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<h2 id="categories">Categories</h2> <h3>Biological action</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Biological_activity/jJ14jyvc">biological activity</a></p> <p>In most of the cases, agrochemicals refer to pesticides.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pesticides/Uhf4KnwJ">Pesticides</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Insecticides/1xYL3MSD">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Herbicides/FN93bvrk">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fungicides/c1twQBYo">Fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Algaecides/AL73gnTx">Algaecides</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rodenticides/unEUuByD">Rodenticides</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Molluscicides/QL4Scy7x">Molluscicides</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nematicides/xnJNqGxx">Nematicides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fertilisers/ysh3r6NJ">Fertilisers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soil_conditioners/35DWU3Cc">Soil conditioners</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Liming_(soil)/Wgzp1M3z">Liming</a> and <a href="/facts/Acidifying_agent/nAs3eVlX">acidifying agents</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plant_growth_regulators/h3noouev">Plant growth regulators</a></li></ul> <h3>Application method</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fumigants/QGCodNPb">Fumigants</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Penetrant_(biochemical)/BYvWJlPC">Penetrant</a></li></ul> <h2 id="application-process">Application process</h2> <p>Agrochemicals are typically applied to seeds or the field using a variety of different methods. </p> <h3>Seed treatment</h3> <p class="note">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Seed_treatment/u2xEhkRd">Seed treatment</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_treatment&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> <p>A seed treatment is a treatment of the seed with either chemical agents or biological or by physical methods. Usually done to provide protection to the seed and improve the establishment of healthy crops. Not to be confused with a seed coating. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Agriculture/TGztqzJs">agriculture</a> and <a href="/facts/Horticulture/m8qBLuT3">horticulture</a>, coating of the seed is the process of applying exogenous materials to the seed. Also referred to as seed dressing. </p><p>A <a href="/facts/Seed_treatment/u2xEhkRd">seed coating</a> is the layer of material added to the seed, which may or may not contain a "protectant" (biological or chemical pesticide) or biostimulant applied to the seed and possibly some color... By the amount of material added, it can be divided into:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>A Film coating, a layer of thin film applied to the seed typically less than 10% of the mass of the original seed.</li> <li>Encrustment, where the applied material is typically 100%–500% of the original seed mass, but the shape is still discernible.</li> <li>Pellet, where the applied material is so thick that the seed's original shape is not discernible.</li></ul> <p>Seed coating provides the following functions: </p> <ul><li>For formulations with pesticides, direct application to seeds can be environmentally more friendly, as the amounts used can be very small.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>Color makes treated seed less attractive to birds, and easier to see and clean up in the case of an accidental spillage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>A thick coating can improve handling, by hand or by machine. Thinner coatings may also help with characteristics like flowability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Thick coatings may accommodate additional features such as fertilizers, <a href="/facts/Plant_hormones/h3noouev">plant hormones</a>, <a href="/facts/Plant-beneficial_microbe/66sWGTXr">plant-beneficial microbes</a>, and water-retaining polymers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li></ul> Specialist machinery is required to safely and efficiently apply the chemical to the seed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> A cement mixer is enough for non-hazardous coating materials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The term "seed dressing" is also used to refer to the process of removing <a href="/facts/Chaff/ED4wb3yK">chaff</a>, weed seeds and straw from a seed stock. <h3>Sprayers</h3> <p class="note">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Sprayer/vFFXEb3f">Sprayer</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sprayer&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> A <a href="/facts/Sprayer/vFFXEb3f">sprayer</a> is a <a href="/facts/Tool/KhhEHz1I">device</a> used to <a href="/facts/Spray_(liquid_drop)/8IhRfJ4W">spray</a> a <a href="/facts/Liquid/t9GkLWzt">liquid</a>, where sprayers are commonly used for projection of water, weed killers, crop performance materials, pest maintenance chemicals, as well as manufacturing and production line ingredients. In <a href="/facts/Agriculture/TGztqzJs">agriculture</a>, a sprayer is a piece of <a href="/facts/Agricultural_equipment/24Ttzjlm">equipment</a> that is used to apply <a href="/facts/Herbicides/FN93bvrk">herbicides</a>, <a href="/facts/Pesticides/Uhf4KnwJ">pesticides</a>, and <a href="/facts/Fertilizers/ysh3r6NJ">fertilizers</a> on agricultural crops. Sprayers range in size from man-portable units (typically backpacks with <a href="/facts/Spray_gun/upKNJy21">spray guns</a>) to trailed sprayers that are connected to a tractor, to self-propelled units similar to <a href="/facts/Tractor/gNc7kb4a">tractors</a> with <a href="/facts/Crane_(machine)/Q5axXY0l">boom mounts</a> of 4–30 feet (1.2–9.1 m) up to 60–151 feet (18–46 m) in length depending on engineering design for tractor and land size.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> <h3>Aerial application</h3> <p class="note">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Aerial_application/e0LpTctF">Aerial application</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerial_application&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> <p><a href="/facts/Aerial_application/e0LpTctF">Aerial application</a>, or crop dusting,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> involves spraying crops with crop protection products from an <a href="/facts/Agricultural_aircraft/e7XYcjlR">agricultural aircraft</a>. Planting certain types of seed are also included in aerial application. The specific spreading of fertilizer is also known as <i><a href="/facts/Aerial_topdressing/S3Frna7G">aerial topdressing</a> </i>in some countries. Many countries have severely limited aerial application of <a href="/facts/Pesticide/Uhf4KnwJ">pesticides</a> and other products because of environmental and public health hazards like <a href="/facts/Pesticide_drift/tSKMDvUe">spray drift</a>; most notably, the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a> banned it outright with a few highly restricted exceptions in 2009,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> effectively ending the practice in all member states. </p> Agricultural aircraft are highly specialized, purpose-built aircraft. Today's agricultural aircraft are often powered by turbine engines of up to 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) and can carry as much as 800 US gallons (3,000 L) of crop protection product. <a href="/facts/Helicopter/chQF7H55">Helicopters</a> are sometimes used, and some aircraft serve double duty as <a href="/facts/Water_bomber/4R9nv5Qm">water bombers</a> in areas prone to <a href="/facts/Wildfires/LU3797A0">wildfires</a>. These aircraft are referred to as SEAT, or "single engine air tankers." <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Agricultural_pollution/p4e9MD4n">Agricultural pollution</a></p> <p>Many agrochemicals are <a href="/facts/Toxic/qa96rs60">toxic</a>, and agrichemicals in bulk storage may pose significant <a href="/facts/Ecosystem_health/PqAdIuPn">environmental</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Public_health/4563Kre9">health</a> risks, particularly in the event of accidental <a href="/facts/Chemical_spill/2zFFR2Ga">spills</a>. In many countries, use of agrichemicals is highly regulated. Government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in spillage. On farms, proper storage facilities and labeling, emergency clean-up equipment and procedures, and safety equipment and procedures for handling, application and disposal are often subject to mandatory standards and regulations. Usually, the regulations are carried out through the registration process. </p><p>For instance, <a href="/facts/Bovine_somatotropin/Sv0da0mk">bovine somatotropin</a>, though widely used in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, is not approved in <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a> and some other jurisdictions as there are concerns for the health of <a href="/facts/Cows/44qV9B6S">cows</a> using it. </p> <h3>Impacts of pesticides</h3> <p class="note">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides/S0LPwcDV">Environmental impact of pesticides</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_pesticides&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides/S0LPwcDV">environmental effects of pesticides</a> describe the broad series of consequences of using pesticides. The unintended consequences of pesticides is one of the main drivers of <a href="/facts/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture/MRaeMFq2">the negative impact of modern industrial agriculture on the environment</a>. Pesticides, because they are toxic chemicals meant to kill <a href="/facts/Pest_(organism)/mXGHJ8s7">pest species</a>, can affect non-target <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Phytotoxicity/EpeTkAux">plants</a>, animals and humans. Over 98% of sprayed <a href="/facts/Insecticide/1xYL3MSD">insecticides</a> and 95% of <a href="/facts/Herbicide/FN93bvrk">herbicides</a> reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Other agrochemicals, such as <a href="/facts/Fertilizer/ysh3r6NJ">fertilizers</a>, can also have negative effects on the environment. </p><p>The negative effects of pesticides are not just in the area of application. <a href="/facts/Surface_runoff/zPxoaA0D">Runoff</a> and <a href="/facts/Pesticide_drift/tSKMDvUe">pesticide drift</a> can carry pesticides into distant aquatic environments or other fields, grazing areas, human settlements and undeveloped areas. Other problems emerge from poor production, transport, storage and disposal practices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Over time, repeat application of pesticides increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Alternatives to heavy use of pesticides, such as <a href="/facts/Integrated_pest_management/XWCwBShW">integrated pest management</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sustainable_agriculture/XLdTEVAC">sustainable agriculture</a> techniques such as <a href="/facts/Polyculture/WXrglcI9">polyculture</a> mitigate these consequences, without the harmful toxic chemical application. </p> Environmental modelling indicates that globally over 60% of global agricultural land (~24.5 million km²) is "at risk of pesticide pollution by more than one active ingredient", and that over 30% is at "high risk" of which a third are in high-biodiversity regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Each pesticide or pesticide class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns. Such undesirable effects have led many pesticides to be banned, while regulations have limited and/or reduced the use of others. The global spread of pesticide use, including the use of older/obsolete pesticides that have been banned in some jurisdictions, has increased overall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Sumer/bxRz093q">Sumerians</a> from 4500 years ago have said to use insecticides in the form of <a href="/facts/Sulfur_compounds/IK0amTfM">sulfur compounds</a>. Additionally, the Chinese from about 3200 years ago used <a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">mercury</a> and <a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">arsenic</a> compounds to control the <a href="/facts/Body_lice/dC8b4uTe">body lice</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Agrochemicals were introduced to protect crops from pests and enhance <a href="/facts/Crop_yield/hmE59fhk">crop yields</a>. The most common agrochemicals include pesticides and fertilizers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Chemical fertilizers in the 1960s were responsible for the beginning of the "<a href="/facts/Green_Revolution/sB1gbDxN">Green Revolution</a>", where using the same surface of land using intensive irrigation and mineral fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium has greatly increased food production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Throughout the 1970s through 1980s, pesticide research continued into producing more selective agrochemicals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Due to the adaptation of pests to these chemicals, more and new agrochemicals were being used, causing side effects in the environment. </p> <h2 id="companies">Companies</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Syngenta/rcmWokr7">Syngenta</a> was the Chinese owned worldwide leader in agrochemical sales in 2013 at approximately US$10.9 billion, followed by <a href="/facts/Bayer/fnYepBcG">Bayer CropScience</a>, <a href="/facts/BASF/cdtGr0TK">BASF</a>, <a href="/facts/Dow_AgroSciences/GjUm5VTT">Dow AgroSciences</a>, <a href="/facts/Monsanto/6rVAaIXB">Monsanto</a>, and then <a href="/facts/DuPont/kCUfkJzE">DuPont</a> with about $3.6 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> It is still in the worldwide leading position based on sales of year 2019. Based on a statistics by <a href="/facts/Statistica/aQAXA30e">statistica</a>, In 2019, the agrochemical market worldwide was worth approximately $234.2 billion. This is expected to increase to more than $300 billion in 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_pesticide_articles/kw6b1YwF">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Agricultural_chemistry/N2XJxJKG">Agricultural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ecocide/BqxtRg16">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eutrophication/rqXhQYyt">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Agricultural_Statistics_Service/2xrweKXc">National Agricultural Statistics Service</a> (NASS)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nutrient_pollution/pUjJDmU7">Nutrient pollution</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Media related to Agricultural chemistry at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/t722h8817?locale=en">"Agricultural Chemical Usage - Chemical Distribution Rate - ID: t722h8817 - USDA Economics, Statistics and Market Information System"</a>. <i>Publication</i>. December 23, 2005. Retrieved July 23, 2020.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jastrzębska, Magdalena; Kostrzewska, Marta; Saeid, Agnieszka (2022-01-01), Chojnacka, Katarzyna; Saeid, Agnieszka (eds.), "Chapter 1 - Conventional agrochemicals: Pros and cons", Smart Agrochemicals for Sustainable Agriculture, Academic Press, pp. 1–28, ISBN 978-0-12-817036-6, retrieved 2024-10-31 <a href="978-0-12-817036-6" target="_blank">978-0-12-817036-6</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Curley, Robert. "agrochemical, agricultural technology". Britannica (encyclopedia Britannica). Retrieved 24 June 2025. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/agrochemical" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/technology/agrochemical</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Agrochemical". .” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 24 June 2025. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agrochemical" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agrochemical</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Haas, Hans-Ulrich (2019). "Chapter 12. New Aspects of Plant Regulators". In Peter, Jeschke; Witschel, Matthias; Krämer, Wolfgang; Schirmer, Ulrich (eds.). Modern Crop Protection Compounds (3rd ed.). Wiley (published 25 January 2019). pp. 571–584. doi:10.1002/9783527699261.ch29. ISBN 9783527699261. <a href="9783527699261" target="_blank">9783527699261</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gregg, Peter C.; Del Socorro, Alice P.; Landolt, Peter J. (2018-01-07). "Advances in Attract-and-Kill for Agricultural Pests: Beyond Pheromones". Annual Review of Entomology. 63 (1): 453–470. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035040. ISSN 0066-4170. <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035040" target="_blank">https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035040</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Toquin, Valerie; Braun, Christoph A.; Sirven, Catherine; Assmann, Lutz; Sawada, Haruko (2019). "Chapter 26. Host Defense Inducers". In Peter, Jeschke; Witschel, Matthias; Krämer, Wolfgang; Schirmer, Ulrich (eds.). Modern Crop Protection Compounds (3rd ed.). Wiley (published 25 January 2019). pp. 959–978. doi:10.1002/9783527699261.ch26. ISBN 9783527699261. <a href="9783527699261" target="_blank">9783527699261</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Rosinger, Chris; Schulte, Wolfgang (2019). "Chapter 8. Safeners for Herbicides". In Peter, Jeschke; Witschel, Matthias; Krämer, Wolfgang; Schirmer, Ulrich (eds.). Modern Crop Protection Compounds (3rd ed.). Wiley (published 25 January 2019). pp. 425–450. doi:10.1002/9783527699261.ch8. ISBN 9783527699261. <a href="9783527699261" target="_blank">9783527699261</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Mishra, Mukesh Kumar; Mishra, Shailendra Kumar; Pandey, Lakshmi; Kumar, Arun (2023). "Chapter 5. Pesticides and Their Formulations". ResearchGate. Retrieved 24 June 2025. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375485765_Pesticides_and_Their_Formulations" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375485765_Pesticides_and_Their_Formulations</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Uzupis, Denise. "Soil & Plant Amendments". Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, department of agriculture. Retrieved 24 June 2025. <a href="https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pda/plants-land-water/plant-industry/agronomic-products/soil-and-plant-amendments.html" target="_blank">https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pda/plants-land-water/plant-industry/agronomic-products/soil-and-plant-amendments.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Djuragic, Olivera; Čabarkapa, Ivana; Milašinović Šeremešić, Marija; Rakita, Slađana; Tomičić, Zorica (2023). "Feed Additives, Their Role, and Technological Properties". In Arsenos, Georgios; Giannenas, Ilias (eds.). Sustainable Use of Feed Additives in Livestock. 6330 Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 17–45. ISBN 978-3-031-42854-8. {{cite book}}: Missing |editor1= (help)CS1 maint: location (link) <a href="978-3-031-42854-8" target="_blank">978-3-031-42854-8</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Smith, Zachary K. (September 2024). "Overview of Growth Promotants and Production Enhancers in Animals". MSD Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 26 June 2025. <a href="https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/growth-promotants-and-production-enhancers/overview-of-growth-promotants-and-production-enhancers-in-animals" target="_blank">https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/growth-promotants-and-production-enhancers/overview-of-growth-promotants-and-production-enhancers-in-animals</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Claerebout, Edwin (April 2025). "Anthelmintic Drugs for Animals". MSD Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 26 June 2025. <a href="https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/anthelmintics/anthelmintic-drugs-for-animals?query=anthelmintics" target="_blank">https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/anthelmintics/anthelmintic-drugs-for-animals?query=anthelmintics</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Devi, P. 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