As to the earliest ages, St. Peter himself constituted a senate for the Roman Church, consisting of twenty-four priests and deacons. These were the councillors of the Bishop of Rome and the electors of his successors. This statement is drawn from a canon in the "Corpus Juris Canonici" (can. "Si Petrus", caus. 8, Q. 1). Historians and canonists, however, generally hold that the Roman bishopric was filled on its vacancy in the same manner as other bishoprics, that is, the election of the new pope was made by the neighbouring bishops and the clergy and faithful of Rome. Nevertheless, some maintain that the naming of the successor of St. Peter was restricted to the Roman clergy, and that the people were admitted to a part in the elections only after the time of Sylvester I (fourth century).
After Constantine had given peace to the Church, the Christian Roman emperors often took part in the institution of a new pope and at times their influence was very marked. From the fourth century onwards, therefore, a new force had to be reckoned with. The occasion for the interference of the Roman emperors and later of the kings of Italy was afforded by disputed elections to the papal chair. The most noted of the earlier instance was at the election of Boniface I (418). This gave occasion to the decree (c. 8, dist. 79) that when an election was disputed a new candidate should be chosen.
Fanning, William. "Papal Elections." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 October 2017] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11456a.htm
Greeley, 2005, p. 20.
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Josep M. Colomer and Iain McLean. (1998). "Electing Popes: Approval Balloting and Qualified-Majority Rule". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1-22. /wiki/Josep_M._Colomer
Fanning, William. "Papal Elections." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 October 2017] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11456a.htm
Matthew 16:18 http://usccb.org/bible/matthew/16/
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Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope St. Gregory I ("the Great")" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_St._Gregory_I_(%22the_Great%22)
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Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Paul I" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Paul_I
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Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Adrian I" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Adrian_I
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Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Paschal I" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Paschal_I
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Eugene II" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Eugene_II
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Gregory IV" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Gregory_IV
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Sergius II" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Sergius_II
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Leo IV" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Leo_IV
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Benedict III" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Benedict_III
Hill, 1905, p. 161.
Duchesne, Louis. 1907. The Beginnings of the Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes: A. D. 754-1073. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd. p. 155. https://books.google.com/books/pdf/The_Beginnings_of_the_Temporal_Sovereign.pdf?id=BiRuqszCjf8C&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0NsU5z8xwiJCPZ17ApPrwe6eFJHQ
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Greeley, 2005, p. 20.
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Greeley, 2005, p. 20.
Greeley, 2005, p. 20.
Graboïs, 1980, p. 448.
Dahmus, 1984, p. 432.
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