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Supernova Cosmology Project
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<h2 id="findings">Findings</h2> <p>Both the Super Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team, another team who was doing the same research, expected to find that the universe is either expanding then contracting as one way to explain the expanding universe idea or the universe must be expanding at a slow rate that will slow over time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> However, in January 1998, the Supernova Cosmology project presented evidence that the expansion of the universe is not slowing at all and is in reality accelerating, citing Einstein's previously dismissed cosmological constant, Λ, which potentially includes up to 70% of the universe's total mass-energy density.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="theory-validation">Theory validation</h2> <p>In order to determine what was happening to the universe, the researchers had to measure the speed of astronomical objects that are travelling away from us as well as how far away these objects actually are. In order to do any of this, the researchers had to find a standard light source that was bright enough to be seen with our telescopes due to the large distances away these objects would be. They chose to use Type Ia Supernovae, exploding stars, as their standard light source.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="methods">Methods</h2> <p>Type Ia supernovae are very bright <a href="/facts/Standard_candles/Xae3hVvK">standard candles</a>, which makes it possible to calculate their distance to earth from the observed luminosity. Type Ia supernovae are rare in most galaxies, only occurring about two or three times in a thousand years. Before the Supernova Cosmology Project, it was difficult to find supernovae due to lesser telescopes. However, by scanning the night sky over individual periods of three weeks astronomers were able to find up to two dozen per session, giving them enough supernovae observations to conduct their study.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="project-members">Project members</h2> <p>The team members are:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Saul_Perlmutter/r7pVlRCA">Saul Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory/tvjPSwC9">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gregory_Scott_Aldering/gxc5UcU1">Gregory Aldering</a>, <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory/tvjPSwC9">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brian_J_Boyle_(astronomer)/NnMu0I93">Brian J. Boyle</a>, <a href="/facts/Australia_Telescope_National_Facility/fGk3bkSv">Australia Telescope National Facility</a></li> <li>Shane Burns, <a href="/facts/Colorado_College/6aPUd6p1">Colorado College</a></li> <li>Patricia G. Castro, <a href="/facts/Instituto_Superior_T%25C3%25A9cnico/xjhyfCWj">Instituto Superior Técnico</a>, <a href="/facts/Lisbon/zFTcC99e">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Warrick_Couch/Vf7eXHb1">Warrick Couch</a>, <a href="/facts/Swinburne_University_of_Technology/9pA58U73">Swinburne University of Technology</a></li> <li>Susana Deustua, <a href="/facts/American_Astronomical_Society/f5ohaItD">American Astronomical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Ellis_(astronomer)/8P1jygyW">Richard Ellis</a>, <a href="/facts/California_Institute_of_Technology/3FPcp7BL">California Institute of Technology</a></li> <li>Sebastien Fabbro, <a href="/facts/Instituto_Superior_T%25C3%25A9cnico/xjhyfCWj">Instituto Superior Técnico</a>, <a href="/facts/Lisbon/zFTcC99e">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexei_Filippenko/jPQPxWpX">Alexei Filippenko</a>, <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a> (later a member of the <a href="/facts/High-z_Supernova_Search_Team/EH0509m1">High-z Supernova Search Team</a>)</li> <li>Andrew Fruchter, <a href="/facts/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute/kPnzlp8h">Space Telescope Science Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gerson_Goldhaber/67PwGhmk">Gerson Goldhaber</a>, <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory/tvjPSwC9">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li> <li>Ariel Goobar, <a href="/facts/Stockholm_University/zp9Cna5D">Stockholm University</a></li> <li>Donald Groom, <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory/tvjPSwC9">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li> <li>Isobel Hook, <a href="/facts/University_of_Oxford/ExVVQL6V">University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mike_Irwin/aAMEd5xS">Mike Irwin</a>, <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a></li> <li>Alex Kim, <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory/tvjPSwC9">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li> <li>Matthew Kim</li> <li>Robert Knop, <a href="/facts/Vanderbilt_University/xut8ASAf">Vanderbilt University</a></li> <li>Julia C. Lee, <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a></li> <li>Chris Lidman, <a href="/facts/European_Southern_Observatory/mJtjDbwx">European Southern Observatory</a></li> <li>Thomas Matheson, <a href="/facts/National_Optical_Astronomy_Observatory/grDboHfw">NOAO Gemini Science Center</a></li> <li>Richard McMahon, <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_A._Muller/GEmuD8bU">Richard Muller</a>, <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Heidi_Jo_Newberg/ox23jtYj">Heidi Newberg</a>, <a href="/facts/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute/e3smoUMm">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li>Peter Nugent, <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory/tvjPSwC9">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li> <li>Nelson Nunes, <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a></li> <li>Reynald Pain, <a href="/facts/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research/z8RBcY1j">CNRS-IN2P3</a>, <a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a></li> <li>Nino Panagia, <a href="/facts/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute/kPnzlp8h">Space Telescope Science Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Carl_Pennypacker/qC5YhtM4">Carl Pennypacker</a>, <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Quimby/jsUK6I00">Robert Quimby</a>, <a href="/facts/The_University_of_Texas/6NApstxT">The University of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pilar_Ruiz-Lapuente/BsalEg98">Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente</a>, <a href="/facts/University_of_Barcelona/b4mvjLmQ">University of Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bradley_E._Schaefer/P3g19abd">Bradley E. Schaefer</a>, <a href="/facts/Louisiana_State_University/yg8S4Tyy">Louisiana State University</a></li> <li>Nicholas Walton, <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://supernova.lbl.gov/">Supernova Cosmology Project Mainsite</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Goldhaber, Gerson (2009). "The Acceleration of the Expansion of the Universe: A Brief Early History of the Supernova Cosmology Project (SCP)". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1166: 53. arXiv:0907.3526. Bibcode:2009AIPC.1166...53G. doi:10.1063/1.3232196. S2CID 15163786. <a href="/wiki/Gerson_Goldhaber" target="_blank">/wiki/Gerson_Goldhaber</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cosmic Motion Revealed Science 282(5397), 2156-2157 <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/282/5397/2156a" target="_blank">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/282/5397/2156a</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gruber Foundation Prize in Cosmology Press Release <a href="http://www.gruberprizes.org/PressReleases/PressRelease_2007_Cosmology.php" target="_blank">http://www.gruberprizes.org/PressReleases/PressRelease_2007_Cosmology.php</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Recipients Of The 2015 Breakthrough Prizes In Fundamental Physics And Life Sciences Announced". Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913180508/https://breakthroughprize.org/?controller=Page&action=news&news_id=21" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160913180508/https://breakthroughprize.org/?controller=Page&action=news&news_id=21</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Nobel physics prize honours accelerating Universe find". BBC News. October 4, 2011. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15165371" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15165371</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Saul Perlmutter & the Supernova Cosmology Project | Gruber Foundation". gruber.yale.edu. Retrieved November 12, 2019. <a href="https://gruber.yale.edu/cosmology/2007/saul-perlmutter-supernova-cosmology-project" target="_blank">https://gruber.yale.edu/cosmology/2007/saul-perlmutter-supernova-cosmology-project</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Science magazine names Supernova Cosmology Project "Breakthrough of the Year" for 1998". www2.lbl.gov. Retrieved November 12, 2019. <a href="https://www2.lbl.gov/supernova/" target="_blank">https://www2.lbl.gov/supernova/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Saul Perlmutter & the Supernova Cosmology Project | Gruber Foundation". gruber.yale.edu. Retrieved November 12, 2019. <a href="https://gruber.yale.edu/cosmology/2007/saul-perlmutter-supernova-cosmology-project" target="_blank">https://gruber.yale.edu/cosmology/2007/saul-perlmutter-supernova-cosmology-project</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Science magazine names Supernova Cosmology Project "Breakthrough of the Year" for 1998". www2.lbl.gov. Retrieved November 12, 2019. <a href="https://www2.lbl.gov/supernova/" target="_blank">https://www2.lbl.gov/supernova/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Recipients Of The 2015 Breakthrough Prizes In Fundamental Physics And Life Sciences Announced". Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913180508/https://breakthroughprize.org/?controller=Page&action=news&news_id=21" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160913180508/https://breakthroughprize.org/?controller=Page&action=news&news_id=21</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Gruber Foundation: Saul Perlmutter & the Supernova Cosmology Project <a href="http://gruber.yale.edu/cosmology/2007/saul-perlmutter-supernova-cosmology-project" target="_blank">http://gruber.yale.edu/cosmology/2007/saul-perlmutter-supernova-cosmology-project</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>