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Communal reinforcement
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<h2 id="in-addiction-treatment">In addiction treatment</h2> <p>The community-reinforcement approach (CRA) is a <a href="/facts/Behaviourism/8DHljqrh">behaviourist</a> <a href="/facts/Alcoholism/KGPzpChp">alcoholism</a> <a href="/facts/Therapy/2ytkGbgT">treatment</a> approach that aims to achieve abstinence by eliminating <a href="/facts/Positive_reinforcement/bn271VLa">positive reinforcement</a> for drinking and enhancing positive reinforcement for sobriety. CRA integrates several treatment components, including building the client's motivation to quit drinking, helping the client initiate sobriety, analyzing the client's drinking pattern, increasing positive reinforcement, learning new coping behaviors, and involving significant others in the recovery process. These components can be adjusted to the individual client's needs to achieve optimal treatment outcome. In addition, treatment outcome can be influenced by factors such as therapist style and initial treatment intensity. Several studies have provided evidence for CRA's effectiveness in achieving abstinence. Furthermore, CRA has been successfully integrated with a variety of other treatment approaches, such as family therapy and motivational interviewing, and has been tested in the treatment of other drug abuse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Community_reinforcement_and_family_training/FylFLsSu">Community reinforcement and family training</a> (CRAFT) is an adaptation of CRA that is aimed at giving the Concerned Significant Others (CSOs) of alcoholics skills to help them get the alcoholic into treatment. </p> <h2 id="in-other-applications">In other applications</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/Chris_Stout_(psychologist)/WBGxaJrn">Chris E. Stout</a>'s book <i>The Psychology of Terrorism: Theoretical Understandings and Perspective</i>, Stout explains how community reinforcement is present in the psychotic state of <a href="/facts/Terrorists/DHJGPJ6P">terrorists</a>. "The individual would feel less charged, validated, courageous, sanctified, and zealous, and would feel exposed as an individual." It is believed that the group mentality of a <a href="/facts/Terrorist_organization/LmnuRFFL">terrorist organization</a> solidifies the mission of the group through communal reinforcement. Members are more likely to stay dedicated and follow through with the event of terror if they receive support from fellow terrorist members. An individual might abandon the mission in terror, but with the reinforcement of his peers, a member is more likely to stay involved.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Psychology portal</li><li>Society portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Argumentum_ad_populum/cqoH1KVW"><i>Argumentum ad populum</i></a>, also known as Appeal to the population – Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct</li> <li><a href="/facts/Asch_conformity_experiments/0DWU6sET">Asch conformity experiments</a> – Series of psychology studies</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bandwagon_effect/nGhvjncH">Bandwagon effect</a> – Societal phenomenon</li> <li><a href="/facts/Indoctrination/v1Va4ner">Indoctrination</a> – Inculcating a person with certain ideas</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_common_misconceptions/rxSqIHvF">List of common misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Collective_consciousness/9wjz7f0G">Collective consciousness</a> – Shared beliefs and ideas in society</li> <li><a href="/facts/Confirmation_bias/o5rHY4lP">Confirmation bias</a> – Bias confirming existing attitudes</li> <li><a href="/facts/Conformity/AHpHbocb">Conformity</a> – Matching opinions and behaviors to group norms</li> <li><a href="/facts/Crowd_manipulation/S9tK4TXR">Crowd manipulation</a> – Application of crowd psychology</li> <li><a href="/facts/Foot-in-the-door_technique/mQ5PdTq1">Foot-in-the-door technique</a> – Compliance tactic</li> <li><a href="/facts/Groupthink/RcX5vFCP">Groupthink</a> – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people</li> <li><a href="/facts/Group_polarization/rSRm57x9">Group polarization</a> – Tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the inclinations of its members</li> <li><a href="/facts/Meme/65Qsyhak">Meme</a> – Cultural idea which spreads through imitation</li> <li><a href="/facts/Overton_window/9xbrGAD9">Overton window</a> – Range of ideas tolerated in public discourse</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peer_pressure/1RotA8NH">Peer pressure</a> – Influencing peers to conform</li> <li><a href="/facts/Selective_exposure_theory/ABVGB5Ro">Selective exposure theory</a> – Theory within the practice of psychology</li> <li><a href="/facts/Social_constructionism/NeGDLvKL">Social constructionism</a> – Sociological theory regarding shared understandings</li> <li><a href="/facts/Social_proof/CjVKQhIk">Social proof</a> – Psychological phenomenon regarding conformity</li> <li><a href="/facts/Spiral_of_silence/X4wkv6Bh">Spiral of silence</a> – Political science and mass communication theory</li> <li><a href="/facts/Truthiness/8CHCEm1N">Truthiness</a> – Quality of preferring concepts or facts one wishes to be true, rather than actual truth</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions, p. 80, at Google Books <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&pg=PA80" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&pg=PA80</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Introduction to Addictive Behaviors, p. 149, at Google Books <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yhWB-JOQMUgC&pg=PA149" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yhWB-JOQMUgC&pg=PA149</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Brochures and Fact Sheets | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)". Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2011-11-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810175501/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-2/116-121.pdf.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180810175501/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-2/116-121.pdf.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>The Psychology of Terrorism: Theoretical Understandings and Perspectives, p. 131, at Google Books <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5BHgVzlHGYUC&pg=PA131" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5BHgVzlHGYUC&pg=PA131</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>