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Small nucleolar RNA-derived microRNA
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<h2 id="discovery">Discovery</h2> <p>Small nucleolar RNA derived microRNA was first described in 2008. The <a href="/facts/Protozoal/JczTf25H">protozoal</a> <a href="/facts/Intestinal_parasite/W2MQltFR">intestinal parasite</a> <i><a href="/facts/Giardia_lamblia/JzQgQB9j">Giardia lamblia</a></i> lacks the Drosha protein involved in pre-miRNA cleavage from pri-miRNA. However the miRNA processing protein <a href="/facts/Dicer/tdgYXQwD">dicer</a> is found in <i>Giardia</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> A 26 <a href="/facts/Nucleotide/pQKEwlJI">nucleotide</a> RNA, miR2, is processed from the <i>Giardia lamblia</i> snoRNA GlsR17 by dicer. MiR2 is a microRNA which may regulate the <a href="/facts/Expression_(genetics)/alCPohLR">expression</a> of variant surface proteins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>Also in 2008, a small RNA was found to be cleaved from SCARNA15, a Human <a href="/facts/Small_Cajal_body-specific_RNA/fFP7Ta1u">small Cajal body-specific RNA</a>, by Dicer. This small RNA was found to function as a microRNA. Potential microRNAs were also identified in several other Human snoRNAs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="giardiasnorna-derived-mirnas"><i>Giardia</i> snoRNA-derived miRNAs</h2> <p><i>Giardia lamblia</i> produces at least 20 snoRNAs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> SnoRNAs guide the modification of <a href="/facts/RRNA/zy5FxddY">rRNA</a>, and contain a region of 10–21 nucleotides which is complementary to the target RNA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Five of the <i>Giardia lamblia</i> snoRNAs have no complementarities to rRNA, implying that they may have a different function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> MicroRNAs are derived from five of the <a href="/facts/SnoRNA/lcWShLfJ">box C/D</a> snoRNAs from <i>Giardia lamblia</i>: </p> <ul><li>The microRNA miR2 is derived from the snoRNA GlsR17 and may regulate the expression of variant surface proteins<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>The microRNA miR3 is derived from the snoRNA GlsR16<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>The microRNA miR5 is derived from the snoRNA GlsR2. MiR5 may regulate the expression of several different genes, including four <a href="/facts/Kinases/dhlHpjnD">kinases</a> and three variant surface proteins. The variant surface proteins are different from those potentially regulated by miR2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>The microRNA miR6 is derived from the snoRNA GlsR1. The predicted target sites for this miRNA include variant surface proteins<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>The microRNA miR10 is derived from the snoRNA GlsR8. The predicted target sites for this miRNA include variant surface proteins<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/MicroRNA/UjqbYYpe">MicroRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Small_nucleolar_RNA/lcWShLfJ">Small nucleolar RNA</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Macrae IJ, Zhou K, Li F, Repic A, Brooks AN, Cande WZ, et al. (2006). "Structural basis for double-stranded RNA processing by Dicer". Science. 311 (5758): 195–198. Bibcode:2006Sci...311..195M. doi:10.1126/science.1121638. PMID 16410517. S2CID 23785494. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16410517" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16410517</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Saraiya AA, Wang CC (2008). "snoRNA, a novel precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia". PLOS Pathog. 4 (11): e1000224. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000224. PMC 2583053. PMID 19043559. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583053" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583053</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ender C, Krek A, Friedländer MR, Beitzinger M, Weinmann L, Chen W, et al. (2008). "A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions". Mol Cell. 32 (4): 519–528. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.017. PMID 19026782. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2008.10.017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2008.10.017</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Yang CY, Zhou H, Luo J, Qu LH (2005). "Identification of 20 snoRNA-like RNAs from the primitive eukaryote, Giardia lamblia". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 328 (4): 1224–1231. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.077. PMID 15708007. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708007" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708007</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kiss-László Z, Henry Y, Kiss T (1998). "Sequence and structural elements of methylation guide snoRNAs essential for site-specific ribose methylation of pre-rRNA". EMBO J. 17 (3): 797–807. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.3.797. PMC 1170428. PMID 9451004. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1170428" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1170428</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Yang CY, Zhou H, Luo J, Qu LH (2005). "Identification of 20 snoRNA-like RNAs from the primitive eukaryote, Giardia lamblia". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 328 (4): 1224–1231. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.077. PMID 15708007. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708007" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708007</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Saraiya AA, Wang CC (2008). "snoRNA, a novel precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia". PLOS Pathog. 4 (11): e1000224. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000224. PMC 2583053. PMID 19043559. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583053" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583053</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Saraiya AA, Wang CC (2008). "snoRNA, a novel precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia". PLOS Pathog. 4 (11): e1000224. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000224. PMC 2583053. PMID 19043559. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583053" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583053</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Li W, Saraiya AA, Wang CC (2011). "Gene regulation in Giardia lambia involves a putative microRNA derived from a small nucleolar RNA". PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 5 (10): e1338. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001338. PMC 3196473. PMID 22028939. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196473" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196473</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Li W, Saraiya AA, Wang CC (2012). "The profile of snoRNA-derived microRNAs that regulate expression of variant surface proteins in Giardia lamblia". Cell Microbiol. 14 (9): 1455–1473. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01811.x. PMC 3422372. PMID 22568619. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422372" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422372</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Li W, Saraiya AA, Wang CC (2012). "The profile of snoRNA-derived microRNAs that regulate expression of variant surface proteins in Giardia lamblia". Cell Microbiol. 14 (9): 1455–1473. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01811.x. PMC 3422372. PMID 22568619. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422372" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422372</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>