Parameter identification problem

<h2 id="in-simultaneous-equations-models">In simultaneous equations models</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Simultaneous_equations_model/QtJbu6bV">Simultaneous equations model</a> and <a href="/facts/System_of_linear_equations/fk9CFdgp">System of linear equations</a>
<h3>Standard example, with two equations</h3>
Consider a linear model for the <a href="/facts/Supply_and_demand/KprL1fvc">supply and demand</a> of some specific good. The quantity demanded varies negatively with the price: a higher price decreases the quantity demanded. The quantity supplied varies directly with the price: a higher price increases the quantity supplied.
Assume that, say for several years, we have data on both the price and the traded quantity of this good. Unfortunately this is not enough to identify the two equations (demand and supply) using <a href="/facts/Regression_analysis/n6z5Tf7K">regression analysis</a> on observations of Q and P: one cannot estimate a downward slope and an upward slope with one linear regression line involving only two variables. Additional variables can make it possible to identify the individual relations.

In the graph shown here, the supply curve (red line, upward sloping) shows the quantity supplied depending positively on the price, while the demand curve (black lines, downward sloping) shows quantity depending negatively on the price and also on some additional variable Z, which affects the location of the demand curve in quantity-price space. This Z might be consumers' income, with a rise in income shifting the demand curve outwards. This is symbolically indicated with the values 1, 2 and 3 for Z.
With the quantities supplied and demanded being equal, the observations on quantity and price are the three white points in the graph: they reveal the supply curve. Hence the effect of Z on demand makes it possible to identify the (positive) slope of the supply equation. The (negative) slope parameter of the demand equation cannot be identified in this case. In other words, the parameters of an equation can be identified if it is known that some variable does not enter into the equation, while it does enter the other equation.
A situation in which both the supply and the demand equation are identified arises if there is not only a variable Z entering the demand equation but not the supply equation, but also a variable X entering the supply equation but not the demand equation:

supply:    
 
 
 
 Q
 =
 
 a
 
 S
 
 
 +
 
 b
 
 S
 
 
 P
 +
 c
 X
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle Q=a_{S}+b_{S}P+cX\,}

demand:   
  
    
      
        Q
        =
        
          a
          
            D
          
        
        +
        
          b
          
            D
          
        
        P
        +
        d
        Z
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle Q=a_{D}+b_{D}P+dZ\,}

with positive bS and negative bD. Here both equations are identified if c and d are nonzero.
Note that this is the <a href="/facts/Structural_form/QtJbu6bV">structural form</a> of the model, showing the relations between the Q and P. The <a href="/facts/Reduced_form/tAoNWduK">reduced form</a> however can be identified easily.
Fisher points out that this problem is fundamental to the model, and not a matter of statistical estimation:

<blockquote>It is important to note that the problem is not one of the appropriateness of a particular estimation technique. In the situation described [without the Z variable], there clearly exists no way using any technique whatsoever in which the true demand (or supply) curve can be estimated. Nor, indeed, is the problem here one of statistical inference—of separating out the effects of random disturbance. There is no disturbance in this model [...] It is the logic of the supply-demand equilibrium itself which leads to the difficulty. (Fisher 1966, p. 5)</blockquote>
<h3>More equations</h3>
More generally, consider a linear system of M equations, with M > 1.
An equation cannot be identified from the data if less than M − 1 variables are excluded from that equation. This is a particular form of the <a href="/facts/Order_condition/QtJbu6bV">order condition</a> for identification. (The general form of the order condition deals also with restrictions other than exclusions.) The order condition is necessary but not sufficient for identification.
The <a href="/facts/Rank_condition/QtJbu6bV">rank condition</a> is a <a href="/facts/Necessity_and_sufficiency/G45aDCY9">necessary and sufficient</a> condition for identification. In the case of only exclusion restrictions, it must "be possible to form at least one nonvanishing determinant of order M − 1 from the columns of A corresponding to the variables excluded a priori from that equation" (Fisher 1966, p. 40), where A is the matrix of coefficients of the equations. This is the generalization in matrix algebra of the requirement "while it does enter the other equation" mentioned above (in the line above the formulas).

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Identifiability/YfE1ydRa">Identifiability</a>, the related problem in statistics</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Errors-in-variables_model/PRDddry0">Errors-in-variables model#Linear model</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Instrumental_variable/cEQ1xwT6">Instrumental variable#Identification</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Set_identification/qpS2H530">Set identification</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Franklin_M._Fisher/CpHnXg0y">Fisher, Franklin M.</a> (1966). The Identification Problem in Econometrics. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-88275-344-4.</li>
<li>Greenberg, Edward; Webster, Charles E. Jr. (1983). "The Identification Problem". Advanced Econometrics : A Bridge to the Literature. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 221–241. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-471-09077-8.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Damodar_N._Gujarati/ls400zNK">Gujarati, Damodar N.</a>; <a href="/facts/Dawn_C._Porter/Py48nLE6">Porter, Dawn C.</a> (2009). Basic Econometrics (Fifth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. pp. 692–698. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-07-337577-9.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fumio_Hayashi/dhfhfa7D">Hayashi, Fumio</a> (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIW8WUIyzcC&pg=PA200">Econometrics</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 200–203. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-691-01018-8.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jan_Kmenta/RKLurjPH">Kmenta, Jan</a> (1986). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bxq7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA660">Elements of Econometrics</a> (Second ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 660–672. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-02-365070-2.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tjalling_Koopmans/1Woq9W7Y">Koopmans, Tjalling C.</a> (1949). "Identification problems in economic model construction". <a href="/facts/Econometrica/QxLdpqCG">Econometrica</a>. 17 (2): 125–144. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1905689">10.2307/1905689</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1905689">1905689</a>. ("A classic and masterful exposition of the subject", Fisher 1966, p. 31)</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Arthur_Lewbel/0CdvUVaD">Lewbel, Arthur</a> (2019-12-01). "The Identification Zoo: Meanings of Identification in Econometrics". <a href="/facts/Journal_of_Economic_Literature/APuCu5rc">Journal of Economic Literature</a>. 57 (4). American Economic Association: 835–903. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjel.20181361">10.1257/jel.20181361</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0515">0022-0515</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rosa_Matzkin/YThoopd7">Matzkin, Rosa L.</a> (2013). "Nonparametric Identification in Structural Economic Models". <a href="/facts/Annual_Review_of_Economics/G0GfGmBX">Annual Review of Economics</a>. 5 (1): 457–486. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-082912-110231">10.1146/annurev-economics-082912-110231</a>.</li>
<li>Rothenberg, Thomas J. (1971). "Identification in Parametric Models". Econometrica. 39 (3): 577–591. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1913267">10.2307/1913267</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9682">0012-9682</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1913267">1913267</a>.</li>
<li>Hsiao, Cheng (1983), Identification, Handbook of Econometrics, Vol. 1, Ch.4, <a href="/facts/North-Holland_Publishing_Company/jkPSAEmR">North-Holland Publishing Company</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlOtUA8Rqw8&index=14&list=PLD15D38DC7AA3B737#t=57m47s">Lecture on the identification problem</a> on <a href="/facts/YouTube_video_(identifier)/db276jst">YouTube</a> by <a href="/facts/Mark_Thoma/ThV29HB0">Mark Thoma</a></li></ul>

Parameter identification problem open-in-new

Parameter identification problem