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Italian Liberal Party
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Origins</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy/BRfcaL9S">Liberalism and radicalism in Italy</a></p> <p>The origins of <a href="/facts/Liberalism/nj54a01U">liberalism</a> in Italy are with the <a href="/facts/Historical_Right/sobhnRxG">Historical Right</a>, a parliamentary group formed by <a href="/facts/Camillo_Benso%2c_Count_of_Cavour/e66IhWn5">Camillo Benso di Cavour</a> in the Parliament of the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Sardinia/h7CTWyz2">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, following the <a href="/facts/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states/1YWjcMc0">1848 revolution</a>. The group was moderately <a href="/facts/Conservatism/2XdCcPzq">conservative</a> and supported centralised government, restricted <a href="/facts/Suffrage/HFFSpSCG">suffrage</a>, <a href="/facts/Regressive_tax/y2j9qUyB">regressive taxation</a>, and <a href="/facts/Free_trade/Mg9NLrdw">free trade</a>. They dominated Italian politics following the country's <a href="/facts/Unification_of_Italy/B1x6mLbU">unification</a> in 1861, but never formed a party. The Liberals were indeed a loose coalition of local leaders, whose sources of strength were <a href="/facts/Census_suffrage/HFFSpSCG">census suffrage</a> and the <a href="/facts/First-past-the-post_voting/RJ11du1H">first-past-the-post voting</a> system. </p><p>The Right was opposed by its more <a href="/facts/Progressivism/1vQyxtRD">progressive</a> counterpart, the <a href="/facts/Historical_Left/sfGH4DFA">Historical Left</a>, which overthrew <a href="/facts/Marco_Minghetti/VtoEgRwb">Marco Minghetti</a>'s government during the so-called "parliamentary revolution" of 1876, which brought <a href="/facts/Agostino_Depretis/kU5GvWQJ">Agostino Depretis</a> to become <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Italy/LRTyxot6">Prime Minister</a>. However, Depretis immediately began to look for support among Rightists MPs, who readily changed their positions, in a context of widespread <a href="/facts/Political_corruption/8BmgHbSL">corruption</a>. This phenomenon, known in Italian as <i><a href="/facts/Trasformismo/402qbX6T">trasformismo</a></i> (roughly translatable in English as "transformism" — in a satirical newspaper, the PM was depicted as a <a href="/facts/Chameleon/rY7XCc30">chameleon</a>), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>. </p><p>Two liberal parliamentary factions alternated in government, a conservative one led by <a href="/facts/Sidney_Sonnino/Y2BoMCcf">Sidney Sonnino</a> and a progressive one led by <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Giolitti/L9Fhk8B5">Giovanni Giolitti</a>, who started as a member of the Historical Left and served as Prime Minister in 1892–1893, 1903–1905, 1906–1909, 1911–1914 and 1920–1921. Giolitti, whose faction was by far the largest, sought to unify the liberal establishment into a united party, the <a href="/facts/Liberals_(Italy)/bptVP8Y0">Liberals</a>, in 1913, also with the participation of Sonnino. The Liberals governed in alliance with the <a href="/facts/Italian_Radical_Party/4CaVLr21">Radicals</a>, the <a href="/facts/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_(Italy)/D3zwrHsv">Democrats</a> and, eventually, the <a href="/facts/Italian_Reformist_Socialist_Party/opVBDbhj">Reformist Socialists</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h3>The brief party</h3> <p>At the end of World War I, <a href="/facts/Universal_suffrage/QXTRB4Lh">universal suffrage</a> and <a href="/facts/Proportional_representation/69pRhsx9">proportional representation</a> were introduced. These reforms caused big problems to the Liberals, who found themselves unable to stop the rise of two mass parties, the <a href="/facts/Italian_Socialist_Party/c0zcxwU3">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI) and the <a href="/facts/Italian_People%2527s_Party_(1919)/KVfceleH">Italian People's Party</a> (PPI), which had taken the control of many local authorities in <a href="/facts/Northern_Italy/paEuCnnf">northern Italy</a> even before the war. Through the <a href="/facts/Christian_democracy/If75WCac">Christian-democratic</a> PPI, <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholics</a>, who were long inactive due to the trauma of the <a href="/facts/Capture_of_Rome/TvMpRd3V">capture of Rome</a> and the struggles between the <a href="/facts/Holy_See/7tK8AceC">Holy See</a> and the Italian state, started to be involved in politics, in opposition to both the PSI and the liberal establishment, which had governed the country for virtually sixty years. </p><p>The Parliament was thus fundamentally divided in three different blocs and fragmentation brought about instability, with the Socialists and the rising Fascist instigators of political violence on opposite sides. In this chaotic situation, in 1922 the Liberals re-grouped within the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), which immediately joined an alliance led by the <a href="/facts/National_Fascist_Party/XPehTujF">National Fascist Party</a> and formed with it a joint list for the <a href="/facts/1924_Italian_general_election/3B7Lv94C">1924 general election</a>, transforming the Fascists from a small political force into an absolute-majority party. The PLI, which failed to subdue the Fascists, was banned by <a href="/facts/Benito_Mussolini/q8UPaBlm">Benito Mussolini</a> in 1926, along with all the other parties, while many old Liberal politicians were given prestigious, but not influential, political posts, such as seats in the Senate, which was stripped of any real power by the Fascist reforms. </p> <h3>Post World War II</h3> <p>The PLI was re-established in 1943 by <a href="/facts/Benedetto_Croce/X9N6R6NH">Benedetto Croce</a>, a prominent intellectual and senator, whose international recognition and parliamentary membership allowed him to remain a free man during the Fascist regime, despite being an <a href="/facts/Anti-fascism/NNJJj0kL">anti-fascist</a> himself, and joined the <a href="/facts/National_Liberation_Committee/YH0T7zED">National Liberation Committee</a>. After the end of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, <a href="/facts/Enrico_De_Nicola/b8g0KRWU">Enrico De Nicola</a>, a Liberal, became "provisional Head of State" and another one, <a href="/facts/Luigi_Einaudi/jHDyTfhb">Luigi Einaudi</a>, who as Minister of Economy and Governor of the <a href="/facts/Bank_of_Italy/o95bdKSL">Bank of Italy</a> between 1945 and 1948 had reshaped Italian economy, succeeded him as <a href="/facts/President_of_Italy/Upqlslrx">President of Italy</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/facts/1946_Italian_general_election/hwHK7flv">1946 general election</a> the PLI, as part of the <a href="/facts/National_Democratic_Union_(Italy)/qAlMvDTX">National Democratic Union</a>, won 6.8% of the vote, which was somewhat below expectations for a coalition representing the pre-Fascist political establishment. Indeed, the Union was supported by all the survivors of the Italian political class before the rise of Fascism, from <a href="/facts/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando/7a6NvkEx">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> to Radical <a href="/facts/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti/jNvgKNT8">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a>. In its first years, the PLI was home to very different ideological factions and, for instance, it was successively led by <a href="/facts/Leone_Cattani/5bnFt00b">Leone Cattani</a>, a representative of the internal left, and then by <a href="/facts/Roberto_Lucifero_d%2527Aprigliano/ztadXR5D">Roberto Lucifero</a>, a <a href="/facts/Monarchism/w5dEEJ8o">monarchist</a>-conservative. In 1948 <a href="/facts/Bruno_Villabruna/RyHK2Y1h">Bruno Villabruna</a>, a moderate, was elected secretary and sought to re-unite all the Liberals under the party (also Cattani, who had left the party after Lucifero's election, returned into the fold). </p> <h3>Giovanni Malagodi</h3> <p>In <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Malagodi/62acLtvG">Giovanni Malagodi</a> the PLI found a consequential leader. Under his 18 years at the head, Malagodi moved the party further to the right on economic issues. This caused in 1956 the exit of the party's left-wing, including Cattani, Villabruna, <a href="/facts/Eugenio_Scalfari/T3sqv6uE">Eugenio Scalfari</a> and <a href="/facts/Marco_Pannella/P60WbHe6">Marco Pannella</a>, who established the <a href="/facts/Radical_Party_(Italy)/1XkflvvY">Radical Party</a>. In particular, the PLI opposed the new centre-left coalition which also included the <a href="/facts/Italian_Socialist_Party/c0zcxwU3">Italian Socialist Party</a>, and presented itself as the main <a href="/facts/Conservatism/2XdCcPzq">conservative</a> party in Italy. </p><p>Malagodi managed to draw some votes from the <a href="/facts/Italian_Social_Movement/RBbrbdqK">Italian Social Movement</a>, the <a href="/facts/Monarchist_National_Party/bMbkDFLX">Monarchist National Party</a> and especially <a href="/facts/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)/0QVTuVAd">Christian Democracy</a>, whose electoral base was mainly composed of conservatives suspicious of the Socialists, increasing the party's share to a historical record of 7.0% in the <a href="/facts/1963_Italian_general_election/NqDmsPs1">1963 general election</a>. After Malagodi's resignation from the party's leadership, the PLI was defeated with a humiliating 1.3% in the <a href="/facts/1976_Italian_general_election/KNlLHHF1">1976 general election</a>, but tried to re-gain strength by repositioning in the political centre and supporting social reforms supported by the Radicals, such as <a href="/facts/Divorce/tENy6fK3">divorce</a>. </p> <h3>The <i>Pentapartito</i></h3> <p>After <a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a> took over as party secretary in 1976, the PLI adopted a more <a href="/facts/Centrism/jybYq4vR">centrist</a> and, to some extent, <a href="/facts/Social_liberalism/TMBttxF6">social-liberal</a> approach. The new secretary opened to the <a href="/facts/Italian_Socialist_Party/c0zcxwU3">Socialists</a>, hoping to put in action a sort of "lib–lab" cooperation, similar to the <a href="/facts/Lib%25E2%2580%2593Lab_pact/YaD0HXc1">Lib–Lab pact</a> experimented in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> from 1977 to 1979 between the <a href="/facts/Labour_Party_(UK)/jr0wYRdF">Labour Party</a> and the <a href="/facts/Liberal_Party_(UK)/MzUNPLEr">Liberals</a>. In 1983 the PLI finally joined the <i><a href="/facts/Pentapartito/IglU8olq">Pentapartito</a></i> coalition composed also of the <a href="/facts/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)/0QVTuVAd">Christian Democracy</a> (DC), the <a href="/facts/Italian_Socialist_Party/c0zcxwU3">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI), the <a href="/facts/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party/0w734BfG">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a> (PSDI) and the <a href="/facts/Italian_Republican_Party/pj7rxBq5">Italian Republican Party</a> (PRI). In the 1980s the party was led by <a href="/facts/Renato_Altissimo/xCmIo3I5">Renato Altissimo</a> and <a href="/facts/Alfredo_Biondi/9GHFR49w">Alfredo Biondi</a>. </p><p>In 1992–1994 the Italian party system was shaken by the uncovering of the <a href="/facts/Political_corruption/8BmgHbSL">corruption</a> system nicknamed <i>Tangentopoli</i> by the <i><a href="/facts/Mani_pulite/g1M72fEp">Mani pulite</a></i> investigation. In the first months, the PLI seemed immune to investigation. However, as the investigations further unravelled, the party turned out to be part of the corruption scheme, along with its coalition partners. <a href="/facts/Francesco_De_Lorenzo/kdk61zyI">Francesco De Lorenzo</a>, the Liberal <a href="/facts/Italian_Minister_of_Health/U3v7sR3h">Minister of Health</a>, was one of the most loathed politicians in Italy for his corruption, that involved stealing funds from the sick and allowing commercialisation of medicines based on bribes. </p> <h3>Dissolution and diaspora</h3> <p>The party was disbanded on 6 February 1994 and at least four heirs tried to take its legacy: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/facts/Federation_of_Liberals/v0fE555e">Federation of Liberals</a> (FdL), led by Raffaello Morelli and <a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a>, the official successor party, first joined the <a href="/facts/Patto_Segni/22Sgkcnk">Patto Segni</a>, then <a href="/facts/The_Olive_Tree_(Italy)/WtSfzplB">The Olive Tree</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Union_of_the_Centre_(1993)/nubqvssW">Union of the Centre</a> (UdC), led by <a href="/facts/Alfredo_Biondi/9GHFR49w">Alfredo Biondi</a>, <a href="/facts/Raffaele_Costa/fTNNBpN4">Raffaele Costa</a> and Enrico Nan, was an associate party of <a href="/facts/Forza_Italia/bmz08Wtl">Forza Italia</a> (FI) and was merged into it in 1998 (other Liberals, including <a href="/facts/Antonio_Martino/GSrTn2Vd">Antonio Martino</a>, <a href="/facts/Giuliano_Urbani/3aD83NgT">Giuliano Urbani</a>, <a href="/facts/Giancarlo_Galan/utrha3k2">Giancarlo Galan</a> and <a href="/facts/Paolo_Romani/Vf2l0ELe">Paolo Romani</a>, directly joined FI);</li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Liberal_Left/bI7jgfsP">Liberal Left</a> (SL) of Gianfranco Passalacqua, representing the party's left-wingers, was finally merged into the <a href="/facts/Democrats_of_the_Left/plSY3uQJ">Democrats of the Left</a> in 2006;</li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Italian_Liberal_Right/1Fd19CoG">Italian Liberal Right</a> (DLI), led by Gabriele Pagliuzzi and Giuseppe Basini, joined <a href="/facts/National_Alliance_(Italy)/WoWLTq09">National Alliance</a> (AN).</li></ul> <p>In a few years after 1994, most Liberals migrated to FI, while others joined the <a href="/facts/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)/6vplLuuB">centre-left coalition</a>, especially <a href="/facts/Democracy_is_Freedom_%25E2%2580%2593_The_Daisy/CwNB1aS6">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a> (DL). </p> <h3>Re-foundation</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Italian_Liberal_Party_(1997)/dQ3sQBEt">Italian Liberal Party (1997)</a></p> <p>The party was re-founded in 1997 by <a href="/facts/Stefano_De_Luca/JNwjsjfx">Stefano De Luca</a> and re-took its original name in 2004. The new PLI gathered some of the former right-wing Liberals, but soon distanced itself from the <a href="/facts/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)/4ut2GwcJ">centre-right coalition</a>, led by FI, to follow an autonomous path and try to unite all the Liberals, from left to right, in a single party. </p> <h2 id="ideology-position-factions">Ideology, position, factions</h2> <p>The party's ideological tradition was <a href="/facts/Liberalism/nj54a01U">liberalism</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> including different variants and factions. Indeed, as the party was at times the bulwark of secular conservatism and monarchism, it has been variously described as <a href="/facts/Classical_liberalism/SMJD77vB">classical-liberal</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Conservative_liberalism/HE5h2n4z">conservative-liberal</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Liberism/XfuhqWm2">liberist</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> (meaning <a href="/facts/Economic_liberalism/FVN7C4Le">economically liberal</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Right-libertarianism/LV2Tlgsa">right-libertarian</a>), <a href="/facts/Liberal_conservatism/LBHdAxvQ">liberal-conservative</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Conservatism/2XdCcPzq">conservative</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The party's political position has been usually described as <a href="/facts/Centre-right_politics/t05mK4rv">centre-right</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> and to the right of <a href="/facts/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)/0QVTuVAd">Christian Democracy</a>, but sometimes also <a href="/facts/Centrism/jybYq4vR">centrist</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The party always included more progressive factions, chiefly including the one that broke away to form the <a href="/facts/Radical_Party_(Italy)/1XkflvvY">Radical Party</a> in 1956, and, under the leadership of <a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a>, it arguably became a <a href="/facts/Centre-left_politics/UVLcWS99">centre-left</a> party: while under <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Malagodi/62acLtvG">Giovanni Malagodi</a> the PLI refused any cooperation with the <a href="/facts/Italian_Socialist_Party/c0zcxwU3">Italian Socialist Party</a>, under Zanone and the "lib-lab" pact the party became a close ally of the Socialists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Additionally it held <a href="/facts/Laicism/QEGcV0XI">laicist</a> positions more similar to the other two centrist parties in the <a href="/facts/Pentapartito/IglU8olq">Pentapartito</a>, <a href="/facts/Italian_Republican_Party/pj7rxBq5">Italian Republican Party</a> and <a href="/facts/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party/0w734BfG">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="popular-support">Popular support</h2> <p>Before World Wars the Liberals constituted the political establishment that governed Italy for decades. They had their main bases in <a href="/facts/Piedmont/K6f2ELPS">Piedmont</a>, where many leading liberal politicians of the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Sardinia/h7CTWyz2">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> and the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Italy/X5hxYBvF">Kingdom of Italy</a> came from, and <a href="/facts/Southern_Italy/KJYA2ooC">southern Italy</a>. The Liberals never gained large support after <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> as they were not able to become a mass party and were replaced by <a href="/facts/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)/0QVTuVAd">Christian Democracy</a> (DC) as the dominant political force. In the <a href="/facts/1946_Italian_general_election/hwHK7flv">1946 general election</a>, the first after the war, the PLI gained 6.8% as part of the <a href="/facts/National_Democratic_Union_(Italy)/qAlMvDTX">National Democratic Union</a>. At that time they were strong especially in the South, as DC was mainly rooted in the <a href="/facts/Northern_Italy/paEuCnnf">North</a>: 21.0% in <a href="/facts/Campania/Y5oa60Ej">Campania</a>, 22.8% in <a href="/facts/Basilicata/cUK7Uny4">Basilicata</a>, 10.4% in <a href="/facts/Apulia/svvnMLN5">Apulia</a>, 12.8% in <a href="/facts/Calabria/n9602l3b">Calabria</a> and 13.6% in <a href="/facts/Sicily/E6fug03z">Sicily</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>However, the party soon found its main constituency in the industrial elites of the "industrial triangle" formed by the metropolitan areas of <a href="/facts/Turin/PudIVEnr">Turin</a>, <a href="/facts/Milan/0xrtbPdt">Milan</a> and <a href="/facts/Genoa/PE9sekQU">Genoa</a>. The PLI had its best results in the 1960s, when it was rewarded by conservative voters for its opposition to the participation of the <a href="/facts/Italian_Socialist_Party/c0zcxwU3">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI) in government. The party won 7.0% of the vote in <a href="/facts/1963_Italian_general_election/NqDmsPs1">1963</a> (15.2% in Turin, 18.7% in Milan and 11.5% in Genoa) and 5.8% in <a href="/facts/1968_Italian_general_election/EEAtQA5f">1968</a>. The PLI suffered a decline in the 1970s and settled around 2–3% in the 1980s, when its strongholds were reduced to Piedmont, especially the provinces of <a href="/facts/Province_of_Turin/9fwfBxH0">Turin</a> and <a href="/facts/Province_of_Cuneo/sPszdCv2">Cuneo</a>, and, to a minor extent, western Lombardy, Liguria and Sicily.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> By the end of the 1980s, similarly to the other parties of the <i><a href="/facts/Pentapartito/IglU8olq">Pentapartito</a></i> coalition (Christian Democrats, Socialists, <a href="/facts/Italian_Republican_Party/pj7rxBq5">Republicans</a> and <a href="/facts/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party/0w734BfG">Democratic Socialists</a>), the Liberals strengthened their grip on the South, while in the North they lost some of their residual votes to <a href="/facts/Lega_Nord/zCdsFWxq">Lega Nord</a>. In the <a href="/facts/1992_Italian_general_election/jdVMYbsp">1992 general election</a>, the last before the <i><a href="/facts/Mani_pulite/g1M72fEp">Tangentopoli</a></i> scandals, the PLI won 2.9% of the vote, largely thanks to the increase of votes from the South.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> After the end of the "<a href="/facts/History_of_Italy_as_a_Republic/KWNHRAW9">First Republic</a>" former Liberals were very influential within <a href="/facts/Forza_Italia/bmz08Wtl">Forza Italia</a> (FI) in Piedmont, Liguria and, strangely enough, in <a href="/facts/Veneto/ejrBn3n0">Veneto</a>, where a former Liberal, <a href="/facts/Giancarlo_Galan/utrha3k2">Giancarlo Galan</a>, was three times elected <a href="/facts/President_of_Veneto/9qG0FnrX">president</a>. </p><p>The electoral results of the PLI in general (<a href="/facts/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)/sf4EHH7y">Chamber of Deputies</a>) and <a href="/facts/European_Parliament/H9WLUd1r">European Parliament</a> elections since 1913 are shown in the chart below. </p> <h2 id="electoral-results">Electoral results</h2> <h3>Italian Parliament</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Election</th><th rowspan="2">Leader</th><th colspan="5"><a href="/facts/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)/sf4EHH7y">Chamber of Deputies</a></th><th colspan="5"><a href="/facts/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)/dgzxm6pK">Senate of the Republic</a></th></tr><tr><th>Votes</th><th>%</th><th>Seats</th><th>+/–</th><th>Position</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th><th>Seats</th><th>+/–</th><th>Position</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1924_Italian_general_election/3B7Lv94C">1924</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Luigi_Facta/qWG1VD07">Luigi Facta</a></td><td>233,521</td><td>3.3</td><td>15 / 535</td><td> 15</td><td> 6th</td><td colspan="5"><i>No election</i></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1929_Italian_general_election/S7fvFnnH">1929</a></th><td rowspan="2">None</td><td colspan="2"><i>Banned</i></td><td>0 / 400</td><td> 15</td><td>–</td><td colspan="5"><i>No election</i></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1934_Italian_general_election/jbWA8h8j">1934</a></th><td colspan="2"><i>Banned</i></td><td>0 / 400</td><td> 0</td><td>–</td><td colspan="5"><i>No election</i></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1946_Italian_general_election/hwHK7flv">1946</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Giovanni_Cassandro/XNRLqxmp">Giovanni Cassandro</a></td><td>1,560,638<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>6.8</td><td>31 / 535</td><td> 31</td><td> 4th</td><td colspan="5"><i>No election</i></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1948_Italian_general_election/kgc0DlWh">1948</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Roberto_Lucifero_d%2527Aprigliano/ztadXR5D">Roberto Lucifero</a></td><td>1,003,727<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>3.8</td><td>14 / 574</td><td> 17</td><td> 4th</td><td>1,222,419<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td>5.4</td><td>7 / 237</td><td> 7</td><td> 4th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1953_Italian_general_election/z43Kl8q8">1953</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Bruno_Villabruna/RyHK2Y1h">Bruno Villabruna</a></td><td>815,929</td><td>3.0</td><td>13 / 590</td><td> 1</td><td> 7th</td><td>695,816</td><td>2.9</td><td>3 / 237</td><td> 5</td><td> 7th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1958_Italian_general_election/SWARpQdJ">1958</a></th><td rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/Giovanni_Malagodi/62acLtvG">Giovanni Malagodi</a></td><td>1,047,081</td><td>3.5</td><td>17 / 596</td><td> 4</td><td> 6th</td><td>1,012,610</td><td>3.9</td><td>4 / 246</td><td> 1</td><td> 6th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1963_Italian_general_election/NqDmsPs1">1963</a></th><td>2,144,270</td><td>7.0</td><td>39 / 630</td><td> 22</td><td> 4th</td><td>2,043,323</td><td>7.4</td><td>18 / 315</td><td> 14</td><td> 4th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1968_Italian_general_election/EEAtQA5f">1968</a></th><td>1,850,650</td><td>5.8</td><td>31 / 630</td><td> 8</td><td> 4th</td><td>1,943,795</td><td>6.8</td><td>16 / 315</td><td> 2</td><td> 4th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1972_Italian_general_election/5mTMULa1">1972</a></th><td>1,300,439</td><td>3.9</td><td>20 / 630</td><td> 11</td><td> 6th</td><td>1,319,175</td><td>4.4</td><td>8 / 315</td><td> 8</td><td> 6th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1976_Italian_general_election/KNlLHHF1">1976</a></th><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a></td><td>480,122</td><td>1.3</td><td>5 / 630</td><td> 15</td><td> 8th</td><td>438,265</td><td>1.4</td><td>2 / 315</td><td> 6</td><td> 8th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1979_Italian_general_election/oqrVY55p">1979</a></th><td>712,646</td><td>1.9</td><td>9 / 630</td><td> 4</td><td> 8th</td><td>691,718</td><td>2.2</td><td>2 / 315</td><td> 0</td><td> 8th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1983_Italian_general_election/sWUn0afQ">1983</a></th><td>1,066,980</td><td>2.9</td><td>16 / 630</td><td> 7</td><td> 7th</td><td>834,771</td><td>2.7</td><td>6 / 315</td><td> 4</td><td> 7th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1987_Italian_general_election/o1Qqv8sV">1987</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Renato_Altissimo/xCmIo3I5">Renato Altissimo</a></td><td>809,946</td><td>2.1</td><td>11 / 630</td><td> 5</td><td> 9th</td><td>700,330</td><td>2.2</td><td>3 / 315</td><td> 3</td><td> 9th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1992_Italian_general_election/jdVMYbsp">1992</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Renato_Altissimo/xCmIo3I5">Renato Altissimo</a></td><td>1,121,264</td><td>2.9</td><td>17 / 630</td><td> 6</td><td> 8th</td><td>939,159</td><td>2.8</td><td>4 / 315</td><td> 1</td><td> 8th</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>European Parliament</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Election</th><th>Leader</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th><th>Seats</th><th>+/–</th><th>Position</th><th>EP Group</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy/0pt80MWY">1979</a></th><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a></td><td>1,271,159</td><td>3.6</td><td>3 / 81</td><td> 3</td><td> 7th</td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_Group/46cErG3B">LDR</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy/Ux5I7WC3">1984</a></th><td>2,140,501<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td>6.1</td><td>3 / 81</td><td> 0</td><td> 5th</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy/fVDpGUWw">1989</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Renato_Altissimo/xCmIo3I5">Renato Altissimo</a></td><td>1,532,388<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td>4.4</td><td>4 / 81</td><td> 1</td><td> 5th</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Regional elections</h3> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="6"><a href="/facts/Regions_of_Italy/0qEoCpKe">Regions of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th>Election year</th><th>Votes</th><th>%</th><th>Seats</th><th>+/−</th><th>Leader</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1970_Italian_regional_elections/6vI4nzEQ">1970</a></th><td>1,290,715 (6th)</td><td>4.8</td><td>27 / 720</td><td>–</td><td><a href="/facts/Giovanni_Malagodi/62acLtvG">Giovanni Malagodi</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1975_Italian_regional_elections/r7IppadT">1975</a></th><td>749,821 (7th)</td><td>2.5</td><td>11 / 720</td><td> 16</td><td><a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1980_Italian_regional_elections/zCgReAzl">1980</a></th><td>816,418 (7th)</td><td>2.7</td><td>15 / 720</td><td> 4</td><td><a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1985_Italian_regional_elections/FqTaUAqh">1985</a></th><td>702,273 (7th)</td><td>2.2</td><td>13 / 720</td><td> 2</td><td><a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/1990_Italian_regional_elections/mE4jCPtY">1990</a></th><td>630,242 (9th)</td><td>2.0</td><td>13 / 720</td><td>-</td><td><a href="/facts/Renato_Altissimo/xCmIo3I5">Renato Altissimo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="leadership">Leadership</h2> <ul><li>Secretary: Alberto Giovannini (1922–1924), Quintino Piras (1924–1926), <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Cassandro/XNRLqxmp">Giovanni Cassandro</a> (1944), <a href="/facts/Manlio_Brosio/UM8WqQbh">Manlio Brosio</a> (1944–1945), <a href="/facts/Leone_Cattani/5bnFt00b">Leone Cattani</a> (1945–1946), <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Cassandro/XNRLqxmp">Giovanni Cassandro</a> (1946–1947), <a href="/facts/Roberto_Lucifero/ztadXR5D">Roberto Lucifero</a> (1947–1948), <a href="/facts/Bruno_Villabruna/RyHK2Y1h">Bruno Villabruna</a> (1948–1954), Alessandro Leone di Tavagnasco (1954), <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Malagodi/62acLtvG">Giovanni Malagodi</a> (1954–1972), Agostino Bignardi (1972–1976), <a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a> (1976–1985), <a href="/facts/Alfredo_Biondi/9GHFR49w">Alfredo Biondi</a> (1985–1986), <a href="/facts/Renato_Altissimo/xCmIo3I5">Renato Altissimo</a> (1986–1993), <a href="/facts/Raffaele_Costa/fTNNBpN4">Raffaele Costa</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li>President: Emilio Borzino (1922–1925), <a href="/facts/Benedetto_Croce/X9N6R6NH">Benedetto Croce</a> (1944–1947), <a href="/facts/Raffaele_De_Caro/NI71sfnA">Raffaele De Caro</a> (1947–1961), <a href="/facts/Gaetano_Martino/ImJoD0Te">Gaetano Martino</a> (1961–1967), <a href="/facts/Vittorio_Badini_Confalonieri/mrP3YXbP">Vittorio Badini Confalonieri</a> (1967–1972), <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Malagodi/62acLtvG">Giovanni Malagodi</a> (1972–1976), Agostino Bignardi (1976–1979), <a href="/facts/Aldo_Bozzi/gmkVdXn5">Aldo Bozzi</a> (1979–1987), <a href="/facts/Salvatore_Valitutti/mLSVfGuB">Salvatore Valitutti</a> (1988–1991), <a href="/facts/Valerio_Zanone/00CjRxd1">Valerio Zanone</a> (1991–1993), <a href="/facts/Alfredo_Biondi/9GHFR49w">Alfredo Biondi</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li>Party Leader in the <a href="/facts/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)/sf4EHH7y">Chamber of Deputies</a>: <a href="/facts/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando/7a6NvkEx">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> (1946), <a href="/facts/Luigi_Einaudi/jHDyTfhb">Luigi Einaudi</a> (1946), <a href="/facts/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti/jNvgKNT8">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a> (1946–1947), <a href="/facts/Epicarmo_Corbino/8LwV6lWA">Epicarmo Corbino</a> (1947–1948), <a href="/facts/Raffaele_De_Caro/NI71sfnA">Raffaele De Caro</a> (1948–1961), <a href="/facts/Giovanni_Malagodi/62acLtvG">Giovanni Malagodi</a> (1961–1971), <a href="/facts/Aldo_Bozzi/gmkVdXn5">Aldo Bozzi</a> (1971–1987), Paolo Battistuzzi (1987–1993), Savino Melillo (1993–1994)</li></ul> <h2 id="symbols">Symbols</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Italian Liberal Party Archived 21 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Britannica Concise <a href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368300/Italian-Liberal-Party" target="_blank">http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368300/Italian-Liberal-Party</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>James L. Newell (2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-84070-5. Retrieved 24 July 2013. <a href="978-0-521-84070-5" target="_blank">978-0-521-84070-5</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (2007). Political Institutions in Italy. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-928470-2. Retrieved 17 July 2013. <a href="978-0-19-928470-2" target="_blank">978-0-19-928470-2</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Forte, Francesco; Marchionatti, Roberto (2012). "Luigi Einaudi's economics of liberalism". The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 19 (4): 587–624. doi:10.1080/09672567.2010.540346. hdl:2318/90412. S2CID 154450408. <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/eujhet/v19y2012i4p587-624.html" target="_blank">https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/eujhet/v19y2012i4p587-624.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Einaudi Luigi - Liberismo e Liberalismo". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184647/http://cronologia.leonardo.it/mondo38m.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184647/http://cronologia.leonardo.it/mondo38m.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023500/http://www.fondazione-einaudi.it/Download/lezione_Scognamiglio_2011.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023500/http://www.fondazione-einaudi.it/Download/lezione_Scognamiglio_2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Luigi Einaudi. Guida alla lettura. Antologia degli scritti". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910052228/http://www.luigieinaudi.it/percorsi-di-lettura/lib/la-teoria-politia-di-luigi-einaudi.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170910052228/http://www.luigieinaudi.it/percorsi-di-lettura/lib/la-teoria-politia-di-luigi-einaudi.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Liberalismo, liberismo e "antistatalismo"". 8 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170328/http://magna-carta.it/content/liberalismo-liberismo-e-antistatalismo" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170328/http://magna-carta.it/content/liberalismo-liberismo-e-antistatalismo</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Liberalismo, liberismo e "antistatalismo"". 8 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170328/http://magna-carta.it/content/liberalismo-liberismo-e-antistatalismo" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170328/http://magna-carta.it/content/liberalismo-liberismo-e-antistatalismo</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Mario Cannella; Alexey Makarin; Ricardo Pique (March 2021). The Political Legacy of Nazi Annexation (PDF). p. 11. Retrieved 29 October 2021. <a href="https://alexeymakarin.github.io/assets/Nazi_Annexation.pdf" target="_blank">https://alexeymakarin.github.io/assets/Nazi_Annexation.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Michael Steed; Peter Humphreys (1988). "Identifying Liberal Parties". In Emil J. Kirchner (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-52-132394-9. <a href="978-0-52-132394-9" target="_blank">978-0-52-132394-9</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Einaudi Luigi - Liberismo e Liberalismo". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184647/http://cronologia.leonardo.it/mondo38m.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184647/http://cronologia.leonardo.it/mondo38m.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Liberalismo, liberismo e "antistatalismo"". 8 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170328/http://magna-carta.it/content/liberalismo-liberismo-e-antistatalismo" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170328/http://magna-carta.it/content/liberalismo-liberismo-e-antistatalismo</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"IL PLI RIPARTE DAL POLO LAICO". la Repubblica. 20 December 1988. <a href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/12/20/il-pli-riparte-dal-polo-laico.html" target="_blank">http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/12/20/il-pli-riparte-dal-polo-laico.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Emil J. Kirchner (1988). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 453. ISBN 9780521323949. Retrieved 8 March 2023. <a href="9780521323949" target="_blank">9780521323949</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Oscar W. Gabriel; Frank Brettschneider, eds. (2013). "Politische Konflikte, Willensbildung und Verhalten". Die EU-Staaten im Vergleich: Strukturen, Prozesse, Politikinhalte. Springer-Verlag. p. 254. ISBN 9783322924889. <a href="9783322924889" target="_blank">9783322924889</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Linda Basile (2018). The Party Politics of Decentralization: The Territorial Dimension in Italian Party Agendas. Springer. p. 189. ISBN 978-3-319-75853-4. <a href="978-3-319-75853-4" target="_blank">978-3-319-75853-4</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Tom Lansford, ed. (2013). Political Handbook of the World 2013. SAGE Publications. p. 714. ISBN 978-1-4522-5825-6. <a href="978-1-4522-5825-6" target="_blank">978-1-4522-5825-6</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Raffaella Y. Nanetti; Robert Leonardi (2014). "Italy". In M. Donald Hancock; Christopher J. Carman; Marjorie Castle; David P. Conradt; Raffaella Y. Nanetti; Robert Leonardi; William Safran; Stephen White (eds.). Politics in Europe. CQ Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-4833-2305-3. <a href="978-1-4833-2305-3" target="_blank">978-1-4833-2305-3</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Jones, Erik; Pasquino, Gianfranco (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 456. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Cinzia Padovani (2007). A Fatal Attraction: Public Television and Politics in Italy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-7425-1950-3. Retrieved 18 February 2013. <a href="978-0-7425-1950-3" target="_blank">978-0-7425-1950-3</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Jannazzo, Antonio (2003). Il liberalismo italiano del Novecento: da Giolitti a Malagodi. Rubbettino Editore. p. 43. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Günter Trautmann (1984). "Entpolitisierung und demographischer Machtwechsel in den politischen Systemen Frankreichs und Italiens seit 1972/73". In Jürgen W. Falter; Christian Fenner; Michael Th. Greven (eds.). Politische Willensbildung und lnteressenvermittlung. p. 185. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-14338-3. ISBN 978-3-663-14338-3. <a href="978-3-663-14338-3" target="_blank">978-3-663-14338-3</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Morto Valerio Zanone, dal Pli all'Ulivo: Fu ministro e sindaco di Torino". 7 January 2016. <a href="https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2016/01/07/news/morto_valerio_zanone_dal_pli_all_ulivo_fu_ministro_e_sindaco_di_torino-130760918/" target="_blank">https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2016/01/07/news/morto_valerio_zanone_dal_pli_all_ulivo_fu_ministro_e_sindaco_di_torino-130760918/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Zanone dai liberali al governo, storia di un torinese col senso dello Stato". 7 January 2016. <a href="https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/politica/16_gennaio_07/zanone-liberali-governo-storia-un-liberale-col-senso-stato-2f2ad74a-b529-11e5-8efc-b58ffc8363b9.shtml" target="_blank">https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/politica/16_gennaio_07/zanone-liberali-governo-storia-un-liberale-col-senso-stato-2f2ad74a-b529-11e5-8efc-b58ffc8363b9.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Il leader liberale Valerio Zanone è morto - ItaliaOggi.it". Retrieved 4 April 2023. <a href="https://www.italiaoggi.it/news/il-leader-liberale-valerio-zanone-e-morto-201601071500362339" target="_blank">https://www.italiaoggi.it/news/il-leader-liberale-valerio-zanone-e-morto-201601071500362339</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Günter Trautmann (1984). "Entpolitisierung und demographischer Machtwechsel in den politischen Systemen Frankreichs und Italiens seit 1972/73". In Jürgen W. Falter; Christian Fenner; Michael Th. Greven (eds.). Politische Willensbildung und lnteressenvermittlung. p. 185. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-14338-3. ISBN 978-3-663-14338-3. <a href="978-3-663-14338-3" target="_blank">978-3-663-14338-3</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Helmut Drüke (2013). Italien: Grundwissen-Länderkunden: Politik — Gesellschaft — Wirtschaft. Springer-Verlag. p. 153f. ISBN 9783322955227. <a href="9783322955227" target="_blank">9783322955227</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Michael Sommer (2002). "Im Süden nichts Neues: Zur aktuellen Entwicklung des italienischen Parteiensystems" (PDF). Politische Vierteljahresschrift. Westdeutscher Verlag. p. 115. <a href="https://uol.de/f/4/inst/geschichte/Sommer_2002_Im_Su__den_nichts_Neues.pdf" target="_blank">https://uol.de/f/4/inst/geschichte/Sommer_2002_Im_Su__den_nichts_Neues.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009 <a href="/wiki/Bologna" target="_blank">/wiki/Bologna</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Eligendo Archivio - Ministero dell'Interno DAIT". Retrieved 4 April 2023. <a href="http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tp=C" target="_blank">http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tp=C</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Eligendo Archivio - Ministero dell'Interno DAIT". Retrieved 4 April 2023. <a href="http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tp=C" target="_blank">http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tp=C</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Result of the National Democratic Union coalition with the Labour Democratic Party. <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_(Italy)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_(Italy)</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Result of the National Bloc coalition with the Common Man's Front. <a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Italy,_1948)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Bloc_(Italy,_1948)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Result of the National Bloc coalition with the Common Man's Front. <a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Italy,_1948)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Bloc_(Italy,_1948)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Jointly with the PRI. <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" target="_blank">/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Jointly with the PRI and Marco Pannella. <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" target="_blank">/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>