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Fall of man
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<h2 id="genesis-3">Genesis 3</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Biblical_cosmology/AP06v5XN">Biblical cosmology</a> and <a href="/facts/Genesis_creation_narrative/Fy0E2uD8">Genesis creation narrative</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Adam_and_Eve/PBKg3IDE">Adam and Eve</a> and <a href="/facts/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil/fMqs2t1m">Tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a></p> <p>The doctrine of the fall of man is extrapolated from the traditional <a href="/facts/Christian_doctrine/sLefEsAd">Christian</a> <a href="/facts/Exegesis/aN3v40ap">exegesis</a> of Genesis 3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> According to the <a href="/facts/Genesis_creation_narrative/Fy0E2uD8">biblical narrative</a>, God created Adam and Eve, the first man and woman in the <a href="/facts/Chronology_of_the_Bible/qsjGp9yx">chronology of the Bible</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> God placed them in the Garden of Eden and forbade them to eat fruit from the <a href="/facts/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil/fMqs2t1m">tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Serpents_in_the_Bible/fg5usKpy">serpent</a> <a href="/facts/Temptation/CUxC2oYp">tempted</a> Eve to eat fruit from the forbidden tree, which she shared with Adam, and they immediately became <a href="/facts/Shame/rd2gEAEF">ashamed</a> of their <a href="/facts/Nudity/vbVcL8SP">nakedness</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Subsequently, God banished Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden, condemned Adam to work in order to get what he needed to live and condemned Eve to give birth in pain, and placed <a href="/facts/Cherubim/SM9EDDl3">cherubim</a> to guard the entrance, so that Adam and Eve would never eat from the "tree of life". </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Book_of_Jubilees/MBbXLowz">Book of Jubilees</a>, an <a href="/facts/Jewish_apocrypha/w4xoVGcf">apocryphal Jewish work</a> written during the <a href="/facts/Second_Temple_period/nR9BQjPk">Second Temple period</a>, gives time frames for the events that led to the fall of man by stating that the serpent convinced Eve to eat the fruit on the 17th day, of the 2nd month, in the 8th year after Adam's creation (3:17). It also states that they were removed from the Garden on the new moon of the 4th month of that year (3:33). </p> <h2 id="traditional-interpretations">Traditional interpretations</h2> <h3>Immortality</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Christian_mythology/BJ14Gguo">Christian mythology</a> and <a href="/facts/Jewish_mythology/m5wGnldx">Jewish mythology</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Exegesis/aN3v40ap">Christian exegetes</a> of Genesis 2:17<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> ("for in the day that you eat of it you shall die", also known as the "commandment to life"), have applied the <a href="/facts/Day-year_principle/c7qoxYNA">day-year principle</a> to explain how Adam died within a day. Psalms 90:4,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> 2 Peter 3:8,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> and Jubilees 4:29–31<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> explain that, to <a href="/facts/God_in_Christianity/L00rNhTu">God</a>, one day is equivalent to a thousand years and thus Adam died within that same "day".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The Greek <a href="/facts/Septuagint/jGpbyr2n">Septuagint</a>, on the other hand, has "day" translated into the Greek word for a twenty-four-hour period (ἡμέρα, <i>hēméra</i>). </p><p>According to <a href="/facts/Meredith_Kline/I51tByh0">Meredith Kline</a>, the death threatened in Genesis 2:17 is "not physical death but eternal perdition (later called 'second death')."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a>: 20 This is because, in <a href="/facts/Covenant_theology/q06kgvq1">covenant theology</a>, the "curse" aspect of the commandment to life is balanced by its blessing, which is "glorified eternal life", symbolised by the tree of life (Genesis 2:9) and the <a href="/facts/Sabbath/bdPkL8Dw">Sabbath</a> (Genesis 2:2).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a>: 19–20 </p><p>According to the Genesis narrative, during the <a href="/facts/Antediluvian/gyhyIq2w">antediluvian</a> age, human longevity approached a <a href="/facts/Millennium/8cwS2oUW">millennium</a>, such as the case of <a href="/facts/Adam/nM1GQfk8">Adam</a> who lived 930 years. Thus, to "die" has been interpreted as to become mortal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> However, the grammar does not support this reading, nor does the narrative: Adam and Eve are expelled from the Garden lest they eat of the second tree, the <a href="/facts/Tree_of_life_(biblical)/D1Nu9BPm">tree of life</a>, and gain immortality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h3>Original sin</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Original_sin/DAu65bQ4">Original sin</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Salvation_in_Christianity/8mfcqQQe">Salvation in Christianity</a> and <a href="/facts/Theodicy_and_the_Bible/y3m5hDan">Theodicy and the Bible § The Fall and freedom of the will</a></p> <h4>Roman Catholicism</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church/kIHalw0e">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> says: "The account of the fall in <i>Genesis</i> 3 uses figurative language, but affirms [...] that the whole of human history is marked by the original fault freely committed by our first parents."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> <a href="/facts/St_Bede/y9yWnIua">St Bede</a> and others, especially <a href="/facts/Thomas_Aquinas/h2vN2VkX">Thomas Aquinas</a>, said that the fall of Adam and Eve brought "four wounds" to human nature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> They are original sin (lack of sanctifying grace and original justice), <a href="/facts/Concupiscence/8HXFdA6U">concupiscence</a> (the soul's passions are no longer ordered perfectly to the soul's intellect), physical frailty and death, and darkened intellect and ignorance. These negated or diminished the gifts of God to Adam and Eve of original justice or sanctifying grace, integrity, immortality and infused knowledge. This first sin was "transmitted" by Adam and Eve to all of their descendants as original sin, causing humans to be "subject to ignorance, suffering and the dominion of death, and inclined to sin."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>In the light of modern scripture scholarship, the future <a href="/facts/Pope_Benedict_XVI/Kwqu9TB5">Pope Benedict XVI</a> stated in 1986 that: "In the Genesis story [...] sin is not spoken of in general as an abstract possibility but as a deed, as the sin of a particular person, Adam, who stands at the origin of humankind and with whom the history of sin begins. The account tells us that sin begets sin, and that therefore all the sins of history are interlinked. Theology refers to this state of affairs by the certainly misleading and imprecise term 'original sin.'"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Although the state of corruption, inherited by humans after the primaeval event of original sin, is clearly called guilt or sin, it is understood as a sin acquired by the unity of all humans in Adam rather than a personal responsibility of humanity. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, even children partake in the effects of the sin of Adam, but not in the responsibility of original sin, as sin is always a personal act.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Baptism/wEY6gtGA">Baptism</a> is considered to erase original sin, though the effects on human nature remain, and for this reason, the Catholic Church baptizes even infants who have not committed any personal sin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h4>Protestantism</h4> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Total_depravity/kLzWYzvn">Total depravity</a></p><p> In <a href="/facts/Covenant_theology/q06kgvq1">Covenant theology</a>, Adam is said to have failed to fulfill the commandment to life and the <a href="/facts/Covenant_of_Works/q06kgvq1">Covenant of Works</a>, which is summarized in Genesis 2:15–17. In verse 15, humanity is to "dress" and "keep" the garden (KJV), or to "work it" and "take care of it" (<a href="/facts/New_International_Version/wuysbe1N">NIV</a>). In verse 17, God gives the "focal probationary proscription", that Adam must not eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and a curse is attached if the proscription is transgressed, which is spiritual death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a>: 19–20 The Covenant required 'perfect and personal obedience',<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> but Adam freely and willfully transgressed the commandment by accepting <a href="/facts/Satan/XptVW6IY">Satan</a>'s lie in Genesis 3:4–5, demonstrating pride and a rejection of God's authority as Creator and Lord, preferring his own will to God's, leading to a corruption of his whole nature, which extended to his progeny, as is described in Article 14 of the <a href="/facts/Belgic_Confession/A6ACuYgj">Belgic Confession</a>.</p><blockquote><p>We believe that God created man out of the dust of the earth, and made and formed him after his own image and likeness, good, righteous, and holy, capable in all things to will, agreeably to the will of God. But being in honour, he understood it not, neither knew his excellency, but wilfully subjected himself to sin, and consequently to death, and the curse, giving ear to the words of the devil. For the commandment of life, which he had received, he transgressed: and by sin separated himself from God, who was his true life, having corrupted his whole nature; whereby he made himself liable to corporal and spiritual death. And being thus become wicked, perverse, and corrupt in all his ways, he hath lost all his excellent gifts, which he had received from God, and only retained a few remains thereof, which, however, are sufficient to leave man without excuse; for all the light which is in us is changed into darkness, as the scriptures teach us, saying: <i>The light shineth in darkness, and the darkness comprehendeth it not:</i> [John 1:5] where St. John calleth men darkness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>By the inverse to the concept of <a href="/facts/Imputed_righteousness/WfMNbVjd">imputed righteousness</a>, Adam, as the <a href="/facts/Federal_headship/tFyeUxFr">federal head</a> of humanity, brought condemnation and death to all by his violation of the commandment to life. Kline justifies this interpretation by referencing Romans 5:12–19, in which it says "For if by one man's offence death reigned by one; much more they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness shall reign in life by one, Jesus Christ." Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life. For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a>: 21 In saying that, as a result of the Fall, man has become "wicked, perverse, and corrupt in all his ways," the Confession expresses the doctrine of <a href="/facts/Total_depravity/kLzWYzvn">total depravity</a>, which means that man is completely helpless and unable to rescue himself from sin, and "cannot inherit the kingdom of God" (1 Corinthians 15:50) but must be rescued by the second Adam, Jesus Christ, who is from heaven, as it says in 1 Corinthians 15:22, "For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a>: 9–10 </p><p>Indeed, Genesis 3:15 ("And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel"), known as the <a href="/facts/Protevangelium/gzhbXlfI">protevangelium</a>, is interpreted as a gracious declaration of the <a href="/facts/Covenant_of_Grace/q06kgvq1">Covenant of Grace</a>, in which God effects reconciliation with humanity and vanquishes the devil through Christ's <a href="/facts/Atonement_in_Christianity/8mfcqQQe">Atonement</a>, which delivers from sin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a>: 22–23 This covenant is symbolically sealed when it is said that God "clothed" Adam and Eve's nakedness, due to which they were ashamed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a>: 24 However, man was defiled and had to be expelled from the Garden, with the earth "cursed" for his sake, in an overthrow of man's previous "dominion" over the earth which was gifted to him in Genesis 1:26.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a>: 23–24 In Genesis 3:24, "cherubim" and "a flaming sword" guard the tree of life, access to which is only restored when Christ "vicariously suffered the sword of judgment on the tree of death and so reopened the way to the tree of life."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a>: 24 </p> <h4>Eastern Orthodoxy</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox_theology/cc5xD9Ua">Eastern Orthodox theology</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity/5n20Akh5">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> rejects the idea that the guilt of original sin is passed down through generations. It bases its teaching in part on Ezekiel 18:20,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> which says a son is not guilty of the sins of his father. The Church teaches that, in addition to their conscience and tendency to do good, men and women are born with a tendency to sin due to the fallen condition of the world. It follows <a href="/facts/Maximus_the_Confessor/doJClSLD">Maximus the Confessor</a> and others in characterising the change in human nature as the introduction of a "deliberative will" (θέλημα γνωμικόν) in opposition to the "natural will" (θέλημα φυσικόν) created by God which tends toward the good. Thus, according to <a href="/facts/Paul_the_Apostle/mIAFgUw7">Paul the Apostle</a> in his <a href="/facts/Epistle_to_the_Romans/gm3JaADQ">epistle to the Romans</a>, non-Christians can still act according to their conscience. </p><p>Eastern Orthodoxy believes that, while everyone bears the consequences of the first sin (that is, death), only Adam and Eve are guilty of that sin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Adam's sin is not comprehended only as disobedience to God's commandment, but as a change in man's hierarchy of values from <a href="/facts/Theocentricism/9cE7j7jn">theocentricism</a> to <a href="/facts/Anthropocentrism/P9uozsxS">anthropocentrism</a>, driven by the object of his lust, outside of God, in this case the tree which was seen to be "good for food", and something "to be desired" (see also <a href="/facts/Divinization_(Christian)/0wpLve6x">theosis</a>, seeking union with God).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h3>Meta-historical fall</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Meta-historical_fall/gCjEug4g">Meta-historical fall</a></p> <p>The biblical fall of man is also understood by some Christians (especially those in the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox/5n20Akh5">Eastern Orthodox</a> tradition) as a reality outside of empirical history that effects the entire history of the universe. This concept of a <a href="/facts/Meta-historical_fall/gCjEug4g">meta-historical fall</a> (also called metaphysical, supramundane, or atemporal) has been most recently expounded by the Orthodox theologians <a href="/facts/David_Bentley_Hart/BUSIUMUx">David Bentley Hart</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Behr/3BnYm6Cy">John Behr</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sergei_Bulgakov/MALQEFTS">Sergei Bulgakov</a>, but it has roots in the writings of several early church fathers, especially <a href="/facts/Origen/4o9sw2RQ">Origen</a> and <a href="/facts/Maximus_the_Confessor/doJClSLD">Maximus the Confessor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> Bulgakov writes in his 1939 book <i>The Bride of the Lamb</i> translated by Boris Jakim (<a href="/facts/Wm._B._Eerdmans/N5zw2e4I">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>, 2001): </p> <blockquote><p>Empirical history begins precisely with the fall, which is its starting premise. But this beginning of history lies beyond empirical being and cannot be included in its chronology. ...[With the] narrative in Genesis 3, ...an event is described that lies beyond our history, although at its boundary. Being connected with our history, this event inwardly permeates it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>David Bentley Hart has written about this concept of an atemporal fall in his 2005 book <i><a href="/facts/The_Doors_of_the_Sea/Rj6WKN2v">The Doors of the Sea</a></i> as well as in his essay "The Devil’s March: Creatio ex Nihilo, the Problem of Evil, and a Few Dostoyevskian Meditations" (from his 2020 book <i>Theological Territories</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h3>Subordination</h3> <p>In the subordination exegesis of the Fall, the natural consequences of sin entering the human race were prophesied by God to Eve in Genesis 3:16: the husband "will rule over you". This interpretation is reinforced by comments in the <a href="/facts/First_Epistle_to_Timothy/WojgdKfz">First Epistle to Timothy</a>, where the author gives a rationale for directing that a woman (NIV: possibly "wife"): </p> <blockquote><p>...should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit a woman to teach or to assume authority over a man [NIV: possibly "husband"]; she must be quiet. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner.</p>— 1 Timothy 2:11–14<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></blockquote> <p>Therefore, some interpretations of these passages from Genesis 3 and 1 Timothy 2 have developed a view that women are considered as bearers of Eve's guilt and that the woman's conduct in the fall is the primary reason for her universal, timeless, subordinate relationship to the man.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a>: 21 </p><p>Alternatively, Richard and <a href="/facts/Catherine_Clark_Kroeger/b02j8KLa">Catherine Clark Kroeger</a> argue that "there is a serious theological contradiction in telling a woman that when she comes to faith in Christ, her personal sins are forgiven but she must continue to be punished for the sin of Eve." They maintain that judgmental comments against women in reference to Eve are a "dangerous interpretation, in terms both of biblical theology and of the call to Christian commitment". They reason that "if the Apostle Paul was forgiven for what he did ignorantly in unbelief", including persecuting and murdering Christians, "and thereafter was given a ministry, why would the same forgiveness and ministry be denied women" (for the sins of their foremother, Eve). Addressing that, the Kroegers conclude that Paul was referring to the promise of Genesis 3:15<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> that through the defeat of Satan on the cross of Jesus Christ, the woman's child (Jesus) would crush the serpent's head, but the serpent would only bruise the heel of her child.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a>: 144 </p> <h3>Agricultural revolution</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Religion_and_agriculture/BgotwWIF">Religion and agriculture</a></p> <p>Authors such as <a href="/facts/Isaac_Asimov/11oRajCj">Isaac Asimov</a>, <a href="/facts/Daniel_Hillel/PgtsSRxI">Daniel Hillel</a>, and <a href="/facts/Daniel_Quinn/MQhfmBXc">Daniel Quinn</a> suggest that some of the Genesis 3 narrative's symbolism may correlate to the experience of the <a href="/facts/Neolithic_Revolution/P5tLdcgU">agricultural revolution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> "The expulsion from the Garden of Eden is a folk memory of the beginning of agriculture. With that transition, humans no longer dwelled idyllically in a parkland, feeding on wild fruits or animals, but had begun the toilsome cultivation of cereals."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p><p>The serpent of the Genesis narrative may represent seasonal changes and renewal, as with the symbolism of Sumerian, Egyptian, and other creation myths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Mesoamerica/cFjUFklr">Mesoamerican</a> creation myths, <a href="/facts/Quetzalcoatl/CQq5P6rS">Quetzalcoatl</a>, a feathered serpent agricultural deity, is associated with learning as well as renewal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="other-traditions">Other traditions</h2> <h3>Gnosticism</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Gnosticism/gVGVzaAN">Gnosticism</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Gnostic_texts/7ywaKIve">Gnostic texts</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Gnosticism/gVGVzaAN">Gnosticism</a> originated in the late 1st century CE in non-rabbinical <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Jewish</a> and <a href="/facts/Early_Christianity/LmdNJmea">early Christian</a> sects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/History_of_early_Christianity/LmdNJmea">formation of Christianity</a>, various <a href="/facts/Sectarian/kkPNdMeQ">sectarian</a> groups, labeled "gnostics" by their opponents, emphasised spiritual knowledge (<i><a href="/facts/Gnosis/pgV02FTV">gnosis</a></i>) of the divine spark within, over <a href="/facts/Faith/XmGVmhEl">faith</a> (<i>pistis</i>) in the teachings and traditions of the various communities of Christians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Gnosticism presents a distinction between the <a href="/facts/Monad_(Gnosticism)/yItgdsAt">highest, unknowable God</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Demiurge/58wdPJuK">Demiurge</a>, "creator" of the material universe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> The Gnostics considered the most <a href="/facts/Essential_property/X1uqmlSm">essential</a> part of the process of <a href="/facts/Salvation/vL69KuJB">salvation</a> to be this personal knowledge, in contrast to faith as an outlook in their <a href="/facts/Perspective_(cognitive)/fUwYgCxe">worldview</a> along with faith in the <a href="/facts/Great_Church/AFy7RAUf">ecclesiastical authority</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p><p>In Gnosticism, the <a href="/facts/Serpent_(Bible)/fg5usKpy">biblical serpent</a> in the Garden of Eden was praised and thanked for bringing knowledge (<i>gnosis</i>) to Adam and Eve and thereby freeing them from the <a href="/facts/Dystheism/oPvSH4Ur">malevolent</a> Demiurge's control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> Gnostic Christian doctrines rely on a <a href="/facts/Dualistic_cosmology/J26Lz2G1">dualistic cosmology</a> that implies the eternal conflict between good and evil, and a conception of the serpent as the <a href="/facts/Salvation/vL69KuJB">liberating savior</a> and bestower of knowledge to humankind opposed to the Demiurge or <a href="/facts/Creator_god/49TUL2pX">creator god</a>, identified with the <a href="/facts/Yahweh/kIUcSQFb">Hebrew God</a> of the <a href="/facts/Old_Testament/YFNzQVcK">Old Testament</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> Gnostic Christians considered the Hebrew God of the Old Testament as the evil, <a href="/facts/False_god/cSTH28K0">false god</a> and creator of the material universe, and the <a href="/facts/Monad_(Gnosticism)/yItgdsAt">Unknown God</a> of the <a href="/facts/Gospel/oC3s2MdL">Gospel</a>, the father of <a href="/facts/Jesus_Christ/1q0H0m4n">Jesus Christ</a> and creator of the spiritual world, as the true, good God.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Archontics/rDppqeTk">Archontic</a>, <a href="/facts/Sethianism/f4Kt0hps">Sethian</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ophites/oyYpakKX">Ophite</a> systems, <a href="/facts/Yaldabaoth/58wdPJuK">Yaldabaoth</a> (Yahweh) is regarded as the malevolent Demiurge and false god of the Old Testament who generated the material universe and keeps the souls trapped in physical bodies, imprisoned in the world full of pain and suffering that he <a href="/facts/Creationism/IIhQyYTo">created</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> </p><p>However, not all Gnostic movements regarded the creator of the material universe as inherently evil or malevolent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> For instance, <a href="/facts/Valentinianism/DXvnQpxT">Valentinians</a> believed that the Demiurge is merely an ignorant and incompetent creator, trying to fashion the world as good as he can, but lacking the proper power to maintain its goodness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> All Gnostics were regarded as <a href="/facts/Heresy_in_Christianity/BzrI9laX">heretics</a> by the <a href="/facts/Proto-orthodox_Christianity/zBbKLPcY">proto-orthodox</a> <a href="/facts/Early_Church_Fathers/U2aPanJQ">Early Church Fathers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> </p> <h3>Islam</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Adam_and_Eve_in_Islam/PBKg3IDE">Adam and Eve in Islam</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Islamic_views_on_sin/qsr4hrGX">Islamic views on sin</a></p> <p>In <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a>, it is believed that <a href="/facts/Adam_in_Islam/vKJwD03M">Adam</a> (<i>Ādam</i>) and <a href="/facts/Eve_in_Islam/XUt4lQC4">Eve</a> (<i>Ḥawwā</i>) were misled by <a href="/facts/Iblis/fBFXCV6H">Iblīs</a> (otherwise referred to as <i><a href="/facts/Shaitan/L7jcxSmY">al-Shayṭān</a></i>, lit. 'the Devil'),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> who tempted them with the promise of <a href="/facts/Immortality/nDAb6CKo">immortality</a> and a kingdom that never decays,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> saying: "Your Lord has forbidden this tree to you only to prevent you from becoming angels or immortals.".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> Adam and Eve had been previously warned of Shayṭān's scheming against them,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> and had been commanded by <a href="/facts/God_in_Islam/L2VNNRJm">God</a> to avoid the <a href="/facts/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil/fMqs2t1m">tree of immortality</a> that Shayṭān referred to.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> Although God had reminded them that there was enough provision for them "Here it is guaranteed that you will never go hungry or unclothed, nor will you ˹ever˺ suffer from thirst or ˹the sun’s˺ heat.",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> they ultimately gave in to Shayṭān's temptation and partook of the tree anyway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> Following this <a href="/facts/Islamic_views_on_sin/qsr4hrGX">sin</a>, "their nakedness was exposed to them, prompting them to cover themselves with leaves from Paradise.",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> and were subsequently sent down from <a href="/facts/Jannah/RDlAlcS1">Paradise</a> (<i>Jannah</i>) onto the Earth with "enmity one to another".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> However, God also gave them the assurance that "when guidance comes to you from Me, whoever follows My guidance will neither go astray ˹in this life˺ nor suffer ˹in the next˺."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Ulama/7vMcAgBV">Muslim scholars</a> can be divided into two groups regarding the reason behind Adam's fall: the first point of view argues that Adam sinned out of his own <a href="/facts/Free_will_in_theology/1SDfTBER">free will</a>, and only became a <a href="/facts/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam/WPWy6Gdp">prophet</a> later, after he was cast out of paradise and asked for forgiveness. They adhere to the doctrine according to which <a href="/facts/Ismah/GtmhTedg">moral infallibility/immunity from sin</a> (<i>‘iṣmah</i>) is a quality attributable to prophets only after they have been sent on a mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> According to the second point of view, <a href="/facts/Predestination_in_Islam/bl0VS10u">Adam was predestined by God's will</a> to eat from the forbidden tree, because God planned to set Adam and his progeny on Earth from the beginning and thus installed Adam's fall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a>: 194 For this reason, many <a href="/facts/Tafsir/up84xNbN">Muslim exegetes</a> do not regard Adam and Eve's expulsion from paradise as a punishment for disobedience or a result from abused <a href="/facts/Free_will_in_theology/1SDfTBER">free will</a> on their part,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a>: 171 but rather as part of <a href="/facts/Hikmah/G8Qufw3b">God's wisdom</a> (<i>ḥikmah</i>) and plan for humanity to experience the full range of his attributes, his love, forgiveness, and power to his creation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> By their former abode in paradise, they can hope for return during their lifetime. Unlike <a href="/facts/Iblis/fBFXCV6H">Iblīs</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Shaitan/L7jcxSmY">al-Shayṭān</a></i>), Adam asked for forgiveness for his transgression, despite God being the ultimate cause of his Fall. For that reason, God bestowed mercy upon Adam and his children. Some Muslim scholars view Adam as an image for his descendants: humans sin, become aware of it, <a href="/facts/Repentance_in_Islam/3aBCd9Qc">repent for their transgressions</a> (<i>tawba</i>), and return to God. According to this interpretation, Adam embodies humanity and his Fall shows humans how to act whenever they sin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a>: 194 </p><p>Within the <a href="/facts/Shia_Islam/JIQl7ooz">Shīʿīte</a> <a href="/facts/Islamic_schools_and_branches/jmWNJqPb">branch of Islam</a>, Muslim followers of the <a href="/facts/Alawites/pETzhrCF">Alawite sect</a> believe that their souls were once luminous stars worshipping <a href="/facts/Ali/YwM7b73C">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> in a world of light, but that upon committing sins of pride they were banished from their former state and forced to transmigrate in the world of matter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="literature-and-art">Literature and art</h2> <p>The fall of man has been depicted many times in art, including in Albrecht Dürer's <i><a href="/facts/Adam_and_Eve_(D%25C3%25BCrer)/u4YJHkxs">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1504) and Titian's <i><a href="/facts/The_Fall_of_Man_(Titian)/wp7tN9Sf">The Fall of Man</a></i> (c. 1550).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> </p><p>In <a href="/facts/William_Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Henry_V_(play)/TqEb0NlA">Henry V</a></i> (1599), the King describes the betrayal of Lord Scroop – a friend since childhood – as being "like another fall of man", referring to the loss of his own faith and innocence the treason has caused. </p><p>In the novel <i><a href="/facts/Perelandra/2wuRTvhN">Perelandra</a></i> (1943) by <a href="/facts/C._S._Lewis/hELtVT9R">C. S. Lewis</a>, the theme of the fall is explored in the context of a new <a href="/facts/Garden_of_Eden/G52p2uaP">Garden of Eden</a> with a new, green-skinned <a href="/facts/Adam_and_Eve/PBKg3IDE">Adam and Eve</a> on the planet Venus, and with the protagonist – the Cambridge scholar Dr. Ransom – transported there and given the mission of thwarting <a href="/facts/Satan/XptVW6IY">Satan</a> and preventing a new fall. </p><p>In the novel <i><a href="/facts/The_Fall_(Albert_Camus_novel)/eTNTW2Wj">The Fall</a></i> (1956) by <a href="/facts/Albert_Camus/BKVazSsM">Albert Camus</a>, the theme of the fall is enunciated through the first-person account given in post-war Amsterdam, in a bar called "Mexico City." Confessing to an acquaintance, the protagonist, Jean-Baptiste Clamence, describes the haunting consequence of his refusal to rescue a woman who had jumped from a bridge to her death. The dilemmas of modern Western conscience and the sacramental themes of baptism and grace are explored. </p><p><a href="/facts/J._R._R._Tolkien/41HPhk5C">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> included as a note to his comments about the <i>Dialogue of Finrod and Andreth</i> (published posthumously in 1993) the Tale of Adanel that is a reimagining of the fall of man inside his <a href="/facts/Middle-earth/HCQrvKQe">Middle-earth</a>'s mythos. The story presented Melkor seducing the first Men by making them worship him instead of Eru Ilúvatar, leading to the loss of the "Edenic" condition of the human race. The story is part of <i><a href="/facts/Morgoth%2527s_Ring/fxlC05VA">Morgoth's Ring</a></i>. </p><p>In both <a href="/facts/Daniel_Quinn/MQhfmBXc">Daniel Quinn</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Ishmael_(Quinn_novel)/vtzPB3AW">Ishmael</a></i> (1992) and <i><a href="/facts/The_Story_of_B/8jIVzDbR">The Story of B</a></i> (1996) novels, it is proposed that the story of the fall of man was first thought up by another culture watching the development of the now-dominant <a href="/facts/Totalitarian_agriculture/8jIVzDbR">totalitarian agriculturalist</a> culture. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Philip_Pullman/hBzM5ngk">Philip Pullman</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/His_Dark_Materials/U0hCFzSU">His Dark Materials</a></i> series (1995, 1997, 2000), the fall is presented in a positive light, as it is the moment at which human beings achieve self-awareness, knowledge, and freedom. Pullman believes that it is not worth being innocent if the price is ignorance. </p><p>The novel <i><a href="/facts/Lord_of_the_Flies/nFRUeawq">Lord of the Flies</a></i> explores the fall of man. The storyline depicts young, innocent children who turn into savages when they are stranded on a <a href="/facts/Desert_island/pd8cJH44">desert island</a>. <i>Lord of the Flies</i> was originally named <i>Strangers from Within</i>, also showing his views of human nature. </p><p>The theme is also frequently depicted in historical European art. <a href="/facts/Lucas_van_Leyden/yVcXChTy">Lucas van Leyden</a>, a Dutch engraver and painter during the Renaissance period, created several different woodcuts featuring Adam and Eve (two were part of his <i>Power of Women</i> series). </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Bible portal</li><li>Christianity portal</li><li>Judaism portal</li><li>Islam portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow/BVXcw2Kt">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deal_with_the_Devil/jYWaQRKT">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ningishzida/2QkqqlrP">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Paradise_Lost/wDw6Bwuv">Paradise Lost</a></i> by <a href="/facts/John_Milton/VCDqX83S">John Milton</a></li></ul> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/James_Kugel/rlToobnF">Kugel, James L.</a> (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8AjDrIkBG4C"><i>Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Cambridge%2c_Massachusetts/k9UMIJ7U">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvk12qmd">10.2307/j.ctvk12qmd</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780674791510. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201591663">201591663</a>.</li> <li>Woo, B. Hoon (2014). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/5972518">"Is God the Author of Sin?—Jonathan Edwards's Theodicy"</a>. <i>Puritan Reformed Journal</i>. 6 (1). <a href="/facts/Grand_Rapids%2c_Michigan/R5xJsxsd">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/facts/Puritan_Reformed_Theological_Seminary/jhEpwvU6">Puritan Reformed Theological Seminary</a>: 98–123 – via <a href="/facts/Academia.edu/YaEQMJFk">Academia.edu</a>.</li></ul> <h3>Further reading</h3> <ul><li>Beynen, G. Koolemans, <i>Animal Language in the Garden of Eden: Folktale Elements in Genesis</i> in Signifying Animals: Human Meaning in the Natural World, Roy G. Willis, ed., (London: Routledge, 1994), 39–50.</li> <li>Thompson, William Irwin, <i>The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture</i>, 1981, 2001 <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-312-80512-8</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Temptation of Adam and Eve. <ul><li><a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/koran/koran-idx?type=DIV0&byte=227087">"Koran: The Elevated Places"</a>. <i>www.quod.lib.umich.edu</i>. <a href="/facts/Ann_Arbor%2c_Michigan/hs3CBRJy">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>: <a href="/facts/University_of_Michigan_Library/1R4RJR1B">University of Michigan Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y27p">The Fall</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with <a href="/facts/Martin_Palmer/XvVHS33W">Martin Palmer</a>, <a href="/facts/Griselda_Pollock/yotxCuEu">Griselda Pollock</a>, and <a href="/facts/John_Carey_(critic)/jqTRwrRg">John Carey</a> (<i>In Our Time</i>, Apr. 8, 2004)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Tuling, Kari H. (2020). "PART 1: Is God the Creator and Source of All Being—Including Evil?". In Tuling, Kari H. (ed.). Thinking about God: Jewish Views. JPS Essential Judaism Series. Lincoln and Philadelphia: University of Nebraska Press/Jewish Publication Society. pp. 3–64. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13796z1.5. ISBN 978-0-8276-1848-0. LCCN 2019042781. S2CID 241611417. <a href="978-0-8276-1848-0" target="_blank">978-0-8276-1848-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ezekiel 18:20 <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2018:20&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2018:20&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Leeming, David A. (June 2003). Carey, Lindsay B. (ed.). "Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage". Journal of Religion and Health. 42 (2). Springer Verlag: 101–109. doi:10.1023/A:1023621612061. ISSN 1573-6571. JSTOR 27511667. S2CID 38974409. <a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Awn, Peter J. (1983). "Mythic Biography". Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Numen Book Series. Vol. 44. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 18–56. doi:10.1163/9789004378636_003. ISBN 978-90-04-37863-6. ISSN 0169-8834. <a href="978-90-04-37863-6" target="_blank">978-90-04-37863-6</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Mahmoud, Muhammad (1995). "The Creation Story in 'Sūrat Al-Baqara", with Special Reference to Al-Ṭabarī's Material: An Analysis". Journal of Arabic Literature. 26 (1/2): 201–214. doi:10.1163/157006495X00175. JSTOR 4183374. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4183374" target="_blank">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4183374</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Leeming, David A. (June 2003). Carey, Lindsay B. (ed.). "Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage". Journal of Religion and Health. 42 (2). Springer Verlag: 101–109. doi:10.1023/A:1023621612061. ISSN 1573-6571. JSTOR 27511667. S2CID 38974409. <a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Catholic Encyclopedia: Adam". www.newadvent.org. <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01129a.htm" target="_blank">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01129a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Tuling, Kari H. (2020). "PART 1: Is God the Creator and Source of All Being—Including Evil?". In Tuling, Kari H. (ed.). Thinking about God: Jewish Views. JPS Essential Judaism Series. Lincoln and Philadelphia: University of Nebraska Press/Jewish Publication Society. pp. 3–64. doi:10.2307/j.ctv13796z1.5. ISBN 978-0-8276-1848-0. LCCN 2019042781. S2CID 241611417. <a href="978-0-8276-1848-0" target="_blank">978-0-8276-1848-0</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Awn, Peter J. (1983). "Mythic Biography". Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Numen Book Series. Vol. 44. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 18–56. doi:10.1163/9789004378636_003. ISBN 978-90-04-37863-6. ISSN 0169-8834. <a href="978-90-04-37863-6" target="_blank">978-90-04-37863-6</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Kolatch, Alfred J. (2021) [1989]. "Issues in Jewish Ethics: Judaism's Rejection of Original Sin". Jewish Virtual Library. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE). Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2021. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Kolatch" target="_blank">/wiki/Alfred_J._Kolatch</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Jarrar, Maher (2017). "Strategies for Paradise: Paradise Virgins and Utopia". In Günther, Sebastian; Lawson, Todd (eds.). Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 136. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 271–294. doi:10.1163/9789004333154_013. ISBN 978-90-04-33315-4. ISSN 0929-2403. LCCN 2016047258. <a href="978-90-04-33315-4" target="_blank">978-90-04-33315-4</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Johns, Anthony Hearle (2006). "Fall of Man". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. II. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00147. ISBN 90-04-14743-8. <a href="90-04-14743-8" target="_blank">90-04-14743-8</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Genesis 3 <a href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0103.htm#1" target="_blank">https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0103.htm#1</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Genesis 2:17 <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:17&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:17&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Psalms 90:4 <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2090:4&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2090:4&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>2 Peter 3:8 <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%203:8&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%203:8&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Jubilees 4:29–31Template:Bibleverse with invalid book <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jubilees%204:29–31&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jubilees%204:29–31&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"The Book of Jubilees". Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-03-04. Online translation of Jubilees <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224002549/http://wesley.nnu.edu/biblical_studies/noncanon/ot/pseudo/jubilee.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090224002549/http://wesley.nnu.edu/biblical_studies/noncanon/ot/pseudo/jubilee.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Kline, Meredith G. (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. ISBN 9781619708525. <a href="9781619708525" target="_blank">9781619708525</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Kline, Meredith G. (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. ISBN 9781619708525. <a href="9781619708525" target="_blank">9781619708525</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Kugel 1999, pp. 50–51. - Kugel, James L. (1999). Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk12qmd. ISBN 9780674791510. S2CID 201591663. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8AjDrIkBG4C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=y8AjDrIkBG4C</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Genesis 3:22 <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%203:22&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%203:22&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Harry Orlinsky's Notes to the NJPS Torah <a href="/wiki/Harry_Orlinsky" target="_blank">/wiki/Harry_Orlinsky</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Catechism of the Catholic Church: 390 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Summa Theologiae/First Part of the Second Part/Question 85 - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/First_Part_of_the_Second_Part/Question_85#Art._3_-_Whether_weakness,_ignorance,_malice_and_concupiscence_are_suitably_reckoned_as_the_wounds_of_nature_consequent_upon_sin?" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/First_Part_of_the_Second_Part/Question_85#Art._3_-_Whether_weakness,_ignorance,_malice_and_concupiscence_are_suitably_reckoned_as_the_wounds_of_nature_consequent_upon_sin?</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 405. <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" target="_blank">/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Ratzinger, Joseph (1986). In the Beginning. Eerdmans. p. 72. ISBN 978-0802841063. <a href="978-0802841063" target="_blank">978-0802841063</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Catechism of the Catholic Church, para. 404, 405. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Catechism of the Catholic Church, para. 405. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Kline, Meredith G. (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. ISBN 9781619708525. <a href="9781619708525" target="_blank">9781619708525</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Westminster Confession, VII.2; https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/ccc/westminster/Of_Gods_Covenant_With_Man.cfm. <a href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/ccc/westminster/Of_Gods_Covenant_With_Man.cfm" target="_blank">https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/ccc/westminster/Of_Gods_Covenant_With_Man.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>de Bres, Guido (1559). The Belgic Confession – via Wikisource. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Constitution_of_the_Reformed_Dutch_Church_of_North_America/The_Confession_of_Faith" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Constitution_of_the_Reformed_Dutch_Church_of_North_America/The_Confession_of_Faith</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Kline, Meredith G. (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. ISBN 9781619708525. <a href="9781619708525" target="_blank">9781619708525</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>de Bres, Guido (1559). The Belgic Confession – via Wikisource. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Constitution_of_the_Reformed_Dutch_Church_of_North_America/The_Confession_of_Faith" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Constitution_of_the_Reformed_Dutch_Church_of_North_America/The_Confession_of_Faith</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Kline, Meredith G. (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. ISBN 9781619708525. <a href="9781619708525" target="_blank">9781619708525</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Kline, Meredith G. (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. ISBN 9781619708525. <a href="9781619708525" target="_blank">9781619708525</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Kline, Meredith G. (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. ISBN 9781619708525. <a href="9781619708525" target="_blank">9781619708525</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Kline, Meredith G. (2016). Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing. ISBN 9781619708525. <a href="9781619708525" target="_blank">9781619708525</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Ezekiel 18:20 <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2018:20&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2018:20&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>"Original Sin - Questions & Answers". www.oca.org. Retrieved 2023-05-11. <a href="https://www.oca.org/questions/teaching/original-sin" target="_blank">https://www.oca.org/questions/teaching/original-sin</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"An Online Orthodox Catechism » Catechism » OrthodoxEurope.org". orthodoxeurope.org. Retrieved 2023-05-11. <a href="http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/10/1.aspx" target="_blank">http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/10/1.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Hart, David Bentley (31 August 2022). "Sensus Plenior I: On gods and mortals". Leaves in the Wind. Retrieved 5 February 2023. First Reader (Aug 31, 2022): Should we favor the 'atemporal fall' view then? David Bentley Hart (Aug 31, 2022): Well, I certainly do. But the original Eden story isn't about the 'fall' at all, except in the vague sense that it was a mythic aetiology of life's miseries. Second Reader (Sep 2, 2022): Can you briefly describe what you understand or hold the 'atemporal fall' to be? Hart (Sep 2, 2022): No, not briefly. Second Reader (Sep 2, 2022): An extended response would, of course, be satisfactory also! But no, if you are aware of any particularly good reflections on it, I'd be grateful for a reference. Hart (Sep 2, 2022): Bulgakov, The Bride of the Lamb <a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Behr, John (15 January 2018). "Origen and the Eschatological Creation of the Cosmos". Eclectic Orthodoxy. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023. Our beginning in this world and its time can only be thought of as a falling away from that eternal and heavenly reality, to which we are called. <a href="/wiki/John_Behr" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Behr</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Chenoweth, Mark (Summer 2022). "The Redemption of Evolution: Maximus the Confessor, The Incarnation, and Modern Science". Jacob’s Well. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023. <a href="https://issuu.com/jacobswell/docs/jacob_s_well_spring_2022_online_1_" target="_blank">https://issuu.com/jacobswell/docs/jacob_s_well_spring_2022_online_1_</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Bulgakov, Sergei (2001). "Evil". The Bride of the Lamb. Translated by Jakim, Boris. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 170. ISBN 9780802839152. <a href="9780802839152" target="_blank">9780802839152</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Hart, David Bentley (2020). "The Devil's March: Creatio ex Nihilo, the Problem of Evil, and a Few Dostoyevskian Meditations". Theological Territories: A David Bentley Hart Digest. Notre Dame, Indiana: Notre Dame Press. ISBN 9780268107178. <a href="9780268107178" target="_blank">9780268107178</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>1 Timothy 2:11–14 <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%202:11–14&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%202:11–14&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Kroeger, Richard C. and Catherine C. Kroeger. I suffer not a woman: rethinking 1 Timothy 2:11–15 in light of ancient evidence. Baker Book House, 1992. ISBN 0-8010-5250-5 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Genesis 3:15 <a href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%203:15&version=nrsv" target="_blank">https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%203:15&version=nrsv</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Kroeger, Richard C. and Catherine C. Kroeger. I suffer not a woman: rethinking 1 Timothy 2:11–15 in light of ancient evidence. Baker Book House, 1992. ISBN 0-8010-5250-5 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Asimov, Isaac (1971). Asimov's Guide to the Bible. Avon. p. 32. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Quinn, Daniel (1992). Ishmael. Bantam. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Hillel, Daniel (2006). The Natural History of the Bible: An Environmental Exploration of the Hebrew Scriptures. Columbia University Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Columbia_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Mason, Robert T. "The Serpent as Divinity". native-science.net. Retrieved 2017-09-22. <a href="http://www.native-science.net/Divine_Serpent.htm" target="_blank">http://www.native-science.net/Divine_Serpent.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Briggs, Austin. "Quetzalcoatl". austinbriggs.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-23. Retrieved 2017-09-22. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051108/http://austinbriggs.com/aztec-history/quetzalcoatl/?doing_wp_cron=1506112287.9478530883789062500000" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051108/http://austinbriggs.com/aztec-history/quetzalcoatl/?doing_wp_cron=1506112287.9478530883789062500000</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Magris, Aldo (2005). "Gnosticism: Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages (further considerations)". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan Inc. pp. 3515–3516. ISBN 978-0028657332. OCLC 56057973. <a href="978-0028657332" target="_blank">978-0028657332</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>May, Gerhard (2008). "Part V: The Shaping of Christian Theology – Monotheism and creation". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 434–451, 452–456. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.026. ISBN 9781139054836. <a href="9781139054836" target="_blank">9781139054836</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Ehrman, Bart D. (2005) [2003]. "Christians "In The Know": The Worlds of Early Christian Gnosticism". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 113–134. doi:10.1017/s0009640700110273. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1. LCCN 2003053097. S2CID 152458823. <a href="978-0-19-518249-1" target="_blank">978-0-19-518249-1</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Brakke, David (2010). The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 18–51. ISBN 9780674066038. JSTOR j.ctvjnrvhh.6. S2CID 169308502. <a href="9780674066038" target="_blank">9780674066038</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Layton, Bentley (1999). "Prolegomena to the Study of Ancient Gnosticism". In Ferguson, Everett (ed.). Doctrinal Diversity: Varieties of Early Christianity. Recent Studies in Early Christianity: A Collection of Scholarly Essays. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. pp. 106–123. ISBN 0-8153-3071-5. <a href="0-8153-3071-5" target="_blank">0-8153-3071-5</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>May, Gerhard (2008). "Part V: The Shaping of Christian Theology – Monotheism and creation". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 434–451, 452–456. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.026. ISBN 9781139054836. <a href="9781139054836" target="_blank">9781139054836</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Ehrman, Bart D. (2005) [2003]. "Christians "In The Know": The Worlds of Early Christian Gnosticism". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 113–134. doi:10.1017/s0009640700110273. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1. LCCN 2003053097. S2CID 152458823. <a href="978-0-19-518249-1" target="_blank">978-0-19-518249-1</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Brakke, David (2010). The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 18–51. ISBN 9780674066038. JSTOR j.ctvjnrvhh.6. S2CID 169308502. <a href="9780674066038" target="_blank">9780674066038</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>May, Gerhard (2008). "Part V: The Shaping of Christian Theology – Monotheism and creation". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 434–451, 452–456. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.026. ISBN 9781139054836. <a href="9781139054836" target="_blank">9781139054836</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Ehrman, Bart D. (2005) [2003]. "Christians "In The Know": The Worlds of Early Christian Gnosticism". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 113–134. doi:10.1017/s0009640700110273. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1. LCCN 2003053097. S2CID 152458823. <a href="978-0-19-518249-1" target="_blank">978-0-19-518249-1</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Brakke, David (2010). The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 18–51. ISBN 9780674066038. JSTOR j.ctvjnrvhh.6. S2CID 169308502. <a href="9780674066038" target="_blank">9780674066038</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Hebrew Bible Accounts". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 15–40. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.5. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.6. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. 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Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Ehrman, Bart D. (2005) [2003]. "Christians "In The Know": The Worlds of Early Christian Gnosticism". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. 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"Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 108–155. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.8. Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999). "Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Ehrman, Bart D. (2005) [2003]. "Christians "In The Know": The Worlds of Early Christian Gnosticism". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. 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"Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)". Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 156–248. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9. ISBN 9780253212719. JSTOR j.ctt2050vqm.9. <a href="9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719" target="_blank">9780253212719978025321271997802532127199780253212719</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>Ehrman, Bart D. (2005) [2003]. "Christians "In The Know": The Worlds of Early Christian Gnosticism". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 113–134. doi:10.1017/s0009640700110273. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1. LCCN 2003053097. S2CID 152458823. <a href="978-0-19-518249-1" target="_blank">978-0-19-518249-1</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>May, Gerhard (2008). 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