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Common gull
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The common gull was <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">formally described</a> in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> in the <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/facts/Systema_Naturae/8o4rU1DD">Systema Naturae</a></i> under the current <a href="/facts/Binomial_nomenclature/jgBqAhPv">binomial name</a> <i>Larus canus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Linnaeus specified the <a href="/facts/Type_location_(biology)/mTM1beKX">type locality</a> as Europe but this is now restricted to Sweden.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The genus name is a <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> word for a seabird, probably a gull. The specific epithet <i>canus</i> is also Latin and means "grey".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The name "common gull" was coined by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Pennant/Skf5szzJ">Thomas Pennant</a> in 1768 because he considered it the most numerous of its <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <a href="/facts/John_Ray/2ufQu564">John Ray</a> earlier used the name <i>common sea-mall</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>There are many old British regional names for this species, typically variations on <i>maa</i>, <i>mar</i>, and <i>mew</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The original English word <i>mew</i> is related to <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a> <i>möwe</i> and <a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a> <i>meeuw</i>, and is ultimately <a href="/facts/Onomatopoeia/5Nt1B80G">onomatopoeic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles/e73JD6Eq">Norse</a> influenced regions of Britain, variations include <i>maw</i> or <i>sea-maw</i>, the old <a href="/facts/Norfolk_dialect/GC86wvYm">Norfolk</a> form being <i>mow</i>. The word <i>gull</i> comes from a <a href="/facts/Insular_Celtic/GxWCv26A">Celtic</a> root, with the first recorded usage in English from the 1400s; the modern Welsh form is <i>gwylan</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>Subspecies</h3> <p>There are three <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> with the Kamchatka gull (<i>L. (c.) kamtschatschensis</i>) being considered a potential distinct species by some authorities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Image</th><th>Subspecies</th><th>Description</th><th>Distribution</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><i>L. c. canus</i> <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">1758</a>Common gull</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Nominate_subspecies/4L9jFacF">nominate</a> subspecies; small, mantle medium grey (the palest subspecies); wingtips with extensive black; iris dark. First-year birds develop white feathers on the head and belly with fine dark markings. Wingspan 110–125 cm (43–49 in); weight 290–480 g (10–17 oz).</td><td>Breeds in northern Europe and northwestern Asia, wintering mainly in western Europe.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><i>L. c. heinei</i> <a href="/facts/Eugen_Ferdinand_von_Homeyer/kspRWUfX">Homeyer</a>, 1853Russian common gull</td><td>Larger than <i>L. c. canus</i> with a more sloping forehead, which gives the appearance of a smaller bill. Eyes are usually paler, bill and legs deeper yellow than <i>L. c. canus</i> with weaker dark bill markings in winter. The wings are proportionally longer with more black on p5-p8 than <i>L. c. canus</i> with narrow white spots forming a conspicuous "string of pearls". p4 has black markings which are rare in <i>L. c. canus</i>. First-year immatures have a whiter head, belly and underwings than <i>L. c. canus</i> at the same age, with an unmarked rump and more defined black tail band. Intergrades are common in west Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Weight 315–550 g (11.1–19.4 oz).</td><td>Breeds in north central Asia, winters in southeastern Europe, southwestern and eastern Asia (eastern China, Korea).</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><i>L. c. kamtschatschensis</i> <a href="/facts/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte/PunLn0Xz">Bonaparte</a>, 1857syn. <i>L. kamtschatschensis</i>Kamchatka gull</td><td>The largest subspecies, its size intermediate between common and <a href="/facts/Ring-billed_gull/IGdQKp7D">ring-billed gulls</a> with the largest males approaching the size of <a href="/facts/Black-tailed_gull/Be2JxDlg">black-tailed gulls</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Head is squarer with a flatter forehead and the bill is thicker and longer than <i>L. c. canus,</i> with paler eyes and deeper yellow bill and legs. Mantle medium-dark grey; wingtips with extensive black, with markings on p5–p8 forming a "string of pearls". Plumage development is generally slower than <i>L. c. canus</i>; first-year immatures retain juvenile feathers through the winter, appearing darker and browner overall, and the tail has more extensive black. Brown covert wing feathers are still retained in the second winter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Weight 394–586 g (13.9–20.7 oz).</td><td>Breeds in northeastern Asia, winters in eastern Asia (Japan, Korea, Sakhalin).</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The North American <a href="/facts/Short-billed_gull/Pom8hIc0">short-billed gull</a> was formerly widely considered conspecific with this species (as <i>Larus canus brachyrhynchus</i>), but most authorities now accept it as a distinct species <i>L. brachyrhynchus</i>, based on differences in genetics, morphology and calls.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Though the name "mew gull" was then widely used outside of North America as its unique subspecific name,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> this name was also used in North America for <i>Larus canus</i> as a whole, so the name "short-billed gull" was chosen for <i>L. brachyrhynchus</i> by the <a href="/facts/American_Ornithological_Society/d7GL31eI">American Ornithological Society</a> (AOS) to avoid confusion with this North American usage of mew gull to denote all forms of the <i>L. canus</i> complex. The revival of the name short-billed gull in some of the same literature for <i>L. brachyrhynchus</i>, and that that short-billed gull was used historically for <i>L. brachyrhynchus</i> when it was treated as a distinct species in the first to third editions of the AOU (now AOS) checklist (in which the name mew gull, contrary to more recent usage, was specifically reserved for the Old World subspecies).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Adult common gulls are 40–46 cm (16–18 in) long and a wingspan of 100–115 cm (39–45 in), noticeably smaller than the <a href="/facts/Herring_gull/Y5kkDWrJ">herring gull</a> and slightly smaller than the <a href="/facts/Ring-billed_gull/IGdQKp7D">ring-billed gull</a>. It is further distinguished from the ring-billed gull by its shorter, more tapered bill, which is a more greenish shade of yellow and is unmarked during the breeding season. The body is grey above and white below. The legs are yellow in breeding season, becoming duller in the winter. In winter, the head is streaked grey and the bill often has a poorly defined blackish band near the tip, which is sometimes sufficiently obvious to cause confusion with ring-billed gull. They have black wingtips with large white "mirrors" on the outer primaries p9 and p10, which are smaller than those in the short-billed gull.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Young birds have scaly black-brown upperparts and a neat wing pattern, and pink legs which become greyish in the second year before tuning yellow. By the first winter, the head and belly are white, with fine streaks and greyish feathers grow on the saddle. They take three years (up to four in the Kamchatka subspecies<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a>) to reach maturity. The call is a high-pitched "laughing" cry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>The common gull breeds in the northern Palearctic from Iceland eastwards to northeast Siberia. It is mainly migratory and winters in Europe, the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, Persian Gulf; <a href="/facts/Sea_of_Okhotsk/T4QL1000">Sea of Okhotsk</a>, Japan, Korean Peninsula to southeast China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>It occurs as a scarce winter visitor to coastal eastern Canada and as a vagrant to the northeastern US.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The Kamchatka gull is occasionally seen in northwestern North America mainly in spring, and there is one autumn record in Newfoundland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="behaviour-and-ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2> <h3>Breeding</h3> <p>The common gull usually breeds colonially, but can be solitary. Both sexes make a lined nest on the ground or in a small tree near water or in marshes. Usually three eggs are laid (sometimes just one or two). They are incubated by both parents and hatch after 24–26 days. The chicks are <a href="/facts/Precocial/Ck0Floj2">precocial</a> but remain in the vicinity of the nest. They are cared for by both parents and fledge when aged around 35 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h3>Food and feeding</h3> <p>Like most gulls, they are omnivores and will scavenge as well as hunt small prey. The global population is estimated to be about one million pairs; they are most numerous in Europe, with over half (possibly as much as 80–90%) of the world population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> By contrast, the short-billed gull population in Alaska is only about 10,000 pairs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <i>Larus canus</i> fishing sequence <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Stanley_Cramp/p6LvULNQ">Cramp, Stanley</a>, ed. (1983). "<i>Larus canus</i> Common gull". <i>Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic</i>. Vol. III: Waders to Gulls. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 790–801. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-857506-1.</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Burley_Lockwood/U8SEd8gg">Lockwood, William Burley</a> (1993) [1984]. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-866196-2.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larus canus. <ul><li><a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22694308">BirdLife species factsheet for <i>Larus canus</i></a></li> <li><a href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=00DA9D9151189271">"Larus canus"</a>. <i>Avibase</i>. </li> <li><a href="https://ebird.org/species/mewgul">Explore Species: Common Gull</a> at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=mew+gull&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24">Mew Gull photo gallery</a> at VIREO (Drexel University)</li> <li><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694308/166271946">Interactive range map of <i>Larus canus</i></a> at <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Larus-canus">Audio recordings of Mew gull</a> on <a href="/facts/Xeno-canto/7kwnRzjl">Xeno-canto</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/birdguide/pool/tags/Larus+canus"><i>Larus canus</i></a> in <i><a href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/birdguide">Field Guide: Birds of the World</a></i> on <a href="/facts/Flickr/BvB6ubLr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.arkive.org/">Common gull</a> media from <a href="/facts/ARKive/9kn49syU">ARKive</a> </li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Olsen, K.M.; Larsson, H. (2004). Gulls of Europe, Asia, and North America. Helm. ISBN 0-7136-7087-8. <a href="0-7136-7087-8" target="_blank">0-7136-7087-8</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Burger, J.; Golchfeld, M. (1996). "Family Laridae". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 572–623 [603–604]. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7. <a href="978-84-87334-20-7" target="_blank">978-84-87334-20-7</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/James_L._Peters" target="_blank">/wiki/James_L._Peters</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 219, 89. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. <a href="978-1-4081-2501-4" target="_blank">978-1-4081-2501-4</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Lockwood 1993, p. 46. - Lockwood, William Burley (1993) [1984]. The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866196-2. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Pennant, Thomas (1768). British Zoology. Vol. 2. Warrington, United Kingdom: Printed for Benjamin White. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" target="_blank">/wiki/Thomas_Pennant</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Lockwood 1993, p. 46. - Lockwood, William Burley (1993) [1984]. The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866196-2. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Willughby, Francis (1678). Ray, John (ed.). The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick. London: John Martyn. pp. 27, 345-346. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willughby" target="_blank">/wiki/Francis_Willughby</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Jackson, Christine E. (1968). British Names of Birds. Witherby. ISBN 978-0854930043. <a href="978-0854930043" target="_blank">978-0854930043</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Lockwood 1993, p. 103. - Lockwood, William Burley (1993) [1984]. The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866196-2. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Trudgill, P.; Trudgill, J. (2016). Dialect Matters: Respecting Vernacular Language. Dialect Matters. Respecting Vernacular Language (in German). Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-107-13047-0. Retrieved 2021-04-14. <a href="978-1-107-13047-0" target="_blank">978-1-107-13047-0</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 July 2024. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Burger, J.; Golchfeld, M. (1996). "Family Laridae". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 572–623 [603–604]. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7. <a href="978-84-87334-20-7" target="_blank">978-84-87334-20-7</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Olsen, K.M.; Larsson, H. (2004). Gulls of Europe, Asia, and North America. Helm. ISBN 0-7136-7087-8. <a href="0-7136-7087-8" target="_blank">0-7136-7087-8</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Olsen, Klaus Malling (2018). Gulls of the World : a Photographic Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18059-5. <a href="978-0-691-18059-5" target="_blank">978-0-691-18059-5</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Olsen, Klaus Malling (2018). Gulls of the World : a Photographic Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18059-5. <a href="978-0-691-18059-5" target="_blank">978-0-691-18059-5</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Olsen, K.M.; Larsson, H. (2004). Gulls of Europe, Asia, and North America. Helm. ISBN 0-7136-7087-8. <a href="0-7136-7087-8" target="_blank">0-7136-7087-8</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Olsen, K.M.; Larsson, H. (2004). Gulls of Europe, Asia, and North America. Helm. ISBN 0-7136-7087-8. <a href="0-7136-7087-8" target="_blank">0-7136-7087-8</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Rasmussen, Pamela C. (10 November 2020). "Split Mew Gull Larus canus brachyrhynchus and rename as Short-billed Gull". AOS Classification Committee – North and Middle America. Proposal Set 2021-A: 187–188. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Grant, Peter James (1986). Gulls. Christopher Helm Publishers. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-85661-044-5. <a href="0-85661-044-5" target="_blank">0-85661-044-5</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Alfrey, Peter (2006-11-24). "Mew Gull Identification". Surfbirds. Retrieved 2024-11-21. <a href="https://www.surfbirds.com/ID%20Articles/alfreymewgull0406/alfreymew0406.html" target="_blank">https://www.surfbirds.com/ID%20Articles/alfreymewgull0406/alfreymew0406.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Olsen, K.M.; Larsson, H. (2004). Gulls of Europe, Asia, and North America. Helm. ISBN 0-7136-7087-8. <a href="0-7136-7087-8" target="_blank">0-7136-7087-8</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Chesser, R.T.; Billerman, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Hernández-Baños, B.E.; Kratter, A.W.; Lovette, I.J.; Mason, N.A.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V.J.; Stotz, D.F.; Winker, K. (2021). "Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". Ornithology. 138 (ukab037). doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab037. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fornithology%2Fukab037" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fornithology%2Fukab037</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Olsen, Klaus Malling (2018). Gulls of the World : a Photographic Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18059-5. <a href="978-0-691-18059-5" target="_blank">978-0-691-18059-5</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Olsen, Klaus Malling (2018). Gulls of the World : a Photographic Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18059-5. <a href="978-0-691-18059-5" target="_blank">978-0-691-18059-5</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Burger, J.; Golchfeld, M. (1996). "Family Laridae". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 572–623 [603–604]. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7. <a href="978-84-87334-20-7" target="_blank">978-84-87334-20-7</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press. 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ISBN 978-0-691-18059-5. <a href="978-0-691-18059-5" target="_blank">978-0-691-18059-5</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Cramp 1983, pp. 799–800. - Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1983). "Larus canus Common gull". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. III: Waders to Gulls. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 790–801. ISBN 978-0-19-857506-1. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Hagemeijer, W.J.M.; Blair, M.J., eds. (1997). The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds. London: Poyser. ISBN 0-85661-091-7. <a href="0-85661-091-7" target="_blank">0-85661-091-7</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Burger, J.; Golchfeld, M. (1996). "Family Laridae". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 572–623 [603–604]. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7. <a href="978-84-87334-20-7" target="_blank">978-84-87334-20-7</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>