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List of artificial objects on Mars
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<h2 id="list-of-landers-and-vehicles">List of landers and vehicles</h2> Key<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Success</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Failure</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Year</th><th scope="col">Agency</th><th>Mission</th><th scope="col">Object(s)</th><th scope="col">Image</th><th>Mass(kg)</th><th>Status</th><th scope="col">Location</th></tr><tr><td>1971</td><td><a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">USSR</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mars_2/RLBJ6P2n">Mars 2</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mars_2/RLBJ6P2n">Mars 2</a> lander and <a href="/facts/PrOP-M/vkJjlBA6">PrOP-M</a> rover</td><td></td><td>1210</td><td>Failure during descent; crashed on surface</td><td>Estimated at <a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=45_S_313_W_globe:Mars&title=Mars+2">45°S 313°W / 45°S 313°W / -45; -313 (Mars 2)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1971</td><td><a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">USSR</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mars_3/MKTBqEBD">Mars 3</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mars_3/MKTBqEBD">Mars 3</a> lander and PrOP-M rover</td><td></td><td>1210</td><td>Transmission failure 110 seconds after soft landing</td><td>Estimated at <a href="/facts/Sirenum_Terra/kdecGjr3">Sirenum Terra</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=45_S_158_W_globe:Mars&title=Mars+3">45°S 158°W / 45°S 158°W / -45; -158 (Mars 3)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td>1973</td><td><a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">USSR</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mars_6/6pgYF7Bt">Mars 6</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mars_6/6pgYF7Bt">Mars 6</a> lander</td><td></td><td>635</td><td>Returned corrupted data for 224 seconds during its descent but contact lost before reaching surface<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td>Estimated at <a href="/facts/Margaritifer_Terra/jwXsTC0t">Margaritifer Terra</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=23.90_S_19.42_W_globe:Mars&title=Mars+6">23°54′S 19°25′W / 23.90°S 19.42°W / -23.90; -19.42 (Mars 6)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td>1976</td><td><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Viking_1/lBbblTgw">Viking 1</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Viking_1/lBbblTgw">Viking 1</a></i> lander</td><td></td><td>657</td><td>Operated 2245 <a href="/facts/Martian_sols/kgbNvgkK">sols</a>. Last contact Nov 11, 1982</td><td><a href="/facts/Chryse_Planitia/odlnhQ6g">Chryse Planitia</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=22.697_N_48.222_W_globe:Mars&title=Viking+1">22°41′49″N 48°13′19″W / 22.697°N 48.222°W / 22.697; -48.222 (Viking 1)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td>1976</td><td><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Viking_2/3L9AGV2z">Viking 2</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Viking_2/3L9AGV2z">Viking 2</a></i> lander</td><td></td><td>657</td><td>Operated 1281 sols. Last contact Apr 11, 1980</td><td><a href="/facts/Utopia_Planitia/ljIwh00X">Utopia Planitia</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=48.269_N_225.990_W_globe:Mars&title=Viking+2">48°16′08″N 225°59′24″W / 48.269°N 225.990°W / 48.269; -225.990 (Viking 2)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1997</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mars_Pathfinder/frq9TKut">Mars Pathfinder</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Mars_Pathfinder/frq9TKut">Pathfinder</a></i> (lander)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>360</td><td rowspan="2">Operated 83 sols. Last contact Sep 27, 1997<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ares_Vallis/hyTNSX0l">Ares Vallis</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=19.33_N_33.55_W_globe:Mars&title=Mars+Pathfinder+and+Sojourner">19°20′N 33°33′W / 19.33°N 33.55°W / 19.33; -33.55 (Mars Pathfinder and Sojourner)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sojourner_(rover)/4aN9KJHz"><i>Sojourner</i></a> (rover)</td><td>11.5</td></tr><tr><td>1999</td><td><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mars_Surveyor_%252798_program/8A4IKbgc">Mars Surveyor '98</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Mars_Polar_Lander/UCARCj7C">Mars Polar Lander</a></i> and<p><i><a href="/facts/Deep_Space_2/yLxDWzT1">Deep Space 2</a></i> (probes)</p></td><td></td><td>500</td><td>Unknown failure during descent; crashed on surface</td><td>Estimated at <a href="/facts/Ultimi_Scopuli/UCARCj7C">Ultimi Scopuli</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=76_S_195_W_globe:Mars&title=Mars+Polar+Lander+and+Deep+Space+2">76°S 195°W / 76°S 195°W / -76; -195 (Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">ESA</a><p>(<a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">UK</a>)</p></td><td><a href="/facts/Mars_Express/wM1scUfh">Mars Express</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Beagle_2/23Srm0y0">Beagle 2</a></i> (lander)</td><td></td><td>33.2</td><td>Landed safely; solar panels failed to deploy</td><td><a href="/facts/Isidis_Planitia/dJPXaHPw">Isidis Planitia</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=11.5265_N_90.4295_E_globe:Mars&title=Beagle+2+landing+site">11°31′35″N 90°25′46″E / 11.5265°N 90.4295°E / 11.5265; 90.4295 (Beagle 2 landing site)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2004</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mars_Exploration_Rover/74WxIsHS">Mars Exploration Rover</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Spirit_(rover)/qNWFPqzj">Spirit</a></i> (rover)</td><td></td><td>185</td><td>Operated 2210 sols. Last contact Mar 22, 2010</td><td><a href="/facts/Gusev_crater/mXm7rTJ9">Gusev crater</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=14.5718_S_175.4785_E_globe:Mars&title=Spirit+rover">14°34′18″S 175°28′43″E / 14.5718°S 175.4785°E / -14.5718; 175.4785 (Spirit rover)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Opportunity_(rover)/MEC0VIuy">Opportunity</a></i> (rover)</td><td></td><td>185</td><td>Operated 5111 sols. Last contact June 10, 2018</td><td><a href="/facts/Meridiani_Planum/JHh5qLA5">Meridiani Planum</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=1.9462_S_354.4734_E_globe:Mars&title=Opportunity+rover">1°56′46″S 354°28′24″E / 1.9462°S 354.4734°E / -1.9462; 354.4734 (Opportunity rover)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Phoenix_Mars_lander/3rKuwcRX">Phoenix Mars Lander</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Phoenix_(spacecraft)/3rKuwcRX"><i>Phoenix</i></a> (lander)</td><td></td><td>350</td><td>Operated 155 sols. Last contact Nov 2, 2008</td><td><a href="/facts/Green_Valley_(Mars)/pHN93WeV">Green Valley</a> in <a href="/facts/Vastitas_Borealis/7deFr4JW">Vastitas Borealis</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=68.22_N_125.7_W_globe:Mars&title=Phoenix">68°13′N 125°42′W / 68.22°N 125.7°W / 68.22; -125.7 (Phoenix)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mars_Science_Laboratory/yEARUMpM">Mars Science Laboratory</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Curiosity_(rover)/mVLawAfA"><i>Curiosity</i></a> (rover)</td><td></td><td>900</td><td>In operation, 4517 sols</td><td><a href="/facts/Aeolis_Palus/M16DEo9R">Aeolis Palus</a> in <a href="/facts/Gale_(crater)/66wceenX">Gale Crater</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=4.5895_S_137.4417_E_globe:Mars">4°35′22″S 137°26′30″E / 4.5895°S 137.4417°E / -4.5895; 137.4417</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td><a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">ESA</a><p><a href="/facts/Roscosmos/GzWfae7U">Roscosmos</a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/ExoMars_2016/LjWF3wIT">ExoMars 2016</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Schiaparelli_EDM_lander/1PuNPn5D"><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</a> (lander)</td><td></td><td>577</td><td>Crashed on impact; transmitted descent telemetry</td><td><a href="/facts/Meridiani_Planum/JHh5qLA5">Meridiani Planum</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=2.05_S_6.21_W_globe:Mars&title=Schiaparelli+EDM+lander+crash+site">2°03′S 6°13′W / 2.05°S 6.21°W / -2.05; -6.21 (Schiaparelli EDM lander crash site)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></td><td><a href="/facts/InSight/tFjy03P6">InSight</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/InSight/tFjy03P6">InSight</a></i> (lander)</td><td></td><td>358</td><td>Reached end of designed lifespan after landing on 19 Dec, 2022.</td><td><a href="/facts/Elysium_Planitia/FExaAU21">Elysium Planitia</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=4.5024_N_135.6234_E_globe:Mars&title=%27%27InSight%27%27+landing+site">4°30′09″N 135°37′24″E / 4.5024°N 135.6234°E / 4.5024; 135.6234 (<i>InSight</i> landing site)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2021</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mars_2020/B6GRHvKH">Mars 2020</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Perseverance_(rover)/NFoubTKJ"><i>Perseverance</i></a> (rover)</td><td></td><td>1024</td><td>In operation, 1482 sols</td><td><a href="/facts/Jezero_crater/jdYzuFPh">Jezero crater</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=18.4457_N_77.4508_E_globe:Mars&title=%27%27Perseverance%27%27+landing+site">18°26′45″N 77°27′03″E / 18.4457°N 77.4508°E / 18.4457; 77.4508 (<i>Perseverance</i> landing site)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mars_Helicopter_Ingenuity/EycKDT9X"><i>Ingenuity</i></a> (helicopter)</td><td></td><td>1.8</td><td>Operated 1482 sols.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Wright_Brothers_Field/EycKDT9X">Wright Brothers Field</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=18.4457_N_77.4508_E_globe:Mars&title=%27%27Ingenuity%27%27+drop+site">18°26′45″N 77°27′03″E / 18.4457°N 77.4508°E / 18.4457; 77.4508 (<i>Ingenuity</i> drop site)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">2021</td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/CNSA/q3s4bGYt">CNSA</a></td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Tianwen-1/DDpNS1Sg">Tianwen-1</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tianwen-1/DDpNS1Sg">Tianwen-1</a> (lander)</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td>1285</td><td>Reached end of designed lifespan after landing on 14 May, 2021.</td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Utopia_Planitia/ljIwh00X">Utopia Planitia</a><p><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars¶ms=25.1_N_109.9_E_globe:Mars&title=%27%27Zhurong%27%27+landing+site">25°06′N 109°54′E / 25.1°N 109.9°E / 25.1; 109.9 (<i>Zhurong</i> landing site)</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zhurong_(rover)/yWh5SXsh"><i>Zhurong</i></a> (rover)</td><td>240</td><td>Inactive due to sandstorm. Operated for 361 sols.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tianwen-1/DDpNS1Sg">Tianwen-1</a> Remote camera</td><td><1</td><td>Reached end of designed lifespan after mission completion on 1 June, 2021.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="other-objects">Other objects</h2> <ul><li>Each mission left debris according to its design. For example, the <i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM lander likely exploded on impact, creating an unknown number of fragments at one location. At another location, there may be a lower heat shield, and at another location, a parachute and upper heat shield. Another example is the <a href="/facts/Counterweight/2z1L43Ww">counterweights</a> ejected by <a href="/facts/Mars_Science_Laboratory/yEARUMpM">MSL</a> during its descent. In some cases, the nature and location of this additional debris has been determined and, in other cases, even the location of the main spacecraft has remained unknown. The identification of <i>Beagle 2</i> after 11 years is one of the greatest breakthroughs yet, since prior to that, it could not be confirmed what had happened.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Spacecraft that have not been precisely located include <i>Mars 2</i>, <i>Mars 3</i>, <i>Mars 6</i>, Mars Polar Lander, and the two Deep Space 2 probes.</li> <li>Orbiters whose orbit could eventually <a href="/facts/Orbital_decay/c9rj3aK6">decay</a> and impact the surface, include: <i><a href="/facts/Viking_1/lBbblTgw">Viking 1</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Viking_2/3L9AGV2z">Viking 2</a></i> orbiters, <i><a href="/facts/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter/7odg7YfX">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/2001_Mars_Odyssey/KapXFdK4">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Mars_Express/wM1scUfh">Mars Express</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Mars_Global_Surveyor/MGXbPxdx">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Phobos_2/VUwzIgz3">Phobos 2</a>, <a href="/facts/Mars_2/RLBJ6P2n">Mars 2</a>, <a href="/facts/Mars_3/MKTBqEBD">Mars 3</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mars_5/p1538TBj">Mars 5</a> orbiters, and <a href="/facts/Mariner_9/HR13zIDL">Mariner 9</a>. (See also <a href="/facts/List_of_Mars_orbiters/l1zQPcfc">List of Mars orbiters</a>)</li> <li>The fate of <i><a href="/facts/Mars_Climate_Orbiter/4ef8hLnm">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i> (1999) is unknown, but it is thought to have burnt up in the atmosphere before impacting.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mariner_9/HR13zIDL">Mariner 9</a>, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, is expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when the spacecraft is projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up or crash into the planet's surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h3>From surface</h3> <h3>From orbit</h3> <h2 id="landing-site-namings-and-memorials">Landing site namings and memorials</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials/XLSzW0fo">List of extraterrestrial memorials § Mars</a></p> <p>Several landing sites have been named, either the spacecraft itself or the landing site: </p> <ul><li>Pennants of Soviet Union on <a href="/facts/Mars_2/RLBJ6P2n">Mars 2</a> and <a href="/facts/Mars_3/MKTBqEBD">Mars 3</a> landers (1971).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Viking_1/lBbblTgw">Thomas Mutch Memorial Station</a>, the <i><a href="/facts/Viking_1/lBbblTgw">Viking 1</a></i> lander (1976).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gerald_Soffen/a9kDUC2k">Gerald Soffen Memorial Station</a>, the <i><a href="/facts/Viking_2/3L9AGV2z">Viking 2</a></i> lander (1976).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mars_Pathfinder/frq9TKut">Carl Sagan Memorial Station</a>, <a href="/facts/Mars_Pathfinder/frq9TKut">Mars Pathfinder</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Sojourner_(rover)/4aN9KJHz">Sojourner</a></i>) base (1997).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Opportunity_(rover)/MEC0VIuy"><i>Challenger</i> Memorial Station</a>, <a href="/facts/MER-B/MEC0VIuy">MER-B</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Opportunity_(rover)/MEC0VIuy">Opportunity</a></i>) landing site area (2004).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spirit_(rover)/qNWFPqzj"><i>Columbia</i> Memorial Station</a>, <a href="/facts/MER-A/qNWFPqzj">MER-A</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Spirit_(rover)/qNWFPqzj">Spirit</a></i>) landing site area (2004).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Green_Valley_(Mars)/pHN93WeV">Green Valley</a>, the <i><a href="/facts/Phoenix_(spacecraft)/3rKuwcRX">Phoenix</a></i> lander (2008).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bradbury_Landing/WDdpHlWP">Bradbury Landing</a>, <a href="/facts/Curiosity_Rover/mVLawAfA"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> landing site (August 6, 2012).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> (Note: Due to the nature of the landing system, there is no actual space hardware at the touchdown location of Bradbury Landing, see <a href="/facts/Curiosity_(rover)/mVLawAfA"><i>Curiosity</i> (rover)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/InSight/tFjy03P6">InSight Landing</a>, the <i><a href="/facts/InSight/tFjy03P6">InSight</a></i> lander (2018)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Octavia_E._Butler_Landing/hFD0tnG5">Octavia E. Butler Landing</a>, <a href="/facts/Perseverance_(rover)/NFoubTKJ"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a> and <a href="/facts/Ingenuity_(helicopter)/EycKDT9X"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> landing site (February 18, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wright_Brothers_Field/EycKDT9X">Wright Brothers Field</a>, the initial take-off and landing site for the <i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter, used for five flights (April, May, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/facts/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return_Mission/XG3WnKGW">Three Forks Sample Depot</a>, backup sample Depot of <a href="/facts/Perseverance_(rover)/NFoubTKJ">Perseverance</a> cached samples for return to Earth by <a href="/facts/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return_Mission/XG3WnKGW">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return Mission</a> (2022)</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Exploration_of_Mars/CbCgmNcH">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Life_on_Mars/A14ye2It">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extra-terrestrial_surfaces/FEft5jxC">List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials/XLSzW0fo">List of extraterrestrial memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_missions_to_Mars/7xjP0Wf5">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Satellites_of_Mars/lL3bPUQn">Satellites of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_planetary_exploration/9UGTQRsY">Timeline of planetary exploration</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars 2". Retrieved 2010-12-24. <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-045A" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-045A</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars 3". Retrieved 2010-12-24. <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-049A" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-049A</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars 6". Retrieved 2010-12-24. <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars 6". Retrieved 2010-12-24. <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Viking 1 lander". Retrieved 2010-12-24. <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075C" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075C</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Viking 2 lander". Retrieved 2010-12-24. <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-083C" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-083C</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Mars Pathfinder". Retrieved 2011-12-07. <a href="http://www.marsnews.com/missions/pathfinder/" target="_blank">http://www.marsnews.com/missions/pathfinder/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars Pathfinder". Retrieved 2010-12-24. <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-068A" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-068A</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars Pathfinder Rover". Retrieved 2010-12-24. <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=MESURPR" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=MESURPR</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends". Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126043213/https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9540/after-three-years-on-mars-nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-mission-ends/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20240126043213/https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9540/after-three-years-on-mars-nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-mission-ends/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Cheung, Rachel (13 March 2023). "China's Mars Rover Has Not Moved Since September, NASA Images Revealed". Vice News. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgwqpa/china-mars-rover-zhurong-space" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgwqpa/china-mars-rover-zhurong-space</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Beagle 2 spacecraft found intact on surface of Mars after 11 years". The Guardian. 2015-01-17. Archived from the original on 2023-04-14. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/16/lost-beagle-2-spacecraft-found-mars" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/16/lost-beagle-2-spacecraft-found-mars</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9, November 29, 2011 – Vol. 4, Issue 9 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514043808/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask-academy/issues/volume4/ata_4-9_mariner_9_prt.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130514043808/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask-academy/issues/volume4/ata_4-9_mariner_9_prt.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Soviet Craft - Mars (1960–1974) Archived 2013-07-08 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://burro.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_mars.html" target="_blank">http://burro.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_mars.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>NSSDC - Viking 1 lander <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075C" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075C</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>NSSDC - Viking 2 lander <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-083C" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-083C</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>NSSDC - Mars Pathfinder <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-068A" target="_blank">https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-068A</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>NASA - Space Shuttle Challenger Crew Memorialized on Mars <a href="https://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/20040128a.html" target="_blank">https://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/20040128a.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>NASA - Space Shuttle Columbia Crew Memorialized on Mars <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2004/6.cfm" target="_blank">https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2004/6.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Curiosity Landing Site Named for Ray Bradbury". NASA. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=150917411" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=150917411</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>