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Peruvian Americans
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<h2 id="settlement-in-the-united-states">Settlement in the United States</h2> <p>The states with the largest number of Peruvian Americans are Florida, California, New Jersey, and New York. Texas and Virginia are also home to significant communities of people of Peruvian descent. </p><p>Little is known about the earliest Peruvian immigrants who came to the United States during the California gold rush. Later Peruvian immigrants began arriving in the early twentieth century to work in textile mills in Paterson, New Jersey, which is now home to one of the largest Peruvian communities in the United States. Paterson has a significant number of businesses run by Peruvian Americans, as well as social and political organizations, and remains a destination for Peruvian immigrants of all social classes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Immigration</h3> <p>Undocumented Peruvian Americans make up less than 1% of the total <a href="/facts/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States/BtcLkouj">undocumented immigrant population</a> in the United States according to 2015 report from the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security/jwz5gLfa">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In Fiscal Year 2019, 10,049 Peruvians immigrated to the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="lifestyle-and-culture">Lifestyle and culture</h2> <p>The most famous and first aspect of Peruvian culture that deals with the United States is the book, "The Incas's Florida" La Florida del Inca written at the end of sixteenth century by the Inca <a href="/facts/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(chronicler)/56geTWb7">Garcilaso de la Vega</a>. Garcilaso's book details the travels of the explorer <a href="/facts/Hernando_de_Soto/hrnElJWW">Hernando de Soto</a> who had participated in the Forty-Years War between the Incas and the Spanish (1531–1571) and who later came to the lands that would become part of the United States and that the Spanish called "Florida." </p><p>The most popular dishes of Peruvian food in the U.S. include <a href="/facts/Ceviche/GfXqkPlC">ceviche</a> (raw fish "cooked" in lime juice), <i>papa a la huancaína</i>, and <i>anticuchos y tamales</i>. Peruvian cuisine is often recognized for being one of the most diverse and appreciated of the world's cuisines, with influences including Native American, European, and African. Since there is a sizable Chinese and Japanese minority in Peru, an Asian influence has also been deeply incorporated in Peruvian cuisine. There are <i><a href="/facts/Chifa/7VmTN2f0">Chifas</a></i>, or Asian-style Peruvian restaurants that serve typical Chinese or Japanese food with a Peruvian culinary influence. <a href="/facts/Inca_Kola/52H94QLF">Inca Kola</a>, a soda that originated in Peru, is sold in many heavily concentrated Latin American areas. </p><p>The extended family commonly serves an economic function, too, with some new immigrants temporarily living with extended family already established in the United States, and in expensive urban centers, such arrangements sometimes are permanent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="socioeconomic-status">Socioeconomic status</h2> <p>Nearly half of Peruvians have resided in the United States for over 20 years, with 46% of foreign-born Peruvians reported to have lived in the United States for 20 years or more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>Despite being a relatively recent ethnic group, the <a href="/facts/Median_household_income/Jmc2UXTA">median household income</a> for Peruvians meets the average American household income and 44% of Peruvians born in the United States over the age of 25 have college degrees,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> exceeding the U.S. national average of 24%. </p><p>Around 90% of Peruvians lived above the poverty rate in 2017, with a poverty rate of 10% compared to the United States national average of 12.3% that same year. </p> <h2 id="activism">Activism</h2> <p>The Peruvian American Coalition in <a href="/facts/Passaic%2c_New_Jersey/gEdaYTTW">Passaic, New Jersey</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> functions as an activist organization on behalf of the overall welfare of Peruvian Americans. </p> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> <p>Peruvians have settled throughout the United States, migrating particularly to <a href="/facts/North_Jersey/fzvDGScg">Northern New Jersey</a> and the <a href="/facts/New_York_City_Metropolitan_Area/vGvjnvyK">New York City Metropolitan Area</a>, the <a href="/facts/Miami_metropolitan_area/9FfBJdrn">Miami metropolitan area</a>, the <a href="/facts/Washington_Metropolitan_Area/tn4yeESo">Washington Metropolitan Area</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area/AcoFV9Jh">Los Angeles metropolitan area</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Notably, a rapidly growing number of Peruvian Americans, about 10,000 in 2018,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> have established an increasingly prominent community in <a href="/facts/Paterson%2c_New_Jersey/FDnvPfyk">Paterson</a>, New Jersey,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> which is considered by many to be the capital of the Peruvian <a href="/facts/Diaspora/jAEHerxI">Diaspora</a> in the United States,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> partially owing to the presence of the Peruvian Consulate. Market Street, the <a href="/facts/Little_Lima/vQLhxMtC">Little Lima</a> in <a href="/facts/Downtown_Paterson/z81k7DGn">downtown Paterson</a>, is the largest Peruvian American enclave and is lined with Peruvian-owned restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, <a href="/facts/Convenience_store/LpWjFLqc">bodegas</a>, travel agencies, and other businesses. The Peruvian American community has expanded into Paterson's neighboring areas of <a href="/facts/Fair_Lawn%2c_New_Jersey/e7RfNTRK">Fair Lawn</a>, <a href="/facts/Elmwood_Park%2c_New_Jersey/EbRx7Axq">Elmwood Park</a>, <a href="/facts/Clifton%2c_New_Jersey/e8mWddNG">Clifton</a>, and <a href="/facts/Passaic%2c_New_Jersey/gEdaYTTW">Passaic</a> in Northern New Jersey as well, all within the New York City Metropolitan Area. The annual Peruvian Independence Day Parade is held in Paterson.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h3>States with highest Peruvian population</h3> <p>The 10 states with the largest Peruvian population were (Source: Census 2017):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <ol><li><a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a> – 100,965 (0.5% of state population)</li> <li><a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a> – 91,511 (0.2% of state population)</li> <li><a href="/facts/New_Jersey/pI5k19S7">New Jersey</a> – 75,869 (0.9% of state population)</li> <li><a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a> – 66,318 (0.3% of state population)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Virginia/g2kucGdn">Virginia</a> – 29,096 (0.4% of state population)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a> – 22,605 (0.1% of state population)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Maryland/tVy9fC1n">Maryland</a> – 18,229 (0.3% of state population)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Connecticut/LeDhYdJG">Connecticut</a> – 16,424 (0.5% of state population)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Georgia_(U.S._state)/KKnTDY6F">Georgia</a> – 10,570 (0.1% of state population)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Illinois/MuPb1Ctn">Illinois</a> – 10,213 (0.2% of state population)</li></ol> <p>The U.S. state with the smallest Peruvian population (as of 2010) was <a href="/facts/North_Dakota/9aNh8gAf">North Dakota</a> with 78 Peruvians (less than 0.1% of state population). </p> <h3>Metro Areas</h3> <p>The top 5 U.S. metropolitan areas with the largest Peruvian population were: </p> <ol><li><a href="/facts/New_York_metropolitan_area/vGvjnvyK">New Jersey-New York Greater Area</a> – 182,672</li> <li><a href="/facts/Miami_Metropolitan_Area/9FfBJdrn">Miami Metropolitan Area</a> – 81,729</li> <li>Washington, D.C. – 53,961</li> <li><a href="/facts/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area/AcoFV9Jh">Los Angeles metropolitan area</a> – 48,380</li> <li><a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Bay_Area/MG53NJ36">San Francisco Bay Area</a> – 26,969</li></ol> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <h3>Artists</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alex_Acu%25C3%25B1a/15gsrLBd">Alex Acuña</a> – drummer and percussionist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Miguel_Harth-Bedoya/lMd33FS8">Miguel Harth-Bedoya</a> – conductor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Roberto_Eyzaguirre/C4SjtW9R">Roberto Eyzaguirre</a> – classical pianist and famed piano pedagogue</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gabriela_Lena_Frank/vXdbosbR">Gabriela Lena Frank</a> – American pianist and composer of contemporary classical music</li> <li><a href="/facts/Josh_Keaton/xq747nnt">Josh Keaton</a> – actor, singer and musical producer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Isabela_Merced/cDvuQzYd">Isabela Merced</a> – actress, voice actress, singer, songwriter, dancer and ukulele player</li> <li><a href="/facts/Adele_Morales/HDYCQhy7">Adele Morales</a> – American painter and memoirist; of Spanish and Peruvian descent</li> <li><a href="/facts/Plavka/2eD2t15A">Plavka</a> – American singer of Croatian and Peruvian origin</li> <li><a href="/facts/Susana_Raab/Yg5zaQb7">Susana Raab</a> – Award-winning fine arts photographer based in Washington, D.C.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kat_Reeder/hkNK2Jyx">Kat Reeder</a> – artist, illustrator and graphic designer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ginger_Reyes/JIlgeh4a">Ginger Reyes</a> – rock musician</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alex_Rivera/GGt04nhm">Alex Rivera</a> – U.S. filmmaker specialising in films about labor, immigration, and politics</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carmen_Gim%25C3%25A9nez_Smith/uEglV5C3">Carmen Giménez Smith</a> – American poet, writer, and editor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tony_Succar/4qNPbFR6">Tony Succar</a> – Peruvian born American musician, composer, arranger and producer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yma_Sumac/JG1gLQ9l">Yma Sumac</a> – indigenous soprano</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mario_Testino/wgW6u9sQ">Mario Testino</a> – photographer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Boris_Vallejo/LvezuHR9">Boris Vallejo</a> – Peruvian-born American painter</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alberto_Vargas/BDn3cV9I">Alberto Vargas</a> – painter</li></ul> <h3>Entertainment</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jorge_Andres/Qa9gX6Le">Jorge Andres</a> – award winning national sportscaster and former ESPN Sportscenter anchor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexis_Amore/XCVSqRgQ">Alexis Amore</a> – pornographic actress</li> <li><a href="/facts/Daniella_Alonso/WeDbsmcK">Daniella Alonso</a> – American actress. Her father is from <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>, of Japanese origins.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Miguel_Arteta/q11j7vPT">Miguel Arteta</a> – son of a Peruvian, director of film and television, known for his <a href="/facts/Independent_film/jrUBoAMB">independent film</a> <i><a href="/facts/Chuck_%2526_Buck/mWUc0q5Y">Chuck & Buck</a></i> (2000), for which he received the <a href="/facts/Independent_Spirit_John_Cassavetes_Award/d50y2Hnk">Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award</a>, and <i><a href="/facts/Cedar_Rapids_(film)/Ac2l0GBo">Cedar Rapids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Amber_Barretto/mdcn7d8j">Amber Barretto</a> – American actress</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Bernal/hSxsaob9">David Bernal</a> – illusionary dancer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Benjamin_Bratt/t8fQUfVk">Benjamin Bratt</a> – actor, Peruvian on his mother's side</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pepe_Barreto/akGRwl0v">Pepe Barreto</a> – community and entertainment reporter for KMEX-TV, Channel 34</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jorge_Benitez/2myIAIay">Jorge Benitez</a> – (also known as George Benitez) former U.S. soccer forward</li> <li><a href="/facts/Julio_C._Canani/2MMdymfF">Julio C. Canani</a> – Peruvian trainer in American Thoroughbred horse racing who has won three Breeders' Cup races.</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Torrence_(athlete)/hk2gBRIN">David Torrence</a> – athlete, he had a U.S. record of 1,000 meters; and he also represented <a href="/facts/Peru_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics/p6SmDymz">Peru at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games</a>. He was born in Japan and had Peruvian ancestry per his mother; his father is American.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Roberto_Carcelen/fER2pLDI">Roberto Carcelen</a> – Peruvian-American cross-country skier</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carmen_Carrera/nFdaWAlz">Carmen Carrera</a> – American model of Peruvian and <a href="/facts/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States/o4m43Huq">Puerto Rican</a> descent</li> <li><a href="/facts/Diego_Ch%25C3%25A1varri/ygpk35wT">Diego Chávarri</a> – soccer player</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jorge_Masvidal/JTv5sgK5">Jorge Masvidal</a> - mixed martial artist of Peruvian-Cuban descent</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cesar_Conde/uoh6n62A">Cesar Conde</a> – Chairman of NBC Universal International Group & <a href="/facts/Telemundo/w8T3J1K3">Telemundo</a> Enterprises</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kenny_Florian/SQ9nYwqD">Kenny Florian</a> – mixed martial artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Green_(soccer)/d6DuNGh9">Richard Green</a> – soccer defender</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kathleen_Herles/c8J0C5RJ">Kathleen Herles</a> – American voice actress</li> <li><a href="/facts/Q%2527orianka_Kilcher/mc4S3zoE">Q'orianka Kilcher</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pedro_Pablo_Le%25C3%25B3n/Dxo85mwb">Pedro Pablo León</a> – soccer forward</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carlos_Navarro_(American_actor)/0wVF4dWV">Carlos Navarro</a> – American actor and radio personality</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alex_Olmedo/FlNTNztv">Alex Olmedo</a> – former tennis player from Peru with American citizenship<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Luis_Palomino/gLTSYvzM">Luis Palomino</a> – Peruvian-American mixed martial artist who competes in the lightweight division</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edgar_Prado/bAzSJSSj">Edgar Prado</a> – jockey</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rosa_Salazar/bWllmG39">Rosa Salazar</a> – American actress of Peruvian descent</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tom_Segura/6S4Q8qNg">Tom Segura</a> – Peruvian-American stand-up comedian</li> <li><a href="/facts/Daniel_Tuccio/Tw9M7uNp">Daniel Tuccio</a> – Peruvian-American television reporter/news anchor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jose_Valdivia%2c_Jr./cgUaWYFB">Jose Valdivia, Jr.</a> – jockey in American thoroughbred horse racing</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carlos_De_Valdez/r5LU2TQU">Carlos De Valdez</a> (1894–1939) – Peruvian film actor who appeared in around forty American films. He spend the last years of his life in United States (where he died).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Politics</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Juan_Bandini/6kEga9la">Juan Bandini</a> – (1800–1859) early settler of what would become <a href="/facts/San_Diego/YFUP7gB9">San Diego</a>, California</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fernando_Bela%25C3%25BAnde_Terry/U8wvM0Lc">Fernando Belaúnde Terry</a> – American educator, former President of Peru (1963–1968; 1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Garcia_(California_politician)/9GMlmBr2">Robert Garcia</a> – Mayor of <a href="/facts/Long_Beach%2c_California/rcmxRIXv">Long Beach</a>, California, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 42nd district (first Peruvian-American elected to Congress)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alvaro_Bedoya/MyG2x36K">Alvaro Bedoya</a>, government official serving on the <a href="/facts/Federal_Trade_Commission/Hkz0PwF9">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Augusto_B._Legu%25C3%25ADa/feYN8Nqj">Augusto B. Leguía</a> – businessman, former Prime Minister of Peru, former President of Peru (1908–1912; 1919–1930)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski/edKtKTj6">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> – former <a href="/facts/President_of_Peru/DcY26hUH">President of Peru</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alejandro_Toledo/LUJqlYL6">Alejandro Toledo</a> – former <a href="/facts/President_of_Peru/DcY26hUH">President of Peru</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jim_Himes/32MjfxeD">Jim Himes</a> – American businessman and politician, also Ranking member of the <a href="/facts/House_Intelligence_Committee/RzEguBdu">House Intelligence Committee</a> (HPSCI)</li></ul><p> As of 2020, four <a href="/facts/President_of_Peru/DcY26hUH">Presidents of Peru</a> are or were Peruvian-Americans.</p> <h3>Sciences</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Anthony_Atala/yyTpgbRW">Anthony Atala</a> – medical doctor and professor; Peruvian born, and American raised.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Carlos_Bustamante_(biophysicist)/EJUHo5dI">Carlos Bustamante</a> – biologist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carlos_Castaneda/sBCXUhJl">Carlos Castaneda</a> – philosopher</li> <li><a href="/facts/Carlos_I._Noriega/mfNC8VFY">Carlos I. Noriega</a> – astronaut</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wenceslaus_Sarmiento/UEGo8c9N">Wenceslaus Sarmiento</a> – also known as W.A. Sarmiento, Peruvian-born American modernist architect</li> <li><a href="/facts/Barton_Zwiebach/PaMCWCzh">Barton Zwiebach</a> – physicist working on <a href="/facts/String_Theory/HUJFIPYH">String Theory</a></li></ul> <h3>Journalism</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Daniel_Alarc%25C3%25B3n/8GLeqmh0">Daniel Alarcón</a> – Peruvian born, American raised author</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marie_Arana/ho7aMD2v">Marie Arana</a> – editor, journalist and Peruvian born author</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mandalit_del_Barco/mh4Bt5tw">Mandalit del Barco</a> – general assignment reporter for National Public Radio</li> <li><a href="/facts/Monica_Brown_(author)/AyUXHNGt">Monica Brown (author)</a> – children's book author, Peruvian on her mother's side</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lorenzo_O%2527Brien/q7QwaXyn">Lorenzo O'Brien</a> – writer-producer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alex_Kuczynski/stPrqGhI">Alex Kuczynski</a> – journalist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jaime_Bayly/X4SuD0Rg">Jaime Bayly</a> – writer, journalist and television presenter</li></ul> <h3>Other</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Arthur_Chin/cdes4G0j">Arthur Chin</a> – America's first <a href="/facts/Flying_ace/qxUsQSPf">flying ace</a> in <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/McKenna_DeBever/DphAkGB0">McKenna DeBever</a> – swimmer</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Utrilla/Yeb7GG4A">David Utrilla</a> – 31st member of the Utah Corps of Consuls</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Peru portal</li><li>United States portal</li><li>Hispanic and Latino Americans portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Peru%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations/MPIKssk2">Peru–United States relations</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>De Ferrari, Gabriella. <i>Gringa Latina: A Woman of Two Worlds</i> (Houghton Mifflin, 1996).</li> <li>Packel, John. "Peruvian Americans." <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,</i> edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 467–476. <a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300143/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=3a0cffff">online</a></li> <li>Paerregaard, Karsten. "Inside the Hispanic Melting Pot: Negotiating National and Multicultural Identities among Peruvians in the United States." <i>Latino Studies</i> 3 (2005): 76–96.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.peruanosenusa.net">"La Revista de PeruanosEnUSA.net – Artículos de interés para los peruanos residentes en el extranjero"</a>. <i>Peruanosenusa.net</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2017.</li> <li><a href="http://www.curito.com">"Welcome curito.com"</a>. <i>Curito.com</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2017.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - United States - 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2019. <a href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&g=&lastDisplayedRow=30&table=B03001&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B03001&hidePreview=true" target="_blank">https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&g=&lastDisplayedRow=30&table=B03001&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B03001&hidePreview=true</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - United States - 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2019. <a href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&g=&lastDisplayedRow=30&table=B03001&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B03001&hidePreview=true" target="_blank">https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&g=&lastDisplayedRow=30&table=B03001&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B03001&hidePreview=true</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Baía, Larissa Ruiz (1999). "Rethinking Transnationalism: Reconstructing National Identities among Peruvian Catholics in New Jersey". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 41 (4): 93–109. doi:10.2307/166193. ISSN 0022-1937. JSTOR 166193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Durand, Jorge, and Mariana Ortega Breña. 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