Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Unified interoperability
open-in-new
<h2 id="unified-communications">Unified communications</h2> <p>Unified communications has been led by the business world, which has a need for efficiency, simplicity, and speed. Rather than a single tool or product, unified communications is a set of products that deliver a nearly identically <a href="/facts/User_experience/0GF3UETu">user experience</a> across multiple devices or media types.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The system begins with “<a href="/facts/Presence_information/0BsLtUFM">presence information</a>” - a feature of <a href="/facts/Telecommunications/vxoj1cxR">telecommunications</a> technology that “senses” where a user is in relation to the technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> This change has been dominated by telecommunications providers integrating <a href="/facts/Video/F1AV8ben">video</a>, <a href="/facts/Instant_messaging/8lwwDyjK">instant messaging</a>, voice, and collaboration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="unified-communications-interoperability-forum">Unified Communications Interoperability Forum</h2> <p>In May 2010, a number of communications technology vendors founded a <a href="/facts/Nonprofit_organization/AmXu2c85">nonprofit organization</a> for the advancement of interoperability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The goal of the <a href="/facts/Unified_Communications_Interoperability_Forum/Esc80edW">Unified Communications Interoperability Forum</a> is to enable complete interoperability of hardware and <a href="/facts/Software/RP79lVSW">software</a> across huge networks of systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The <a href="http://www.ucif.org/">UCIF</a> relies on existing standards rather than the authoring of new ones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Members of the UCIF include (*founding member):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">HP</a>*</li> <li><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>*</li> <li><a href="/facts/Polycom/E8GnyLhQ">Polycom</a>*</li> <li><a href="/facts/Logitech/6DCy44Ww">Logitech</a>*</li> <li><a href="/facts/Juniper_Networks/Vw0DBzXP">Juniper Networks</a>*</li> <li><a href="/facts/Acme_Packet/fauXNgR2">Acme Packet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Huawei/Qwu0tbnL">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspect_Software/GzG8khuS">Aspect Software</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/AudioCodes/dYt6YW1D">AudioCodes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Broadcom/pbh0q7ht">Broadcom</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/BroadSoft/N3Klggls">BroadSoft</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brocade_Communications_Systems/tMNHxMLm">Brocade Communications Systems</a></li> <li>ClearOne</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jabra_(headset)/ITkYnskM">Jabra</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plantronics/36R8rrcA">Plantronics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Siemens_Enterprise_Communications/pcJlkluN">Siemens Enterprise Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Teliris/9XFW3zX6">Teliris</a></li></ul> <h2 id="interoperability">Interoperability</h2> <p>In the broadest sense, interoperability is the ability of multiple systems (usually <a href="/facts/Computer_systems/SQe1aK05">computer systems</a>) to work together seamlessly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Information_Age/PJUfNEx5">Information Age</a>, interoperability is a highly desirable trait for most business systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Likewise, as homes become more infused with networked technologies (<a href="/facts/Desktop_PCs/edFPINdK">desktop PCs</a>, <a href="/facts/Tablet_computers/6pGX2I7b">tablet computers</a>, <a href="/facts/Smartphones/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a>, Internet-ready television), interoperability becomes an issue even for the average consumer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>Computer <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating systems</a> are a prime example of interoperability, wherein several programs from different vendors are able to co-exist and, in many cases, exchange data in a meaningful way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> An operating system is also “unified” in the sense that it presents the user with a common, easy to understand computer <a href="/facts/Interface_(computing)/zdfp8unT">interface</a> for executing numerous tasks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The unified interoperability of computers means that users need not have specialized knowledge about how computers function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>A system with the property of interoperability will retain that property well into the future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The system will be adaptable to the rapid changes in technology with only minor adjustments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="syntactic-interoperability">Syntactic interoperability</h2> <p>The most fundamental level of interoperability is <a href="/facts/Syntactic/6PxSV98p">syntactic</a> interoperability. At this level, systems can exchange data without loss or corruption.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Certain <a href="/facts/File_format/qrXbwJaH">data formats</a> are especially suited to the exchange of data between diverse systems. <a href="/facts/XML/clNgUfWk">XML</a> (extensible markup language), for instance, allows data to be transmitted in a comprehensible format for people and machines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a> (structured query language), on the other hand, is an industry-standard, nearly universal format for compiling information in a <a href="/facts/Database/VYcpkevb">database</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> SQL databases are essential for a business such as <a href="/facts/Amazon.com/YzUTUVE8">Amazon.com</a>, with its vast catalog of products, attributes, and consumer reviews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="semantic-interoperability">Semantic interoperability</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Semantic_interoperability/nNy54nb8">Semantic interoperability</a> goes a step further than syntactic interoperability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Systems with semantic interoperability can not only exchange data effortlessly, but also interpret and communicate that data to human users in a meaningful, actionable way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distributed-functions-and-processing-interoperability">Distributed functions and processing interoperability</h2> <p>Distributed functions and processing interoperability focus on the ability to create new products, applications and <a href="/facts/Operating_model/Au1VfA2Q">operating models</a> without traditional intermediaries like <a href="/facts/Data_model/j1YyzpJ3">data models</a>, databases or large system integrations through establishing a Unified Interoperability <a href="/facts/Software_framework/EWasA8sG">framework</a> between normally, diverse and distributed sources, data, technology and other assets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>It enables business problems to be solved by connecting interoperable components of any characteristic into single, uniform, global “instruction chain” of functionality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Components use existing <a href="/facts/IP_address/z9V22Sw9">IP</a> or applications and so integrate disparate technology to a uniform platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Configuration models combine runtime processing infrastructure for common and predictable <a href="/facts/Performance_improvement/bDFssBJI">performance</a>, security, resiliency, and availability with the whole process, enabling the uniform exchange of data and consistent processing across components, irrespective of technology, format or location.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="benefits">Benefits</h2> <p>Unified interoperability offers benefits for every <a href="/facts/Stakeholder_(corporate)/yN9L44ac">stakeholder</a> in a system. For customers and <a href="/facts/End-users/7IM9qu7N">end-users</a> of a system, unified interoperability offers a more convenient, satisfying experience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> In business, interoperability helps lower costs and improves overall efficiency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> As businesses strive to maximize the efficiency of their integrated systems, they encourage <a href="/facts/Innovation/aa7hadLw">innovation</a> and <a href="/facts/Problem_solving/9cuLz5pH">problem solving</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.ucif.org">UCIF Official Website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Thomas, Ben (5 March 2013). "Invalid Files and Language Learning: Your Brain's Interoperable World". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html" target="_blank">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Bandoim, Lana. "Unified Interoperability as the Alternative to Big Data Costs?". Yahoo! Voices. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://voices.yahoo.com/unified-interoperability-as-alternative-big-12029976.html?cat=3" target="_blank">http://voices.yahoo.com/unified-interoperability-as-alternative-big-12029976.html?cat=3</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Next Generation Data Interoperability: It's all About the Metadata" (PDF). Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.wiscorp.com/ngmetadata.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.wiscorp.com/ngmetadata.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Interoperability: What Is It and Why Should I Want It?". Ariadne. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/interoperability" target="_blank">http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/interoperability</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Interoperability: What Is It and Why Should I Want It?". Ariadne. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/interoperability" target="_blank">http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/interoperability</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Unified Communications <a href="/wiki/Unified_Communications" target="_blank">/wiki/Unified_Communications</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Interoperability". Microsoft. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/en/us/interoperability/default.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/en/us/interoperability/default.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Unified Communications <a href="/wiki/Unified_Communications" target="_blank">/wiki/Unified_Communications</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Interoperability". Microsoft. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/en/us/interoperability/default.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/en/us/interoperability/default.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Thomas, Ben (5 March 2013). "Invalid Files and Language Learning: Your Brain's Interoperable World". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html" target="_blank">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Bandoim, Lana. "Unified Interoperability as the Alternative to Big Data Costs?". Yahoo! Voices. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://voices.yahoo.com/unified-interoperability-as-alternative-big-12029976.html?cat=3" target="_blank">http://voices.yahoo.com/unified-interoperability-as-alternative-big-12029976.html?cat=3</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Unified Communications Interoperability Forum <a href="/wiki/Unified_Communications_Interoperability_Forum" target="_blank">/wiki/Unified_Communications_Interoperability_Forum</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Official Website". UCI Forum. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.ucif.org" target="_blank">http://www.ucif.org</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Official Website". UCI Forum. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.ucif.org" target="_blank">http://www.ucif.org</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Unified Communications Interoperability Forum <a href="/wiki/Unified_Communications_Interoperability_Forum" target="_blank">/wiki/Unified_Communications_Interoperability_Forum</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Official Website". UCI Forum. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.ucif.org" target="_blank">http://www.ucif.org</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Official Website". UCI Forum. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.ucif.org" target="_blank">http://www.ucif.org</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Aspect (company official site)". <a href="http://www.aspect.com/" target="_blank">http://www.aspect.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Luth, Jim. "Unified architecture – The future of OPC". Control. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.controlglobal.com/articles/2004/229.html" target="_blank">http://www.controlglobal.com/articles/2004/229.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Prime" (PDF). ON Windows. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.onwindows.com/Portals/0/images/prime-issue-14.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.onwindows.com/Portals/0/images/prime-issue-14.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Interoperability <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" target="_blank">/wiki/Interoperability</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Thomas, Ben (5 March 2013). "Invalid Files and Language Learning: Your Brain's Interoperable World". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html" target="_blank">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Prime" (PDF). ON Windows. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.onwindows.com/Portals/0/images/prime-issue-14.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.onwindows.com/Portals/0/images/prime-issue-14.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Thomas, Ben (5 March 2013). "Invalid Files and Language Learning: Your Brain's Interoperable World". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html" target="_blank">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Prime" (PDF). ON Windows. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.onwindows.com/Portals/0/images/prime-issue-14.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.onwindows.com/Portals/0/images/prime-issue-14.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Thomas, Ben (5 March 2013). "Invalid Files and Language Learning: Your Brain's Interoperable World". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html" target="_blank">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Bandoim, Lana. "Unified Interoperability as the Alternative to Big Data Costs?". Yahoo! Voices. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://voices.yahoo.com/unified-interoperability-as-alternative-big-12029976.html?cat=3" target="_blank">http://voices.yahoo.com/unified-interoperability-as-alternative-big-12029976.html?cat=3</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Thomas, Ben (5 March 2013). "Invalid Files and Language Learning: Your Brain's Interoperable World". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html" target="_blank">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Jovellanos, Chito (9 June 2003). Semantic and syntactic interoperability: in transactional systems. EC '03. ACM Digital Library. pp. 266–267. doi:10.1145/779928.779991. ISBN 9781581136791. S2CID 39797589. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="9781581136791" target="_blank">9781581136791</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Jovellanos, Chito (9 June 2003). Semantic and syntactic interoperability: in transactional systems. EC '03. ACM Digital Library. pp. 266–267. doi:10.1145/779928.779991. ISBN 9781581136791. S2CID 39797589. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="9781581136791" target="_blank">9781581136791</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Jovellanos, Chito (9 June 2003). Semantic and syntactic interoperability: in transactional systems. EC '03. ACM Digital Library. pp. 266–267. doi:10.1145/779928.779991. ISBN 9781581136791. S2CID 39797589. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="9781581136791" target="_blank">9781581136791</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Jovellanos, Chito (9 June 2003). Semantic and syntactic interoperability: in transactional systems. EC '03. ACM Digital Library. pp. 266–267. doi:10.1145/779928.779991. ISBN 9781581136791. S2CID 39797589. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="9781581136791" target="_blank">9781581136791</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Paskin, Norman. "Identifier interoperability" (PDF). Digital Preservation Europe. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/identifier-interoperability.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/identifier-interoperability.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Paskin, Norman. "Identifier interoperability" (PDF). Digital Preservation Europe. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/identifier-interoperability.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/identifier-interoperability.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Paskin, Norman. "Identifier interoperability" (PDF). Digital Preservation Europe. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/identifier-interoperability.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/identifier-interoperability.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"Semantic Interoperability". Qualipso. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.qualipso.org/node/35" target="_blank">http://www.qualipso.org/node/35</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Next Generation Data Interoperability: It's all About the Metadata" (PDF). Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.wiscorp.com/ngmetadata.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.wiscorp.com/ngmetadata.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"OPC Unified Architecture". OPC. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.opcfoundation.org/Default.aspx/01_about/UA.asp?MID=AboutOPC" target="_blank">http://www.opcfoundation.org/Default.aspx/01_about/UA.asp?MID=AboutOPC</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Thomas, Ben (5 March 2013). "Invalid Files and Language Learning: Your Brain's Interoperable World". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html" target="_blank">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Thomas, Ben (5 March 2013). "Invalid Files and Language Learning: Your Brain's Interoperable World". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html" target="_blank">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Thomas, Ben (5 March 2013). "Invalid Files and Language Learning: Your Brain's Interoperable World". Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html" target="_blank">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-thomas/invalid-files-and-languag_b_2784306.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Moran, Andrew. "Tech leaders collaborate, unite over unified interoperability". Digital Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2013. <a href="http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789" target="_blank">http://digitaljournal.com/article/343789</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>