Vanadium cycle

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>

<h3>Natural sources</h3>
Vanadium is a <a href="/facts/Trace_metal/tDXmwLAs">trace metal</a> that is relatively abundant in the Earth (~100 <a href="/facts/Parts-per_notation/PozRuoLM">part per million</a> in the upper crust).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> Vanadium is mobilized from minerals through <a href="/facts/Weathering/uSYGlv0H">weathering</a> and transported to the ocean. Vanadium can enter the atmosphere through wind erosion and volcanic emissions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> and will remain there until it is removed by precipitation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> 

<h3>Anthropogenic sources</h3>
Human activity has increased the amount of vanadium emissions to the atmosphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Vanadium is abundant in fossil fuels because it is incorporated in <a href="/facts/Porphyrin/lKNtdXp1">porphyrins</a> during organic matter degradation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">Coal</a> and <a href="/facts/Petroleum/IQV0bHVd">petroleum</a> factory pollution release significant vanadium to the atmosphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Vanadium is also mined and using for industrial purposes including for steel reinforcement, electronics, and batteries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

<h2 id="sink">Sink</h2>
Vanadium is removed from the ocean by burial <a href="/facts/Marine_sediment/0HfKDgDI">marine sediments</a> and incorporation into <a href="/facts/Iron_oxide/KDo8hLWn">iron oxides</a> at <a href="/facts/Hydrothermal_vent/0xPqNUkY">hydrothermal vents</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> 

<h2 id="biological-processes">Biological processes</h2>
Biological processes play a relatively minor role in the global vanadium cycle. <a href="/facts/Vanadium_bromoperoxidase/MMshlWxF">Vanadium bromoperoxidase</a> is present in some marine bacteria and algae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Vanadium can also takes the place of <a href="/facts/Molybdenum/RX6vp2bF">molybdenum</a> in alternative <a href="/facts/Nitrogenase/gIhxgCaL">nitrogenases</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<ol>
<li>^ a b c d e f g h Schlesinger, William H.; Klein, Emily M.; Vengosh, Avner (2017). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214">"Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (52): E11092 – E11100. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1715500114">10.1073/pnas.1715500114</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214">5748214</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29229856">29229856</a>.
</li>
<li>^ Hope, Bruce K. (1997). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005761904149">"An assessment of the global impact of anthropogenic vanadium"</a>. Biogeochemistry. 37 (1): 1–13. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005761904149">10.1023/A:1005761904149</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-515X">1573-515X</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93183351">93183351</a>.
</li>
<li>^ Zhao, Xu; Xu, Chunming; Shi, Quan (2016), Xu, Chunming; Shi, Quan (eds.), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/430_2015_189">"Porphyrins in Heavy Petroleums: A Review"</a>, Structure and Modeling of Complex Petroleum Mixtures, Structure and Bonding, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 39–70, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F430_2015_189">10.1007/430_2015_189</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-319-32321-3
</li>
<li>^ Trefry, John H.; Metz, Simone (1989). <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/342531a0">"Role of hydrothermal precipitates in the geochemical cycling of vanadium"</a>. Nature. 342 (6249): 531–533. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.342..531T">1989Natur.342..531T</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F342531a0">10.1038/342531a0</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4351410">4351410</a>.
</li>
<li>^ Butler, Alison (1998). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367593198800707">"Vanadium haloperoxidases"</a>. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2 (2): 279–285. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1367-5931%2898%2980070-7">10.1016/S1367-5931(98)80070-7</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1367-5931">1367-5931</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9667930">9667930</a>.
</li>
<li>^ Eady, Robert R. (1996). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr950057h">"Structure−Function Relationships of Alternative Nitrogenases"</a>. Chemical Reviews. 96 (7): 3013–3030. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr950057h">10.1021/cr950057h</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2665">0009-2665</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11848850">11848850</a>.
</li>
</ol>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Schlesinger, William H.; Klein, Emily M.; Vengosh, Avner (2017). "Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (52): E11092 – E11100. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715500114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5748214. PMID 29229856. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Schlesinger, William H.; Klein, Emily M.; Vengosh, Avner (2017). "Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (52): E11092 – E11100. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715500114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5748214. PMID 29229856. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Schlesinger, William H.; Klein, Emily M.; Vengosh, Avner (2017). "Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (52): E11092 – E11100. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715500114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5748214. PMID 29229856. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Schlesinger, William H.; Klein, Emily M.; Vengosh, Avner (2017). "Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (52): E11092 – E11100. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715500114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5748214. PMID 29229856. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Hope, Bruce K. (1997). "An assessment of the global impact of anthropogenic vanadium". Biogeochemistry. 37 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1023/A:1005761904149. ISSN 1573-515X. S2CID 93183351. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005761904149" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005761904149</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Zhao, Xu; Xu, Chunming; Shi, Quan (2016), Xu, Chunming; Shi, Quan (eds.), "Porphyrins in Heavy Petroleums: A Review", Structure and Modeling of Complex Petroleum Mixtures, Structure and Bonding, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 39–70, doi:10.1007/430_2015_189, ISBN 978-3-319-32321-3 <a href="978-3-319-32321-3" target="_blank">978-3-319-32321-3</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Schlesinger, William H.; Klein, Emily M.; Vengosh, Avner (2017). "Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (52): E11092 – E11100. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715500114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5748214. PMID 29229856. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Schlesinger, William H.; Klein, Emily M.; Vengosh, Avner (2017). "Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (52): E11092 – E11100. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715500114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5748214. PMID 29229856. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Schlesinger, William H.; Klein, Emily M.; Vengosh, Avner (2017). "Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (52): E11092 – E11100. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715500114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5748214. PMID 29229856. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748214</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Trefry, John H.; Metz, Simone (1989). "Role of hydrothermal precipitates in the geochemical cycling of vanadium". Nature. 342 (6249): 531–533. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..531T. doi:10.1038/342531a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4351410. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/342531a0" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/342531a0</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Butler, Alison (1998). "Vanadium haloperoxidases". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2 (2): 279–285. doi:10.1016/S1367-5931(98)80070-7. ISSN 1367-5931. PMID 9667930. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367593198800707" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367593198800707</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Eady, Robert R. (1996). "Structure−Function Relationships of Alternative Nitrogenases". Chemical Reviews. 96 (7): 3013–3030. doi:10.1021/cr950057h. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 11848850. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr950057h" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1021/cr950057h</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Vanadium cycle open-in-new

Vanadium cycle