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Corpse-like obedience
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<h2 id="jesuit-origin">Jesuit origin</h2> <p>The term originated with the <a href="/facts/Jesuit/n0PeYBB8">Jesuit</a> work by <a href="/facts/Ignatius_of_Loyola/h7SfzBrd">Ignatius of Loyola</a> from 1553, the Letter on Obedience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> It has also been dated to 1558.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> That text said, in Latin: "<i>Et sibi quisque persuadeat, quod qui sub Obedientia vivunt, se ferri ac regi a divina Providentia per Superiores suos sinere debent perinde, ac si cadaver essent</i>" which can be translated as "We should be aware that each of those who live in obedience must allow himself to be led and guided by <a href="/facts/Divine_providence/r862Y9Xq">Divine Providence</a> through the <a href="/facts/Superior_(hierarchy)/YlG9v9Pl">Superior</a>, as if he were a dead body".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The concept, described in the Jesuit context as "fabled and misunderstood",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> has since been criticised by detractors of the Jesuit order as blind obedience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Jesuit supporters, in turn, refer to it as the "perfect obedience".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="modern-use">Modern use</h2> <p>The term is often associated with <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> (where it is known as <i>Kadavergehorsam</i>), where it refers to "both obedience and loyalty until death"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> or simply "absolute obedience"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> or "blind obedience".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> It has been associated with the discussion of German military and administration of the <a href="/facts/Prussia/fs1wEGrk">Prussian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi eras</a> and their passive adherence to carrying out orders, including those later judged to be <a href="/facts/War_crimes/36qQAugC">war crimes</a> (see also <a href="/facts/Prussian_virtues/8mkBefgq">Prussian virtues</a>, <a href="/facts/German_militarism/3HncSuk9">German militarism</a>, <i><a href="/facts/Befehlsnotstand/LjWK0wCs">Befehlsnotstand</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/F%25C3%25BChrerprinzip/2JbzlAC3">Führerprinzip</a></i>, and <a href="/facts/Superior_orders/8kvUr0bg">superior orders</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a>[<i>excessive citations</i>] The <a href="/facts/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service/YBxyboge">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a> of 1933 has been credited with enforcing this idea in the Nazi German civil administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Adolf_Eichmann/WygcLDLr">Adolf Eichmann</a>, one of the major organisers of <a href="/facts/The_Holocaust/vGQsAb2y">the Holocaust</a>, invoked this concept in his defence during <a href="/facts/Eichmann_trial/UsEI46z8">his post-war trial</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>The term has also been used in the context of other <a href="/facts/Totalitarianism/Txc6sJvM">totalitarian</a> regimes, such as <a href="/facts/Communist_state/oYaCr1Av">communist states</a> and parties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a>[<i>excessive citations</i>] The concept has been described as promoted by works such as <i><a href="/facts/The_Communist_Manifesto/dchYwgXy">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> or <i><a href="/facts/Mein_Kampf/rLmJKugG">Mein Kampf</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>The concept has also been mentioned in the context of extreme interpretation of <a href="/facts/Military_discipline/Bq3r5mqd">military discipline</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Some scholars have translated the term as zombie-like obedience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> A similar variation occurs in Nigerian <a href="/facts/Afrobeat/6HLNuD4B">afrobeat</a> artist <a href="/facts/Fela_Kuti/H29HAz5D">Fela Kuti</a>'s song "Zombie" (from <a href="/facts/Zombie_(album)/C88bWAaf">the album of the same name</a>), in which Kuti calls Nigerian soldiers zombies as a critique of the country's military government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Desk_murderer/L79gkhjV">Desk murderer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nuremberg_defense/8kvUr0bg">Nuremberg defense</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Respondeat_superior/xuHSP0Gh">Respondeat superior</a></i></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Pólit, Manuel María Espinosa (1947). Perfect Obedience: Commentary on the Letter on Obedience of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Newman Bookshop. p. 2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/perfectobedience0000manu" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/perfectobedience0000manu</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Pieri, Veronica De (20 June 2023). "Wird irgendetwas mit mir geschehen? Psycho(patho)logical perspectives on Hannah Arendt's The Banality of Evil". Dive-In. 3 (1): 7–42. doi:10.6092/issn.2785-3233/17278. ISSN 2785-3233. <a href="https://dive-in.unibo.it/article/view/17278" target="_blank">https://dive-in.unibo.it/article/view/17278</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Pólit, Manuel María Espinosa (1947). Perfect Obedience: Commentary on the Letter on Obedience of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Newman Bookshop. p. 2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/perfectobedience0000manu" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/perfectobedience0000manu</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Pieri, Veronica De (20 June 2023). "Wird irgendetwas mit mir geschehen? Psycho(patho)logical perspectives on Hannah Arendt's The Banality of Evil". Dive-In. 3 (1): 7–42. doi:10.6092/issn.2785-3233/17278. ISSN 2785-3233. <a href="https://dive-in.unibo.it/article/view/17278" target="_blank">https://dive-in.unibo.it/article/view/17278</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Miller, J.R. (September 1978). "The Jesuit-Mail Libel Case: An example of nineteenth-century anti-Catholicisml". Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses. 7 (3): 295–303. doi:10.1177/000842987800700304. ISSN 0008-4298. <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000842987800700304" target="_blank">http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000842987800700304</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Friedrich, Markus (1 January 2014), "Ignatius's Governing and Administrating the Society of Jesus", A Companion to Ignatius of Loyola, Brill, pp. 123–140, ISBN 978-90-04-28060-1, retrieved 27 March 2024 <a href="978-90-04-28060-1" target="_blank">978-90-04-28060-1</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Clooney, Francis Xavier (2006). Jesuit Postmodern: Scholarship, Vocation, and Identity in the 21st Century. Lexington Books. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7391-1401-8. <a href="978-0-7391-1401-8" target="_blank">978-0-7391-1401-8</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Nelles, Paul (12 June 2019), Županov, Ines G. (ed.), "Jesuit Letters", The Oxford Handbook of the Jesuits, Oxford University Press, pp. 43–72, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190639631.013.3, ISBN 978-0-19-063963-1, retrieved 27 March 2024 <a href="978-0-19-063963-1" target="_blank">978-0-19-063963-1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Healy, Roísin (1 January 2003). "The Moral Critique: Infiltrators of the Private Sphere". The Jesuit Specter in Imperial Germany. Brill. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-391-04194-3. <a href="978-0-391-04194-3" target="_blank">978-0-391-04194-3</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Miller, J. R. (September 1978). "The Jesuit-Mail Libel Case: An example of nineteenth-century anti-Catholicism". Studies in Religion. 7 (3): 295–303. doi:10.1177/000842987800700304. ISSN 0008-4298. <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000842987800700304" target="_blank">http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000842987800700304</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Hopfl, Harro M. (September 2000). "Ordered Passions: Commitment and Hierarchy in the Organizational Ideas of the Jesuit Founders". Management Learning. 31 (3): 313–329. doi:10.1177/1350507600313003. ISSN 1350-5076. <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1350507600313003" target="_blank">http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1350507600313003</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bjork, J. (1 October 2006). "Book Review: The War Against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth Century Germany, The Jesuit Specter in Imperial Germany". German History. 24 (4): 631–634. doi:10.1177/0266355406070353. ISSN 0266-3554. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-lookup/doi/10.1177/0266355406070353" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-lookup/doi/10.1177/0266355406070353</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Pólit, Manuel María Espinosa (1947). Perfect Obedience: Commentary on the Letter on Obedience of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Newman Bookshop. p. 2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/perfectobedience0000manu" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/perfectobedience0000manu</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Hopfl, Harro M. (September 2000). "Ordered Passions: Commitment and Hierarchy in the Organizational Ideas of the Jesuit Founders". Management Learning. 31 (3): 313–329. doi:10.1177/1350507600313003. ISSN 1350-5076. <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1350507600313003" target="_blank">http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1350507600313003</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Krüger, Michael (December 1996). "Body culture and nation building: the history of gymnastics in germany in the period of its foundation as a nation-state". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 13 (3): 409–417. doi:10.1080/09523369608713957. ISSN 0952-3367. <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09523369608713957" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09523369608713957</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Ströhle, Andreas; Wrase, Jana; Malach, Henry; Gestrich, Christof; Heinz, Andreas (May 2008). "Karl Bonhoeffer (1868–1948)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 165 (5): 575–576. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07061031. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 18450939. <a href="https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07061031" target="_blank">https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07061031</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Barnett, Bernard (2001), "The Holocaust, its aftermath, and the problem of the superego", Within Time and Beyond Time, Routledge, pp. 94–107, doi:10.4324/9780429485152-7, ISBN 978-0-429-48515-2, retrieved 27 March 2024 <a href="978-0-429-48515-2" target="_blank">978-0-429-48515-2</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Dwyer, Philip G. (11 June 2014). Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-317-88700-3. <a href="978-1-317-88700-3" target="_blank">978-1-317-88700-3</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Forner, Sean A. (23 March 2017). German Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democratic Renewal: Culture and Politics After 1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-107-62783-3. <a href="978-1-107-62783-3" target="_blank">978-1-107-62783-3</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Pflanze, Otto (10 November 2020). Bismarck and the Development of Germany: The Period of Unification, 1815-1871. Princeton University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-691-22157-1. <a href="978-0-691-22157-1" target="_blank">978-0-691-22157-1</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Pieri, Veronica De (20 June 2023). "Wird irgendetwas mit mir geschehen? Psycho(patho)logical perspectives on Hannah Arendt's The Banality of Evil". Dive-In. 3 (1): 7–42. doi:10.6092/issn.2785-3233/17278. ISSN 2785-3233. <a href="https://dive-in.unibo.it/article/view/17278" target="_blank">https://dive-in.unibo.it/article/view/17278</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Barnett, Bernard (2001), "The Holocaust, its aftermath, and the problem of the superego", Within Time and Beyond Time, Routledge, pp. 94–107, doi:10.4324/9780429485152-7, ISBN 978-0-429-48515-2, retrieved 27 March 2024 <a href="978-0-429-48515-2" target="_blank">978-0-429-48515-2</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Visser, Max (1 August 2008). "Learning under conditions of hierarchy and discipline: the case of the German Army, 1939–1940". Learning Inquiry. 2 (2): 127–137. doi:10.1007/s11519-008-0031-7. hdl:10818/35080. ISSN 1558-2981. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11519-008-0031-7" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11519-008-0031-7</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Toro, Alfonso de (1 May 2016). "Lo indecible, lo irrepresentable: Topografías: terror e intertextualidad El desierto de Carlos Franz / La vida doble de Arturo Fontaine". Iberoromania. 2016 (83): 35–55. doi:10.1515/ibero-2016-0004. ISSN 1865-9039. <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ibero-2016-0004/pdf?licenseType=restricted" target="_blank">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ibero-2016-0004/pdf?licenseType=restricted</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Finney, Gail (2006). Visual Culture in Twentieth-century Germany: Text as Spectacle. Indiana University Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-253-34718-3. <a href="978-0-253-34718-3" target="_blank">978-0-253-34718-3</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Dinstein, Yoram (25 October 2012). The Defence of 'Obedience to Superior Orders' in International Law. OUP Oxford. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-164983-7. <a href="978-0-19-164983-7" target="_blank">978-0-19-164983-7</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>McKale, Donald M. (17 March 2006). Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4616-3547-5. <a href="978-1-4616-3547-5" target="_blank">978-1-4616-3547-5</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>McKale, Donald M. (17 March 2006). Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4616-3547-5. <a href="978-1-4616-3547-5" target="_blank">978-1-4616-3547-5</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Dinstein, Yoram (25 October 2012). The Defence of 'Obedience to Superior Orders' in International Law. OUP Oxford. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-164983-7. <a href="978-0-19-164983-7" target="_blank">978-0-19-164983-7</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Larsen, Øjvind (1 November 2017). Administration, Ethics and Democracy. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-351-76885-6. <a href="978-1-351-76885-6" target="_blank">978-1-351-76885-6</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Loiacono, Fiorenza (1 January 2016), "The Capacity to Empathise as a Basis of Ethics: Educational Implications", Promises, Pedagogy and Pitfalls: Empathy’s Potential for Healing and Harm, Brill, pp. 99–109, ISBN 978-1-84888-428-1, retrieved 27 March 2024 <a href="978-1-84888-428-1" target="_blank">978-1-84888-428-1</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Mazurkiewicz, Piotr; Gierycz, Michał; Wielecki, Krzysztof; Sulkowski, Mariusz; Zarzecki, Marcin (13 October 2021), "Introduction: Why Totalitarianism?", Totalitarianism in the Postmodern Age, Brill, pp. 1–9, ISBN 978-90-04-46505-3, retrieved 27 March 2024 <a href="978-90-04-46505-3" target="_blank">978-90-04-46505-3</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Mazurkiewicz, Piotr; Gierycz, Michal; Wielecki, Krzysztof; Sulkowski, Mariusz; Zarzecki, Marcin (29 June 2023), "Totalitarianism in the Postmodern Age: A Report on Young People's Attitudes to Totalitarianism", Totalitarianism in the Postmodern Age, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-46505-3, retrieved 27 March 2024 <a href="978-90-04-46505-3" target="_blank">978-90-04-46505-3</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Pundeff, Marin (1986). 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