ali_shah_inscription_(Cheshmeh-Ali)/nNHPMcK9">a relief</a> located at Cheshme-Ali from the time of <a href="/facts/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar/fw2jNgu5">Fath-Ali Shah</a> of the Qajar dynasty, who often used to explore the city, which shows the Qajar ruler in a hunting scene, replacing a former Sasanian relief that depicted an ancient Persian emperor in the same manner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> It was engraved in 1831, and its surrounding was decorated with tablets covered with poetry. </p> <h3>Contemporary era</h3> <p>In the middle of the 19th century, Ray was described as a place of ruins, the only settlement being around the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Being the only important pilgrimage site in vicinity to the royal court in the new capital Tehran brought more people to visit the shrine and a major restoration was sponsored by the court.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Thus, between the years 1886 and 1888, under the reign of Qajar ruler <a href="/facts/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar/xeHhIF48">Naser al-Din Shah</a>, Ray became the first place in Iran to be connected to the capital by a railway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> The railway had a short single line and transported a few steam locomotives that were colloquially called <i>māšin dudi</i> ("smoky machine"), between terminals that were called <i>gār</i> (from <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> <i>gare</i>). </p><p>Excavations in the old city began in the late 19th century, and many of the findings were traded. Between 1933 and 1936, the Cheshme-Ali hill was excavated by archaeologists from the <a href="/facts/Boston_Fine_Arts_Museum/PerM3TTv">Boston Fine Arts Museum</a> and the University Museum at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania/LBBBULox">University of Pennsylvania</a> headed by Erich Schmidt, which resulted in the discovery of a number of 7,000-year-old artifacts. Some of the discovered objects are displayed at museums in Iran, Chicago, and Philadelphia. Due to real estate expansions in the 1980s and 1990s, the hill is now mostly leveled out. Further excavations began in 1997, in a collaboration between the <a href="/facts/Cultural_Heritage%2c_Handicrafts_and_Tourism_Organization_of_Iran/p63MJQ01">Iranian Ministry of Cultural Heritage</a>, the Department of Archaeological Sciences of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Bradford/rw0NzckR">University of Bradford</a> and the Department of Archaeology of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Tehran/3NkndgMK">University of Tehran</a>. </p> <p>In 1951, <a href="/facts/Reza_Shah/3c5dNTrb">Reza Shah</a> of the <a href="/facts/Pahlavi_dynasty/FDYMgMos">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, the second last <a href="/facts/Shah/5fHmcDtU">shah</a> of the Imperial State of Iran, was buried by the order of his son and successor <a href="/facts/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi/r2bcadLc">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> in a mausoleum dedicated to him in Ray. The mausoleum was built near the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine. Following the <a href="/facts/Iranian_Revolution/frTYhJ0F">1979 Revolution</a>, the <a href="/facts/Reza_Shah%2527s_mausoleum/ox4j9YJc">Mausoleum of Reza Shah</a> was destroyed under the direction of <a href="/facts/Sadegh_Khalkhali/25ngvfAI">Sadegh Khalkhali</a>, an infamous cleric who was appointed by <a href="/facts/Ruhollah_Khomeini/y1kgDUoG">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> as the head of the newly established Revolutionary Courts. </p> <h2 id="climate">Climate</h2> <p>Rey has a <a href="/facts/Cold_semi-arid_climate/XnSYao1E">cold semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/facts/K%25C3%25B6ppen_climate_classification/VDcr86hF">Köppen</a> <i>BSk</i>). </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Shahre-Rey</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>9(48)</td><td>12(54)</td><td>17(63)</td><td>24(75)</td><td>29(84)</td><td>36(97)</td><td>38(100)</td><td>37(99)</td><td>33(91)</td><td>26(79)</td><td>17(63)</td><td>11(52)</td><td>24(75)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>1(34)</td><td>3(37)</td><td>8(46)</td><td>13(55)</td><td>18(64)</td><td>23(73)</td><td>26(79)</td><td>25(77)</td><td>21(70)</td><td>15(59)</td><td>8(46)</td><td>4(39)</td><td>14(57)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th><td>29.8(1.17)</td><td>30.5(1.20)</td><td>37.3(1.47)</td><td>32.0(1.26)</td><td>9.2(0.36)</td><td>5.4(0.21)</td><td>7.1(0.28)</td><td>5.0(0.20)</td><td>1.0(0.04)</td><td>9.9(0.39)</td><td>26.4(1.04)</td><td>24.7(0.97)</td><td>218.3(8.59)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source: NOAA</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi/PC32Rzes">Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi</a>, Persian physician, philosopher and alchemist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Abu_Hatim_Muhammad_ibn_Idris_al-Razi/PNhg8kXj">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a>, Major Sunni Hadith scholar</li> <li><a href="/facts/Abu_Zur%25E2%2580%2599ah_Ar-Razi/bcQ9ku5w">Abu Zur’ah Ar-Razi</a>, Major Sunni Hadith Scholar</li> <li><a href="/facts/Amin_Razi/gQ40gBuz">Amin Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harun_al-Rashid/TfyYwnwV">Harun al-Rashid</a>, <a href="/facts/Abbasid_caliph/Fe0A4EXm">Abbasid caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi/sfstIFsD">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>, <a href="/facts/Ash%2527ari/Rj57d1HI">Ash'ari</a>, Theologian and Qur'an Exegete</li> <li>Qutb al-Din al-Razi, Theologian and logician</li> <li><a href="/facts/Najmeddin_Razi/IhMgHdEC">Najmeddin Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Morteza_Avini/7zQpjrM0">Morteza Avini</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mohammad_Reza_Heydari/vyT0GbVU">Mohammad Reza Heydari</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Javad_Nekounam/ueewpRsy">Javad Nekounam</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Farzad_Ashoubi/0Xvc3090">Farzad Ashoubi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hadi_Saei/0ucI97cB">Hadi Saei</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alireza_Dabir/vw9uBpIp">Alireza Dabir</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hamid_Sourian/5dYA1EcE">Hamid Sourian</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mehdi_Kamrani/aXUNCAPJ">Mehdi Kamrani</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ruhollah_Zam/dWGrnn31">Ruhollah Zam</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hasan_Irlu/U3I2fz35">Hasan Irlu</a></li></ul> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Behesht-e_Zahra/j3resPDC">Behesht-e Zahra Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ibn_Babawayh_Cemetery/GSMqnHC5">Ibn Babawayh Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Javan_Mard-e_Ghassab_Tomb/WNXNDF1o">Javan Mard-e Ghassab Tomb</a></li></ul> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li>Alizadeh, Abbas (1990). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/casma-ye-ali-lit">"Čašma(-ye) ʿAlī"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. V/1: Carpets XV–C̆ehel Sotūn, Isfahan. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 38–39. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-939214-66-2.</li> <li>Baghbidi, Hassan Rezai (2016). "The Linguistic History of Rayy up to the Early Islamic Period". <i>Der Islam</i>. 93 (2). De Gruyter: 403–412. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislam-2016-0034">10.1515/islam-2016-0034</a>.</li> <li>Boyce, Mary (1989). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bibi-sahrbanu">"Bībī Šahrbānū"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. IV/2: Behruz–Bibliographies II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 198. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-71009-125-3.</li> <li>de Planhol, Xavier (2004). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tehran-i">"Tehran i. a Persian city at the Foot of the Alborz"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i>. New York.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li> <li>Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (1994). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/deipnosophistai">"Deipnosophistaí"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. VII/3: Dehqān I–Deylam, John of. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 227–229. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-56859-021-9.</li> <li>Eilers, W.; Bazin, M.; Bromberger, C.; Thompson, D. (1983). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abrisam-silk-index">"Abrīšam"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. I, Fasc. 3</i>. New York. pp. 229–247.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li> <li>Hillenbrand, R. (1986). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-vi">"Architecture vi. Safavid to Qajar Periods"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. II/4: Architecture IV–Armenia and Iran IV. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 345–349. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-71009-104-8.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Paul_J._Kosmin/trq9hgYF">Kosmin, Paul J.</a> (2013). "Alexander the Great and the Seleucids in Iran". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). <a href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199733309-e-045?rskey=UUmeqh&result=4"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199733309.013.0045">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0045</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Vladimir_Minorsky/Q6UctlBz">Minorsky, V.</a> & <a href="/facts/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth/hrMMfBu4">Bosworth, C.E.</a> (1971). <a href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-rayy-COM_0916">"al-Rayy"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Bernard_Lewis/YMWUq53C">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/facts/Victor_Louis_M%25C3%25A9nage/vRV1yl0k">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/facts/Charles_Pellat/6az4ufos">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/facts/Joseph_Schacht/8JSdX6Ib">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/facts/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam/oSUIAA8e">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 471–473. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</li> <li>Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2010). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/864553">"Mithradates I of Parthia and His Conquests up to 141 B.C."</a>: 229–245. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)</li> <li>Overtoom, Nikolaus Leo (2020). <i>Reign of Arrows: The Rise of the Parthian Empire in the Hellenistic Middle East</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0190888329.</li> <li>Rante, Rocco (2000). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ray-i-archeo">"Ray i. Archeology"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i>. New York.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li> <li>Scarce, J. M. (1986). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/art-in-iran-v-qajar-1-general">"Art in Iran x.1 Art and Architecture of the Qajar Period"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. II/6: Art in Iran I–ʿArūż. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 627–637. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-71009-106-2.</li> <li>Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1987). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/astodan-ossuary">"Astōdān"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. II/8: Aśoka IV–Āṯār al-Wozarāʾ. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 851–853. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-71009-108-6.</li> <li>Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1988). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahram-06">"Bahrām VI Čōbīn"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. III/5: Bahai Faith III–Baḵtīārī tribe II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 514–522. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-71009-117-8.</li> <li>Shahbazi, A. Sh.; Bosworth, C.E. (1990). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/capital-cities">"Capital Cities"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 768–774. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-71009-130-7.</li> <li>Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1991). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/charax-town-in-the-seleucid-and-parthian-province-of-rhagiana-the-area-around-modern-ray">"Charax"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ehsan_Yarshater/AjH4K6mg">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. V/4: C̆es̆tīya–Chinese-Iranian relations VIII. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 365–366. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-939214-71-6.</li> <li>Shahvar, Soli (2008). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i">"Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i>. New York.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li> <li>Strootman, Rolf (2015). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/seleucid-empire">"Seleucid empire"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i>. New York.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ray, Iran. <ul><li><a href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/special/rayy/">Daily Life Ornamented: The Medieval Persian City Of Rayy</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314143215/https://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/special/rayy/">Archived</a> 2014-03-14 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> Special Exhibition at <a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute/TtnM5WlX">Chicago Oriental Institute</a> (May 15-October 14, 2007).</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Baghbidi 2016, pp. 403–404. - Baghbidi, Hassan Rezai (2016). "The Linguistic History of Rayy up to the Early Islamic Period". Der Islam. 93 (2). De Gruyter: 403–412. doi:10.1515/islam-2016-0034. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislam-2016-0034" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislam-2016-0034</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Minorsky & Bosworth 1971, p. 471. - Minorsky, V. & Bosworth, C.E. (1971). "al-Rayy". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 471–473. OCLC 495469525. <a href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-rayy-COM_0916" target="_blank">https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-rayy-COM_0916</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Judith 1:5, 15; Tobit 1:14, 5:5, 6:10. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" target="_blank">/wiki/Book_of_Judith</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Shahbazi & Bosworth 1990, pp. 768–774. - Shahbazi, A. Sh.; Bosworth, C.E. (1990). "Capital Cities". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 768–774. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/capital-cities" target="_blank">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/capital-cities</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Vah and Kohnameh of Iran, Abbas Jafari. Publications of the Institute of Geographical and Cartographic Gitaology. p. 123. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>38, page 248 and map number 130, Central Alborz, Institute of Geographical and Cartographic Gitaology. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Map No. 130, Central Alborz. Institute of Geography and Cartography of Gitaology; Geography of Tehran Province. 1363. pp. 35. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Map 1:50,000, Qom Governorate; map 183 of the Geographical and Cartographic Institute of Gitology, Iran's Mountains and Hills, Abbasi Jafari, p. 453. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Hourade, Bernard (December 15, 2010). "Karaj River". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2022-02-04. <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/" target="_blank">https://iranicaonline.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Hourade, Bernard (December 15, 2010). "Karaj River". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2022-02-04. <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/" target="_blank">https://iranicaonline.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Rante 2000. - Rante, Rocco (2000). "Ray i. Archeology". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York. <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ray-i-archeo" target="_blank">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ray-i-archeo</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Morier, James; Justinian (1812). A journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the years 1808 and 1809 : in which is included, some account of the proceedings of His Majesty's mission, under Sir Harford Jones, Bart. K. C. to the court of the King of Persia. London: London : Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster-Row, Getty Research Institute. [1] <a href="https://archive.org/details/gri_journeythrou00more/page/237/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/gri_journeythrou00more/page/237/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>RAY i. ARCHEOLOGY iranicaonline.org <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ray-i-archeo/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ray-i-archeo/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>de Planhol 2004. - de Planhol, Xavier (2004). "Tehran i. a Persian city at the Foot of the Alborz". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York. <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tehran-i" target="_blank">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tehran-i</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Baghbidi 2016, p. 403. - Baghbidi, Hassan Rezai (2016). "The Linguistic History of Rayy up to the Early Islamic Period". Der Islam. 93 (2). 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Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0045. <a href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199733309-e-045?rskey=UUmeqh&result=4" target="_blank">http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199733309-e-045?rskey=UUmeqh&result=4</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Olbrycht 2010, pp. 238–239. - Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2010). "Mithradates I of Parthia and His Conquests up to 141 B.C.": 229–245. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/864553" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/864553</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Minorsky & Bosworth 1971, p. 471. - Minorsky, V. & Bosworth, C.E. (1971). "al-Rayy". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 471–473. 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