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Chiltern Hills
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<h2 id="geology">Geology</h2> <p>The chalk <a href="/facts/Escarpment/apJ1d2XB">escarpment</a> of the Chiltern Hills overlooks the <a href="/facts/Aylesbury_Vale/pkFdMHk3">Vale of Aylesbury</a> and roughly coincides with the southernmost extent of the <a href="/facts/Ice_sheet/j3QpYSeK">ice sheet</a> during the Anglian <a href="/facts/Glacial_maximum/agSMvAgX">glacial maximum</a>. The Chilterns are part of a system of chalk <a href="/facts/Downland/pQSfGDNs">downlands</a> throughout eastern and southern England, formed between 65 and 95 million years ago,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> comprising rocks of the <a href="/facts/Chalk_Group/mQP94Qgo">Chalk Group</a>; this also includes <a href="/facts/Salisbury_Plain/KLpa0tyq">Salisbury Plain</a>, <a href="/facts/Cranborne_Chase/XYln37EJ">Cranborne Chase</a>, the <a href="/facts/Isle_of_Wight/3mWfGanJ">Isle of Wight</a> and the <a href="/facts/South_Downs/mh3GkDRM">South Downs</a> in the south. In the north, the chalk formations continue northeastwards across <a href="/facts/Hertfordshire/TcBlCoSp">Hertfordshire</a>, Norfolk and the <a href="/facts/Lincolnshire_Wolds/I1N4X4f3">Lincolnshire Wolds</a>, finally ending as the <a href="/facts/Yorkshire_Wolds/sNJjoJJV">Yorkshire Wolds</a> in a prominent escarpment, south of the <a href="/facts/Vale_of_Pickering/2r2WSRq0">Vale of Pickering</a>. The beds of the Chalk Group were deposited over the buried northwestern margin of the Anglo-Brabant Massif during the <a href="/facts/Late_Cretaceous/pcHa4fBg">Late Cretaceous</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> During this time, sources for <a href="/facts/Siliciclastic/X41lveMk">siliciclastic</a> sediment had been eliminated due to the exceptionally high sea level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The formation is thinner through the Chiltern Hills than the chalk strata to the north and south and deposition was <a href="/facts/Tectonically/jPcFacFP">tectonically</a> controlled, with the <a href="/facts/Lilley%2c_Hertfordshire/sGmHN8d0">Lilley</a> Bottom structure playing a significant role at times.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The Chalk Group, like the underlying <a href="/facts/Gault_Clay/hfFVINNU">Gault Clay</a> and <a href="/facts/Upper_Greensand/zYWAxVbM">Upper Greensand</a>, is <a href="/facts/Diachronous/5YsNqbYJ">diachronous</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>During the late stages of the <a href="/facts/Alpine_Orogeny/VAkm6zRj">Alpine Orogeny</a>, as the <a href="/facts/African_Plate/U4akPN82">African Plate</a> collided with <a href="/facts/Eurasian_Plate/WztRQ8pA">Eurasian Plate</a>, <a href="/facts/Mesozoic/yYsvXGPa">Mesozoic</a> extensional structures, such as the <a href="/facts/Weald_Basin/IfF5j4Dg">Weald Basin</a> of southern England, underwent <a href="/facts/Inversion_(geology)/eBuTDYGV">structural inversion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> This phase of deformation tilted the chalk strata to the southeast in the area of the Chiltern Hills. The gently dipping beds of rock were <a href="/facts/Eroded/gaGJXy0W">eroded</a>, forming an escarpment. </p><p>The chalk <a href="/facts/Stratum/w5D4VAwa">strata</a> are frequently interspersed with layers of <a href="/facts/Flint/RkMoXqjb">flint</a> <a href="/facts/Nodule_(geology)/kjYW2oxY">nodules</a> which apparently replaced chalk and infilled pore spaces early in the <a href="/facts/Diagenetic/F1nATwdp">diagenetic</a> history. Flint has been mined for millennia from the Chiltern Hills.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> They were first extracted for fabrication into <a href="/facts/Flint_axe/VRkFkU7o">flint axes</a> in the <a href="/facts/Neolithic/wRS0Bnh4">Neolithic</a> period, then for <a href="/facts/Knapping/FPPEFBvs">knapping</a> into <a href="/facts/Flintlocks/DQ2jMARj">flintlocks</a>. Nodules are to be seen everywhere in the older houses as a construction material for walls. </p> <h2 id="physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2> <h3>Topography</h3> <p>The highest point is at 267 m (876 ft.) above sea level at <a href="/facts/Haddington_Hill/HK2Xnk7X">Haddington Hill</a> near <a href="/facts/Wendover/AM7w5QMj">Wendover</a> in Buckinghamshire; a stone monument marks the <a href="/facts/Summit_(topography)/SE0XQoUp">summit</a>. The nearby <a href="/facts/Ivinghoe_Beacon/jSLLmrSx">Ivinghoe Beacon</a> is a more prominent hill, although its altitude is only 249 m (817 ft.).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> It is the starting point of the <a href="/facts/Icknield_Way_Path/XftyzajV">Icknield Way Path</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Ridgeway/H38aQJ52">the Ridgeway</a> <a href="/facts/Long-distance_path/fIltP4BA">long-distance path</a>, which follows the line of the Chilterns for many miles to the west, where they merge with the <a href="/facts/Wiltshire/42kKgE8r">Wiltshire</a> downs and southern <a href="/facts/Cotswolds/QjMzPUod">Cotswolds</a>. To the east of Ivinghoe Beacon is Dunstable Downs, a steep section of the Chiltern scarp. Near Wendover is <a href="/facts/Coombe_Hill%2c_Buckinghamshire/VpCcvNTQ">Coombe Hill</a>, 260 m (852 ft.) above sea level. The more gently sloping country – the dip slope – to the southeast of the Chiltern scarp is also generally referred to as part of the Chilterns; it contains much <a href="/facts/Beech/9LMa0wKB">beech</a> <a href="/facts/Woodland/BcnoNfmp">woodland</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and many villages. </p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Ipsden_Heath/G87qqHsA">Ipsden Heath</a></p> <h3>Landscape and land use</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Enclosure/CxtadnNY">Enclosed</a> fields account for almost 66% of the "<a href="/facts/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty/MDTR4U1e">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>" (AONB) area. The next most important, and archetypal, landscape form is <a href="/facts/Woodland/BcnoNfmp">woodland</a>, covering 21% of the Chilterns, which is thus one of the most heavily wooded areas in England. Built-up areas (settlements and industry) make up over 5% of the land area; parks and gardens nearly 4%, open land (commons, heaths and downland) is 2%, and the remaining 2% includes a variety of uses, including communications, military, open land, recreation, utilities and water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h3>Rivers</h3> <p>The Chilterns are almost entirely located within the <a href="/facts/River_Thames/XnQWN52L">River Thames</a> <a href="/facts/Drainage_basin/lzsx0XJS">drainage basin</a>, and also drain towards several major Thames tributaries, most notably the <a href="/facts/River_Lea/beC56WJm">Lea</a>, which rises in the eastern Chilterns, the <a href="/facts/River_Colne%2c_Hertfordshire/08W8zlTJ">Colne</a> to the south, and the <a href="/facts/River_Thame/my8acKRm">Thame</a> to the north and west. Other rivers arising near the Chilterns include the <a href="/facts/River_Mimram/X2yShDIX">Mimram</a>, the <a href="/facts/River_Ver/6QB0abKm">Ver</a>, the <a href="/facts/River_Gade/fBKL5Ipu">Gade</a>, the <a href="/facts/River_Bulbourne/f9Pwmvx8">Bulbourne</a>, the <a href="/facts/River_Chess/8QYdNbV2">Chess</a>, the <a href="/facts/River_Misbourne/2JoTSbUC">Misbourne</a> and the <a href="/facts/River_Wye%2c_Buckinghamshire/IIDy2rN6">Wye</a>. These are classified as <a href="/facts/Chalk_stream/qkb5xhyQ">chalk streams</a>, although the Lea is degraded by water from road drains and sewage treatment works.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The Thames flows through a gap between the <a href="/facts/Berkshire_Downs/jEBozRos">Berkshire Downs</a> and the Chilterns. Portions around <a href="/facts/Leighton_Buzzard/1KQzAxjW">Leighton Buzzard</a> and <a href="/facts/Hitchin/qCJad9N3">Hitchin</a> are drained by the <a href="/facts/River_Ouzel/e9SKXIqT">Ouzel</a>, the <a href="/facts/River_Flit/GF6bFenW">Flit</a> and the <a href="/facts/Hiz/baMU8Yd1">Hiz</a>, all of which ultimately flow into the <a href="/facts/River_Great_Ouse/ahx4cNED">River Great Ouse</a> (the last two via the <a href="/facts/River_Ivel/Wy8Hujy5">Ivel</a>). </p> <h3>Transport</h3> <p>Several transport routes pass through the Chilterns in natural or human-made corridors. There are also over 2,000 km (1,200 mi) of public footpaths in the Chilterns, including long-distance trackways such as the <a href="/facts/Icknield_Way/rtNUQBxX">Icknield Way</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Ridgeway/H38aQJ52">The Ridgeway</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/M40_motorway/4v9yfSbN">M40 motorway</a> passes through the Chilterns in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire sections with a deep cutting through the <a href="/facts/Stokenchurch_Gap/XdKmDVUQ">Stokenchurch Gap</a>. The <a href="/facts/M1_motorway/1wUHyUch">M1 motorway</a> crosses the Bedfordshire section near <a href="/facts/Luton/qX2WTrY1">Luton</a>. Other major roads include the <a href="/facts/A41_road/T7cTEuKq">A41</a> and the <a href="/facts/A413_road/T7r1eAWc">A413</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Chiltern_Main_Line/ErpNoeel">Chiltern Main Line</a> Railway via <a href="/facts/High_Wycombe_railway_station/3R0KktpD">High Wycombe</a> and <a href="/facts/Princes_Risborough_railway_station/LmACzdYW">Princes Risborough</a>, the <a href="/facts/London_to_Aylesbury_Line/YTJ3thJx">London to Aylesbury Line</a> via <a href="/facts/Amersham_railway_station/Ja1BbChJ">Amersham</a>, the <a href="/facts/West_Coast_Main_Line/sa9gUhtH">West Coast Main Line</a> via <a href="/facts/Berkhamsted_railway_station/Sl5cvVcq">Berkhamsted</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Midland_Main_Line/ypSoS7Uz">Midland Main Line</a> all run through the Chiltern Hills. The <a href="/facts/Great_Western_Main_Line/AWQNrJFG">Great Western Main Line</a> and its branches such as the <a href="/facts/Henley_Branch_Line/UPJnQQXW">Henley</a> and <a href="/facts/Marlow_Branch_Line/UTtVFnMq">Marlow</a> branch lines link the southern side of the Chilterns with <a href="/facts/Paddington_railway_station/X8ASYBms">London Paddington</a>. The <a href="/facts/Chinnor_and_Princes_Risborough_Railway/dhQSqYSo">Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway</a> is a preserved line. </p><p><a href="/facts/High_Speed_2/rSyhlbkc">High Speed 2</a> (HS2) will pass underneath the Chilterns in the <a href="/facts/Chiltern_tunnel/eIqoUKVp">Chiltern tunnel</a>. This tunnel, the longest under construction on the HS2 route, will be 16 km (9.9 miles) in length.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The Conservation Board has made clear it was opposed to the routing of HS2 through the Chilterns AONB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Bus services are provided by <a href="/facts/Arriva_Shires_%2526_Essex/ACxuQSPT">Arriva Shires & Essex</a> and <a href="/facts/Carousel_Buses/eS5rpV1G">Carousel Buses</a>. Air corridors from <a href="/facts/Luton_Airport/a2fdH0DK">Luton Airport</a> pass over the Chilterns. </p><p>Apart from the <a href="/facts/River_Thames/XnQWN52L">River Thames</a>, there are no navigable rivers. The <a href="/facts/Grand_Union_Canal/UU1G6GDK">Grand Union Canal</a> passes through the Chilterns between <a href="/facts/Berkhamsted/SDt0Fyw3">Berkhamsted</a> and <a href="/facts/Marsworth/3Wv7uKhB">Marsworth</a> following the course of the <a href="/facts/River_Gade/fBKL5Ipu">Gade</a> and <a href="/facts/River_Bulbourne/f9Pwmvx8">Bulbourne</a>. Also, after crossing a watershed, the <a href="/facts/River_Ouzel/e9SKXIqT">Ouzel</a> is partly in the Chilterns. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>During the <a href="/facts/British_Iron_Age/pp33u4nv">Iron Age</a>, the Chiltern ridge provided a relatively safe and easily navigable route across southern Britain. The <a href="/facts/Toponym/YgVWDQW3">toponym</a>, <i>Chiltern</i>, is believed to be <a href="/facts/Common_Brittonic/YnFau4up"> Brittonic</a> in origin. According to <a href="/facts/Eilert_Ekwall/0CbC1Sbn">Eilert Ekwall</a>, <i>Chiltern</i> is possibly related to the broader ethnic name <a href="/facts/Celts/eMCVYAFz"> <i>Celt</i></a> (<i>Celtæ</i> in early <a href="/facts/Celtic_languages/edRrGrMF">Celtic languages</a>); the root <i>celto-</i> "high" (and suffix <i>-erno-</i>) could provide the origin of <i>Chiltern</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>Before the 18th century, the population lived dispersed across the largely rural landscape of the Chilterns in remote villages, hamlets, farmsteads, and market towns along the main turnpike routes which coursed through the navigable valleys. The development of canals in the 18th century and railways in the 19th century encouraged settlement and the growth of <a href="/facts/High_Wycombe/TzyKzueb">High Wycombe</a>, <a href="/facts/Tring/3CCs3tA8">Tring</a>, and <a href="/facts/Luton/qX2WTrY1">Luton</a>. Significant housing and industrial development took place in the first half of the 20th century and continued throughout the 20th century. </p><p>In 1965 almost half of the Chiltern Hills was designated as an <a href="/facts/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty/MDTR4U1e">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> (AONB). </p> <h2 id="list-of-towns-and-villages-in-the-chilterns">List of towns and villages in the Chilterns</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aldbury/ernEHBzu">Aldbury</a>, <a href="/facts/Amersham/0qyXjg0N">Amersham</a>, <a href="/facts/Apsley%2c_Hertfordshire/RVRGpfEg">Apsley</a>, <a href="/facts/Ashridge/uHYUNPbo">Ashridge</a>, <a href="/facts/Aston_Clinton/yrIT338E">Aston Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Barton-le-Clay/FCRchCLV">Barton-le-Clay</a>, <a href="/facts/Beaconsfield/wkzLs1ut">Beaconsfield</a>, <a href="/facts/Bellingdon/L8VUY4ge">Bellingdon</a>, <a href="/facts/Berkhamsted/SDt0Fyw3">Berkhamsted</a>, <a href="/facts/Bledlow_Ridge/KxAYrEVt">Bledlow Ridge</a>, <a href="/facts/Bovingdon/t3EQ5Cd6">Bovingdon</a>, <a href="/facts/Bradenham%2c_Buckinghamshire/BnxkHJ0V">Bradenham</a>, <a href="/facts/Breachwood_Green/CKu55Pah">Breachwood Green</a>, <a href="/facts/Buckland_Common/aqsb9Rft">Buckland Common</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Caddington/q1W2rAoI">Caddington</a>, <a href="/facts/Chalfont_St_Giles/cFInECTm">Chalfont St Giles</a>, <a href="/facts/Chalfont_St_Peter/1y9r5zlQ">Chalfont St Peter</a>, <a href="/facts/Chartridge/wtKGsVdW">Chartridge</a>, <a href="/facts/Checkendon/9CVSpkNM">Checkendon</a>, <a href="/facts/Cheddington/kXVDWjm2">Cheddington</a>, <a href="/facts/Chesham/QI9TpVUG">Chesham</a>, <a href="/facts/Chiltern_Green/Y5870eTq">Chiltern Green</a>, <a href="/facts/Chinnor/Um7wXPHG">Chinnor</a>, <a href="/facts/Cholesbury/7wWERPmK">Cholesbury</a>, <a href="/facts/Christmas_Common/TydqGBqd">Christmas Common</a>, <a href="/facts/Coleshill%2c_Buckinghamshire/vjrITJ3z">Coleshill</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dagnall/v1epP2ps">Dagnall</a>, <a href="/facts/Downley/62eKIGEr">Downley</a>, <a href="/facts/Dunsmore%2c_Buckinghamshire/gTxhYt2P">Dunsmore</a>, <a href="/facts/Dunstable/ctuUfJEK">Dunstable</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Edlesborough/yWmwWbN8">Edlesborough</a>, <a href="/facts/Ellesborough/xhe1sqGl">Ellesborough</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fawley%2c_Buckinghamshire/hv4h24Dw">Fawley</a>, <a href="/facts/Fingest/mEzVBDkx">Fingest</a>, <a href="/facts/Flackwell_Heath/NUxmGDvV">Flackwell Heath</a>, <a href="/facts/Frieth/kRovcT6y">Frieth</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gerrards_Cross/CSEosoL2">Gerrards Cross</a>, <a href="/facts/Goring-On-Thames/nly77cfz">Goring-On-Thames</a>, <a href="/facts/Great_Hampden/kBcLaGSX">Great Hampden</a>, <a href="/facts/Great_Kingshill/mNrgw65F">Great Kingshill</a>, <a href="/facts/Great_Missenden/9Ug4rG0L">Great Missenden</a>, <a href="/facts/Great_Offley/4FHWSTsK">Great Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Halton%2c_Buckinghamshire/nL1QXTBT">Halton</a>, <a href="/facts/Hambleden/bkEUTbcQ">Hambleden</a>, <a href="/facts/Harlington%2c_Bedfordshire/8Ed0qYqU">Harlington</a>, <a href="/facts/Hawridge/TQHmbRjz">Hawridge</a>, <a href="/facts/Hazlemere/S2NR5m2j">Hazlemere</a>, <a href="/facts/Hemel_Hempstead/MFWqqAUF">Hemel Hempstead</a>, <a href="/facts/Henley-on-Thames/LUohWkpQ">Henley-on-Thames</a>, <a href="/facts/Hexton/Q3rDD16v">Hexton</a>, <a href="/facts/High_Wycombe/TzyKzueb">High Wycombe</a>, <a href="/facts/Hitchin/qCJad9N3">Hitchin</a>, <a href="/facts/Holmer_Green/kbjR6cgK">Holmer Green</a>, <a href="/facts/Hughenden_Valley/uKqDxw9E">Hughenden</a>, <a href="/facts/Hyde_Heath/6L7u8q25">Hyde Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ibstone/xyc1n9q5">Ibstone</a>, <a href="/facts/Ivinghoe/J3h6mIAA">Ivinghoe</a>, <a href="/facts/Jordans%2c_Buckinghamshire/hvKftK7D">Jordans</a>, <a href="/facts/Kensworth/vEJTaxFf">Kensworth</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lacey_Green%2c_Buckinghamshire/LSBx2Ylk">Lacey Green</a>, <a href="/facts/Lane_End%2c_Buckinghamshire/Iwu1rrhq">Lane End</a>, <a href="/facts/Latimer%2c_Buckinghamshire/Ikv5Nqrw">Latimer</a>, <a href="/facts/Ley_Hill/7GV4FEBM">Ley Hill</a>, <a href="/facts/Lilley%2c_Hertfordshire/sGmHN8d0">Lilley</a>, <a href="/facts/Little_Chalfont/JResekgk">Little Chalfont</a>, <a href="/facts/Little_Gaddesden/zJ119mVr">Little Gaddesden</a>, <a href="/facts/Little_Kingshill/LuybQPoD">Little Kingshill</a>, <a href="/facts/Little_Missenden/Cptuyw7f">Little Missenden</a>, <a href="/facts/Luton/qX2WTrY1">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Markyate/DjEL1Lzp">Markyate</a>, <a href="/facts/Marlow%2c_Buckinghamshire/PGakpxjh">Marlow</a>, <a href="/facts/Marlow_Bottom/bLm2HxMr">Marlow Bottom</a>, <a href="/facts/Medmenham/MkMGfscl">Medmenham</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Naphill/z4nXbjFg">Naphill</a>, <a href="/facts/Nettlebed/yuKWFvPQ">Nettlebed</a>, <a href="/facts/Nuffield%2c_Oxfordshire/4YguTJuQ">Nuffield</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Penn%2c_Buckinghamshire/Syj1MAhf">Penn</a>, <a href="/facts/Pishill/e96DJ5do">Pishill</a>, <a href="/facts/Pitstone/yzSUduVu">Pitstone</a>, <a href="/facts/Prestwood/6l61Hm18">Prestwood</a>, <a href="/facts/Princes_Risborough/GajVwoAy">Princes Risborough</a>, <a href="/facts/Radnage/CDyDKBvy">Radnage</a>, <a href="/facts/Redbourn/uaWpEToG">Redbourn</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Seer_Green/kzNJCHKE">Seer Green</a>, <a href="/facts/Sharpenhoe/Tb8xdKtQ">Sharpenhoe</a>, <a href="/facts/Shiplake/kG74kXMf">Shiplake</a>, <a href="/facts/Skirmett/roSrjzS7">Skirmett</a>, <a href="/facts/Southend%2c_Buckinghamshire/uhMVxF7o">Southend</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Heath/9Ug4rG0L">South Heath</a>, <a href="/facts/Speen%2c_Buckinghamshire/C2QG0R1y">Speen</a>, <a href="/facts/St_Leonards%2c_Buckinghamshire/6h2PYnbQ">St Leonards</a>, <a href="/facts/Stokenchurch/jlnW1XXh">Stokenchurch</a>, <a href="/facts/Stonor/KueSABEf">Stonor</a>, <a href="/facts/Streatley%2c_Bedfordshire/DHCdcVkc">Streatley (Beds)</a>, <a href="/facts/Studham/v2xRAoHQ">Studham</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thame/jjQYmjdB">Thame</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Lee/4NzDEpC3">The Lee</a>, <a href="/facts/Tring/3CCs3tA8">Tring</a>, <a href="/facts/Turville/jDNkzuop">Turville</a>, <a href="/facts/Tylers_Green/KrIVE00S">Tylers Green</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter%2527s_Ash/IRo4MzwA">Walter's Ash</a>, <a href="/facts/Watlington%2c_Oxfordshire/6kdJDIuS">Watlington</a>, <a href="/facts/Wendover/AM7w5QMj">Wendover</a>, <a href="/facts/West_Wycombe/6UGJrUf0">West Wycombe</a>, <a href="/facts/Whipsnade/3qUKdEXE">Whipsnade</a>, <a href="/facts/Whitwell%2c_Hertfordshire/Y5zCcqS0">Whitwell</a>, <a href="/facts/Wigginton%2c_Hertfordshire/RDT50bUD">Wigginton</a>, <a href="/facts/Winchmore_Hill%2c_Buckinghamshire/P1JYbhKd">Winchmore Hill</a>, <a href="/facts/Woodcote/1N9hsbcR">Woodcote</a></li></ul> <h3>Strip parishes associated with the Chilterns</h3> <p>The western edge of the Chilterns is notable for ancient <a href="/facts/Strip_parish/yqBHAX6Y">strip parishes</a>, elongated parishes with villages in the flatter land below the escarpment, and woodland and summer pastures in the higher land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Bedfordshire: <a href="/facts/Eaton_Bray/RIjBfI4t">Eaton Bray</a>, <a href="/facts/Toddington%2c_Bedfordshire/HXsVeujW">Toddington</a>, <a href="/facts/Totternhoe/DPlqDDGb">Totternhoe</a></li> <li>Buckinghamshire: <a href="/facts/Aston_Clinton/yrIT338E">Aston Clinton</a>, <a href="/facts/Aylesbury/GBH2DurY">Aylesbury</a>, <a href="/facts/Bledlow/B39wPN2t">Bledlow</a>, <a href="/facts/Buckland%2c_Buckinghamshire/j2DsjyU0">Buckland</a>, <a href="/facts/Drayton_Beauchamp/U06se8md">Drayton Beauchamp</a>, <a href="/facts/Great_Kimble/JSb6B1wI">Great Kimble</a>, <a href="/facts/Horsenden/0cmwpvho">Horsenden</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Lee/4NzDEpC3">The Lee</a>, <a href="/facts/Marsworth/3Wv7uKhB">Marsworth</a>, <a href="/facts/Monks_Risborough/8qmdfAyI">Monks Risborough</a>, <a href="/facts/Pitstone/yzSUduVu">Pitstone</a>, <a href="/facts/Princes_Risborough/GajVwoAy">Princes Risborough</a>, <a href="/facts/Saunderton/1lducGfk">Saunderton</a>, <a href="/facts/Stoke_Mandeville/YotKKxpo">Stoke Mandeville</a>, <a href="/facts/Weston_Turville/yERIu37k">Weston Turville</a></li> <li>Hertfordshire: <a href="/facts/Tring/3CCs3tA8">Tring</a>, <a href="/facts/Wigginton%2c_Hertfordshire/RDT50bUD">Wigginton</a></li> <li>Oxfordshire: <a href="/facts/Aston_Rowant/vpIPxfgj">Aston Rowant</a>, <a href="/facts/Checkendon/9CVSpkNM">Checkendon</a>, <a href="/facts/Chinnor/Um7wXPHG">Chinnor</a>, <a href="/facts/Ipsden/QHmmTWgF">Ipsden</a>, <a href="/facts/Lewknor/K48ntn3d">Lewknor</a>, <a href="/facts/Mongewell/dME6aFCY">Mongewell</a>, <a href="/facts/Newnham_Murren/zBlbI6v0">Newnham Murren</a>, <a href="/facts/Nuffield%2c_Oxfordshire/4YguTJuQ">Nuffield</a>, <a href="/facts/Pyrton/XUVMcCpH">Pyrton</a>, <a href="/facts/Shirburn/5nWUoajs">Shirburn</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Stoke%2c_Oxfordshire/PD0VDp5X">South Stoke</a>, <a href="/facts/Watlington%2c_Oxfordshire/6kdJDIuS">Watlington</a></li></ul> <h2 id="economic-use">Economic use</h2> <p>The hills have been used for their <a href="/facts/Natural_resources/w9WXxMx3">natural resources</a> for <a href="/facts/Millennia/8cwS2oUW">millennia</a>. The chalk has been <a href="/facts/Quarried/s6fhrNhe">quarried</a> for the manufacture of cement, and <a href="/facts/Flint/RkMoXqjb">flint</a> for local building material. <a href="/facts/Beech/9LMa0wKB">Beechwoods</a> supplied furniture makers with quality <a href="/facts/Hardwood/KQT6MN8W">hardwood</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> The area was once (and still is to a lesser degree) renowned for its chair-making industry,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> centred on the towns of Chesham and High Wycombe (the nickname of <a href="/facts/Wycombe_Wanderers/23R9gYCD">Wycombe Wanderers</a> Football Club is the Chairboys). Water was and remains a scarce resource in the Chilterns. Historically it was drawn from the <a href="/facts/Aquifer/UwG6ksdG">aquifer</a> via <a href="/facts/Ponds/He6abhfJ">ponds</a>, deep <a href="/facts/Water_well/aPFvzk3V">wells</a>, occasional springs or <a href="/facts/Bourne_(stream)/AchhMIkc">bournes</a> and chalk streams and rivers. The <a href="/facts/River_Chess/8QYdNbV2">River Chess</a> directly supplies <a href="/facts/Watercress/9lsuyyYh">watercress</a> beds. Today the chalk aquifer is exploited via a network of <a href="/facts/Pumping_station/kn5HekDC">pumping stations</a> to provide a public supply for domestic consumption, agriculture and business uses, both within and well-beyond the Chilterns area. <a href="/facts/Over-exploitation/35n60afL">Over-exploitation</a> has possibly led to the disappearance of some streams over long periods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>In a region without building stone, local <a href="/facts/Clay/xnwouEkB">clay</a> provided the raw materials for brick manufacture. Timber and <a href="/facts/Flint/RkMoXqjb">flint</a> were also used for construction. </p><p><a href="/facts/Mediaeval/RqzEKB9v">Mediaeval</a> <a href="/facts/Strip_parish/yqBHAX6Y">strip parishes</a> reflected the diversity of land from clay <a href="/facts/Arable_land/pTSyNmdg">farmland</a>, through wooded slopes to downland. Their boundaries were often drawn to include a section of each type of land, resulting in an irregular county boundary. These have tended to be smoothed out by successive reorganisations. </p><p>As people have come to appreciate the open country, the area has become a visitor destination and the <a href="/facts/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty/vrXTp6Y6">National Trust</a> has acquired land to preserve its character, for example at <a href="/facts/Ashridge/uHYUNPbo">Ashridge</a>, near <a href="/facts/Tring/3CCs3tA8">Tring</a>. In places, with the reduction of sheep <a href="/facts/Grazing/nxF45P2c">grazing</a>, action has been taken to maintain open downland by suppressing the natural growth of <a href="/facts/Scrubland/TuWUtSYv">scrub</a> and <a href="/facts/Birch/XG0bl0GF">birch</a> woodland. In the 1920s and 1930s, the <a href="/facts/Youth_Hostels_Association_(England_%2526_Wales)/MnQFRyHu">Youth Hostels Association</a> established several <a href="/facts/Youth_hostel/WYJqeuIv">youth hostels</a> for people visiting the hills. </p><p>The hills have been used as a location for telecommunication relay stations such as <a href="/facts/Stokenchurch_BT_Tower/NdfM7fVL">Stokenchurch BT Tower</a> and that at <a href="/facts/Zouches_Farm/xadWL7oR">Zouches Farm</a>. </p> <h2 id="protection">Protection</h2> <p>The Chilterns are an <a href="/facts/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty/MDTR4U1e">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> (AONB) and so enjoys special protection from major developments, which should not take place in such areas except in exceptional circumstances. This protection applies to major development proposals that raise issues of national significance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In 2000 the government confirmed that the landscape qualities of AONBs are equivalent to those of National Parks, and that the protection given to both types of area by the <a href="/facts/Land_use_planning/esnoshrS">land use planning</a> system should also be equivalent. </p> <h3>Chilterns Conservation Board</h3> <p>The Chilterns Conservation Board was established by Parliamentary Order in July 2004. It is an independent body comprising 27 members drawn from the relevant local authorities and from those living in local communities within the Chiltern AONB area. </p><p>The Board's purposes are set out in <a href="/facts/Countryside_and_Rights_of_Way_Act_2000/m3ehCg4r">Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000</a>: In summary these are:- First, to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the AONB, and increase the understanding and enjoyment by the public of the special qualities of the AONB. Second, while taking account of the first purpose, to foster the economic and social wellbeing of local communities within the AONB. Third, to publish and promote the implementation of a management plan for the AONB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>In contrast to <a href="/facts/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales/tKz0INEd">National Parks</a>, The Chilterns – as other AONBs – do not possess their own <a href="/facts/Planning_permission/2EWb4p05">planning authority</a>. The Board has an advisory role on planning and development matters and seeks to influence the actions of local government by commenting upon <a href="/facts/Planning_permission/2EWb4p05">planning applications</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>The local authorities (two County Councils, three Unitary Authorities and four District and Borough Councils) are expected to respect the area's status as a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. </p> <h3>Heritage</h3> <p>Examples of historical architecture in the Chiltern region are preserved at the <a href="/facts/Chiltern_Open_Air_Museum/uVQ70Wkq">Chiltern Open Air Museum</a> near <a href="/facts/Chalfont_St_Giles/cFInECTm">Chalfont St Giles</a>. This <a href="/facts/Open-air_museum/fM4Elay3">open-air</a> <a href="/facts/Folk_museum/60JBe3Jv">folk museum</a> contains reconstructed buildings which might otherwise have been destroyed or demolished as a result of redevelopment or road construction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="chiltern-hundreds">Chiltern Hundreds</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Resignation_from_the_British_House_of_Commons/L9n0a6dR">Resignation from the British House of Commons</a></p> <p>The Chilterns include the <a href="/facts/Chiltern_Hundreds/kkIfhrbe">Chiltern Hundreds</a>. By established custom, <a href="/facts/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)/VegqN6nl">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) in the <a href="/facts/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom/IyyztqLo">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a>, who are prohibited from resigning their seats directly, may apply for the <a href="/facts/Stewardship_of_the_Chiltern_Hundreds/kkIfhrbe">Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds</a> as a device to enable their departure from the House. </p> <h2 id="list-of-hills">List of hills</h2> <p>Hills in The Chilterns National Landscape with more than 30 metres of <a href="/facts/Topographic_prominence/Xy2lhTQY">topographic prominence</a> are listed from southwest to northeast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Hill</th><th>Elevation (m)</th><th>Prominence (m)</th><th>OS grid reference</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haddington_Hill/HK2Xnk7X">Wendover Woods</a></td><td>267.5</td><td>180</td><td>SP890090</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Coombe_Hill%2c_Buckinghamshire/VpCcvNTQ">Coombe Hill</a></td><td>260</td><td>108</td><td>SP849066</td></tr><tr><td>Bald Hill</td><td>257.2</td><td>125</td><td>SU728957</td></tr><tr><td>Clipper Down</td><td>249</td><td>123</td><td>SP965151</td></tr><tr><td>Pulpit Hill</td><td>248</td><td>55</td><td>SP831050</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Whiteleaf_Hill/2c6CG5FP">Whiteleaf Hill</a></td><td>247.3</td><td>63</td><td>SP823034</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dunstable_Downs/aQRYBjqJ">Dunstable Downs</a></td><td>243</td><td>105</td><td>TL008194</td></tr><tr><td>Beacon Hill</td><td>230</td><td>33</td><td>SP835060</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aldbury_Nowers/UxVaVmBm">Aldbury Nowers</a></td><td>222</td><td>42</td><td>SP952136</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Blow%2527s_Down/eJtyxsUr">Blow's Down</a></td><td>212</td><td>48</td><td>TL034214</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lodge_Hill%2c_Buckinghamshire/PnWMgKpw">Lodge Hill</a></td><td>209</td><td>45</td><td>SP794000</td></tr><tr><td>Widdenton Park Hill</td><td>200.2</td><td>30.5</td><td>SU817917</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galley_and_Warden_Hills/rbvEPC4r">Warden Hill</a></td><td>195</td><td>68</td><td>TL091260</td></tr><tr><td>Telegraph Hill</td><td>184</td><td>45</td><td>TL118288</td></tr><tr><td>Bradenham Hill</td><td>182.3</td><td>48.7</td><td>SU815971</td></tr><tr><td>Frieth Hill</td><td>179</td><td>36</td><td>SU792906</td></tr><tr><td>Slough Hill</td><td>171</td><td>30</td><td>SU808979</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Zouches_Farm/xadWL7oR">Zouches Farm</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.chilternsaonb.org/">Chilterns AONB</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.chilternsaonb.org">Chilterns Conservation Board</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.visitchilterns.co.uk">Chilterns Tourism Network</a></li> <li><a href="https://thechilterns.blog">A Year in The Chilterns</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.chilternsociety.org.uk/">Chiltern Society</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chiltern Hills" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" target="_blank">/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Poore, Duncan; Poore, Judy (1992) [1987]. Protected Landscapes in the United Kingdom. Countryside Commission Publication, volume 362. Cheltenham: Countryside Commission. p. 39. ISBN 9780861703241. Retrieved 10 April 2025. Chilterns Designated 1964 833sq kmConfirmed 1965Variation confirmed 1990 <a href="9780861703241" target="_blank">9780861703241</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ratcliffe, John; Stubbs, Michael (1996). "Specialist town planning controls". Urban Planning And Real Estate Development. London: The UCL Press. pp. 144, 146. ISBN 9781135363185. Retrieved 10 April 2025. National Parks are designated by the Countryside Commission in England [...] under powers contained in the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. [...] AONBS are also designated by the Countryside Commission [...]. Thirty-nine such AONBS have been designated in England and Wales [...] Examples include the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire and Bodmin Moor in Devon. <a href="9781135363185" target="_blank">9781135363185</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hepple, Leslie; Doggett, Alison (1971). The Chilterns. England: Phillimore & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-833-6. <a href="0-85033-833-6" target="_blank">0-85033-833-6</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>The Changing Landscape of the Chilterns Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Chilterns AoNB, Accessed 19 February 2012 <a href="http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/AboutTheChilterns/HistoricEnvironment/The_Changing_Landscape_of_the_Chilterns.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/AboutTheChilterns/HistoricEnvironment/The_Changing_Landscape_of_the_Chilterns.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Chiltern Society, The Chilterns Archived 7 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="http://www.chilternsociety.org.uk/about-Chilterns.php" target="_blank">http://www.chilternsociety.org.uk/about-Chilterns.php</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>The Changing Landscape of the Chilterns Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Chilterns AoNB, Accessed 19 February 2012 <a href="http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/AboutTheChilterns/HistoricEnvironment/The_Changing_Landscape_of_the_Chilterns.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/AboutTheChilterns/HistoricEnvironment/The_Changing_Landscape_of_the_Chilterns.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rawson, P.F. 2006. Cretaceous: sea levels peak as the North Atlantic opens. In: P.J. Brenchley and P.F. Rawson (Eds) The Geology of England and Wales, p.365-393. The Geological Society ISBN 978-1-86239-200-7 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Anderson, R., P.H. Bridges, M.R. Leeder and B.W. Sellwood (Eds) 1979. A Dynamic Stratigraphy of the British Isles: A Study in Crustal Evolution. p. 241. George Allen and Unwin, London. ISBN 0-412-44510-7 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Rawson, P.F. 2006. Cretaceous: sea levels peak as the North Atlantic opens. In: P.J. Brenchley and P.F. Rawson (Eds) The Geology of England and Wales, p.365-393. The Geological Society ISBN 978-1-86239-200-7 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Anderson, R., P.H. Bridges, M.R. Leeder and B.W. Sellwood (Eds) 1979. A Dynamic Stratigraphy of the British Isles: A Study in Crustal Evolution. p. 241. George Allen and Unwin, London. ISBN 0-412-44510-7 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Rawson, P.F. 2006. Cretaceous: sea levels peak as the North Atlantic opens. In: P.J. Brenchley and P.F. Rawson (Eds) The Geology of England and Wales, p.365-393. The Geological Society ISBN 978-1-86239-200-7 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Hepple, Leslie (1992). The Chilterns. Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co., Ltd. p. 16. ISBN 085033-833-6. <a href="085033-833-6" target="_blank">085033-833-6</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Natural England". Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008080536/http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/NA_Details.asp?NA_ID=65&S=&R=6%20Natural%20England" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111008080536/http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/NA_Details.asp?NA_ID=65&S=&R=6%20Natural%20England</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chiltern Hills" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" target="_blank">/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>The Changing Landscape of the Chilterns Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Chilterns AoNB, Accessed 19 February 2012 <a href="http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/AboutTheChilterns/HistoricEnvironment/The_Changing_Landscape_of_the_Chilterns.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/AboutTheChilterns/HistoricEnvironment/The_Changing_Landscape_of_the_Chilterns.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>B.S. Nau, C. R. Boon, and J. P. Knowles, Bedfordshire Wildlife, Castlemead, 1987, ISBN 0-948555-05-X, page 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>DidYouKnow.pdf[permanent dead link] Chilterns AoNB, Accessed 19 February 2012 <a href="http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/AboutTheChilterns" target="_blank">http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/AboutTheChilterns</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Chiltern Tunnel". High Speed 2. Retrieved 4 February 2022. <a href="https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/tunnels/tunnel-drives/chiltern-tunnel/" target="_blank">https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/tunnels/tunnel-drives/chiltern-tunnel/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Chilterns Conservation Board – statement objecting to HS2, Accessed 12 December 2012 <a href="http://www.chilternsaonb.org/hs2.html" target="_blank">http://www.chilternsaonb.org/hs2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Chilerns AoNB website – HS2, Accessed 20 February 2012 <a href="http://www.chilternsaonb.org/hs2.html" target="_blank">http://www.chilternsaonb.org/hs2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Ekwall (1940). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names (second ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 99. Ekwall cites the forms Cilternsætna ( Birch's Cartularium Saxonicum; 297); Cilternes efes ( Kemble's Codex diplomaticus aevi Saxonici; 715) and Ciltern (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; text E) <a href="/wiki/Eilert_Ekwall" target="_blank">/wiki/Eilert_Ekwall</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Hepple, Leslie; Doggett, Alison (1971). The Chilterns. England: Phillimore & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-833-6. <a href="0-85033-833-6" target="_blank">0-85033-833-6</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chiltern Hills" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" target="_blank">/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chiltern Hills" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 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Retrieved 25 March 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123063240/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/147402.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091123063240/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/147402.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Chiltern Conservation Board – Our Role Archived 4 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed 10 December 2012 <a href="http://www.chilternsaonb.org/conservation-board/our-role.html" target="_blank">http://www.chilternsaonb.org/conservation-board/our-role.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"The Chilterns AONB – Planning & Development". www.chilternsaonb.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404002541/https://www.chilternsaonb.org/conservation-board/planning-development.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230404002541/https://www.chilternsaonb.org/conservation-board/planning-development.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Historic Buildings". coam.org.uk. Chiltern Open Air Museum. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2022. <a href="https://coam.org.uk/museum-buckinghamshire/historic-buildings/" target="_blank">https://coam.org.uk/museum-buckinghamshire/historic-buildings/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Matthews, Helen; Matthews, Neil (15 February 2019). Slow Travel: The Chilterns & the Thames Valley. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-1-78477-613-8. Retrieved 27 April 2022. <a href="978-1-78477-613-8" target="_blank">978-1-78477-613-8</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Marilyn Regions". www.hill-bagging.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2020. <a href="http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/MarilynRegions.php?ty=Tu&gp=M39&ct=E" target="_blank">http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/MarilynRegions.php?ty=Tu&gp=M39&ct=E</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>