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Tishtar Yasht
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<h2 id="within-the-yasht-collection">Within the Yasht collection</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Yasht/KG5db2Wp">Yasht</a></p> <p>Within the collection of 21 Yashts, the Tishtar Yasht is the eight hymn. According to the Zoroastrian tradition, its text is divided into 16 sections called <i>Kardas</i>. To better reference specific verses, modern scholarship divides the Yashts into stanzas, and within this scheme, the Tishtar consists of 61 stanzas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Together with Yasht <a href="/facts/Mihr_Yasht/MRJhDIpV">10</a>, 11, <a href="/facts/Rashn_Yasht/IbJDHsyv">12</a>, <a href="/facts/Frawardin_Yasht/3LfgCPM1">13</a> and <a href="/facts/Bahram_Yasht/j1jzhRUu">14</a>, it is classified as a <i>Hymnic Yasht</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> This means that its content focusses on the properties and actions of the divinity, which are perceived as ongoing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Like the other Yashts, the Tishtar Yasht has a special day dedicated in the <a href="/facts/Zoroastrian_calendar/qFA3YA6N">Zoroastrian calendar</a>, namely the thirteenth day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="name">Name</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Tishtrya/qaaETtAH">Tishtrya</a></p> <p>Tishtar is the <a href="/facts/Middle_Persian/gDkd45qF">Middle Persian</a> name of <a href="/facts/Sirius/sHCkClse">Sirius</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Its <a href="/facts/Avestan/0b7tvGQs">Avestan</a> name is <a href="/facts/Tishtrya/qaaETtAH">Tishtrya</a>, the <a href="/facts/Yazata/WxkcByAq">Zoroastrian divinity</a> personifying Sirius. The word is assumed to be cognate with <a href="/facts/Vedic/yQgc8B2x">Vedic</a> Tishya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It would, therefore, go back to the common <a href="/facts/Indo-Iranians/gf5hW6No">Indo-Iranian</a> period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Its original meaning is not certain, but it may have meant <i>belonging to the Three-Star</i>, i.e., <a href="/facts/Orion%2527s_Belt/LDYvIgaJ">Orion's Belt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Tishtrya is sometimes equated with Tir,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> the Middle Persian name of the planet <a href="/facts/Mercury_(planet)/lVa1GIyX">Mercury</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> As a result, the <i>Tistar Yasht</i> is sometimes called <i>Tir Yasht</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Likewise, the <a href="/facts/Tir_(month)/WMmGNdgF">forth month</a> in the <a href="/facts/Zoroastrian_calendar/qFA3YA6N">Zoroastrian calendar</a> is named both <i>Tir</i> and <i>Tishtar</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The identification of Tishtar with Tir happend probably early on, however, it may not be original.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="structure-and-content">Structure and content</h2> <p>Like all Yashts, the Tishtar Yasht begins with an introductory verse (Stanza 0) in <a href="/facts/Pazend/36nxe5rq">Pazend</a>, which announces the <a href="/facts/Yazata/WxkcByAq">Yazata</a> to be worshiped and, when performed, the <a href="/facts/G%25C4%2581h/bUrdCLNa">time of the day</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> It also closes with the common formula found in other Yashts, containing the <a href="/facts/Yenghe_hatam/1b6cjzc7">Yenghe hatam</a> and <a href="/facts/Ashem_Vohu/CDnBbyfG">Ashem Vohu</a> <a href="/facts/Manthra_(Zoroastrianism)/6XsWCszK">manthras</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Excluding the introductory and closing formulas, the text of the Yasht itself can be divided into three parts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The first part is formed by Kardas 1-5 (stanzas 1-9). It serves to introduce the myth related in the hymn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Here, Tishtrya is connected to the arrow shot by the legendary Iranian archer <a href="/facts/Arash/f8H8wqUG">Erekhsha</a> from mount Airyokhshaotha to Mount Khvanvant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>The second part is formed by Karda 6 (stanzas 10-34). It describes the myth of how Tishtrya fights with <a href="/facts/Apaosha/N1XyVPVs">Apaosha</a>, the <a href="/facts/Daeva/2upTv8Ef">demon</a> of drought.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The fight initially goes in favor of Apaosha until Tishtrya is finally provided with proper worship, thus, receiving the strength to overcome his adversary. This victory causes the rain to fall again, a feat which shows similarities with the <a href="/facts/Rigveda/7dyqIlsJ">Vedic</a> story of <a href="/facts/Indra/LLN2uI9D">Indra</a>'s fight against <a href="/facts/Vritra/tDKVq6cB">Vritra</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The connection of Tishtrya with Sirius, the end of July and the onset of rainfall has been linked to the <a href="/facts/Dog_days/MEAsqXgK">Dog days</a> in an attempt to infer the original location, where the myth was composed. There is, however, no consensus on the topic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>The third part is formed by Kardas 7-16 (stanzas 35-61) and can be further subdivided into two parts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Kardas 7-15 are devoted to the praise of Tishtrya,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> whereas Karda 16 describes how the sacrifice to Tishtrya is to be performed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The hymn closes with <a href="/facts/Ahura_Mazda/Ss71bwbb">Ahura Mazda</a> reminding the Iranians of the calamities that might befall them if the worship was to be performed improperly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="editions-and-translations">Editions and translations</h2> <p>The written history of the Tishtar Yasht probably began during the <a href="/facts/Sasanian_empire/JvbRevkA">Sasanian period</a>, when a <a href="/facts/Sasanian_Avesta/MBtyCRLu">comprehesive edition of the Avestan corpus</a> was compiled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Within this edition, it was part of the <a href="/facts/Bagan_yasht/kuzQHmHk">Bagan yasht</a> where it may have formed its fifth chapter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> This work is now lost and the oldest manuscript containing the text of the Tishtar Yasht is the F1 manuscript (ms. 6550) written in 1591 by Asdin Kaka Dhanpal Laxmidar of the Homajiar Ramyar family in <a href="/facts/Navsari/g2agQG6a">Navsari</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The orthographic variants present in F1 make it very likely that the text for the Tishtar Yasht was drawn from a now lost manuscript authored by Rostam Mihraban in the 13th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>The first modern edition of the Tishtar Yasht was published in 1852 as part of <a href="/facts/Niels_Ludvig_Westergaard/JAnFSX6k">Westergaard</a>'s edition of the whole <a href="/facts/Avesta/FrU15H4a">Avesta</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> It was superseded by <a href="/facts/Karl_Friedrich_Geldner/dgDlJVsJ">Geldner</a>'s edition of the Avesta in 1889.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> In 1883, <a href="/facts/James_Darmesteter/m4BSsaXl">Darmesteter</a> published a translation of the Yasht into English<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> and in 1892 a translation into French.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> In 1927, <a href="/facts/Herman_Lommel/eMe4w3Jj">Lommel</a> published a translation into German.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> More recently, Malandra published a new translation into English in 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Finally in 1990, Panaino published an edition of the Tishtar Yasht, including a <a href="/facts/Critical_apparatus/busroV7E">critical apparatus</a> of the different manuscripts and a translation of the text into English.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/James_Darmesteter/m4BSsaXl">Darmesteter, James</a> (1883). <a href="/facts/Max_M%25C3%25BCller/huQekMHa">Müller, Max</a> (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/mlbd.zendavestasacred0000vol-23.unse_e5w9/page/90/mode/2up"><i>Zend-Avesta II: The Sirozahs, Yasts and Nyayis</i></a>. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 23. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Darmesteter/m4BSsaXl">Darmesteter, James</a> (1892). <a href="https://archive.org/details/lezendavestatrad02darm/page/410/mode/2up"><i>Le Zend-Avesta, Vol. 2: Traduction Nouvelle Avec Commentaire Historique Et Philologique; La Loi (Vendidad); L'Épopée (Yashts); Le Livre de Prière (Khorda Avesta)</i></a>. Paris: E. Leroux.</li> <li>Forssman, Bernhard (1968). <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848215">"Apaoša, der Gegner des Tištriia"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung</i>. 82 (1): 37–61.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_Friedrich_Geldner/dgDlJVsJ">Geldner, Karl F.</a> (1889). <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217560/mode/2up"><i>Avesta. The Sacred Books of the Parsis II: Vispered and Khorda Avesta</i></a>. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Almut_Hintze/oLb6oDoR">Hintze, Almut</a> (2014). <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/yashts">"YAŠTS"</a>. <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></a>. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.</li> <li>König, Götz (2017). "Bayān Yasn: State of the Art". <i>Iran and the Caucasus 2</i>. 21: 13–38. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384x-90000003">10.1163/1573384x-90000003</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Herman_Lommel/eMe4w3Jj">Lommel, Herman</a> (1927). <i>Die Yäšt's des Awesta</i>. Quellen der Religionsgeschichte: Iran. Vol. 15. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Neil_MacKenzie/9eufsbx1">MacKenzie, David N.</a> (1971). <a href="https://archive.org/details/a-concise-pahlavi-dictionary/page/86/mode/2up"><i>A concise Pahlavi dictionary</i></a>. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Malandra, William W. (1983). <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttsv8v"><i>An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings from the Avesta and the Achaemenid Inscriptions</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0816611157.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henrik_Samuel_Nyberg/QNcGgV94">Nyberg, Henrik S.</a> (1974). <a href="https://archive.org/details/a-manual-of-pahlavi-1-henrik-samuel-nyberg/A%20MANUAL%20OF%20PAHLAVI%202%20-%20HENRIK%20SAMUEL%20NYBERG/page/11/mode/2up"><i>A Manual of Pahlavi II - Ideograms, Glossary, Abbreviations, Index, Grammatical Survey, Corrigenda to Part I</i></a>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3447-01580-2.</li> <li>Panaino, Antonio (1990). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/35233576/Tishtrya_Part_I_The_Avestan_Hymn_to_Sirius"><i>Tištrya. Part I: The Avestan hymn to Sirius</i></a>. Serie orientale Roma. Vol. LXVIII-1. Roma: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.</li> <li>Panaino, Antonio (1995). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/8581156/Ti%C5%A1trya_Part_II_The_Iranian_Myth_of_the_Star_Sirius_SOR_LXVIII_2_Roma_1995_XVI_150_pp"><i>Tištrya. Part II: The Iranian Myth of the Star Sirius</i></a>. Serie orientale Roma. Vol. LXVIII-2. Roma: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.</li> <li>Panaino, Antonio (2005). <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/">"TIŠTRYA"</a>. <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></a>. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.</li> <li>Porro, Jaime Martínez (2024). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/118796451/Tracing_Back_the_Sources_of_the_Ya%C5%A1t_in_Manuscript_F1?email_work_card=title">"Tracing Back the Sources of the Yašt in Manuscript F1"</a>. <i>¿Habló Zaraϑuštra? - Homenaje a Jean Kellens en su 80º aniversario</i>. Girona: Sociedad de Estudios Iranios y Turanios. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2386-7833">2386-7833</a>.</li> <li>Tafażżolī, A.; Hanaway, W. L. (1986). <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aras-avestan-erexsa/">"ĀRAŠ"</a>. <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Iranica/vpxGm0xG"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></a>. Vol. II. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 266–267.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Niels_Ludvig_Westergaard/JAnFSX6k">Westergaard, Niels L.</a> (1852). <i>Zendavesta: or The religious books of the Zoroastrians</i>. Berling brothers.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.avesta.org/ka/yt8.htm">Avestan text of the Tishtar Yasht</a> at Avesta.org based on the edition by <a href="/facts/Karl_Friedrich_Geldner/dgDlJVsJ">Geldner</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.avesta.org/ka/yt8sbe.htm">English translation of the Tishtar Yasht</a> at Avesta.org based on the translation by <a href="/facts/James_Darmesteter/m4BSsaXl">Darmesteter</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Lommel 1927, p. 46. - Lommel, Herman (1927). Die Yäšt's des Awesta. Quellen der Religionsgeschichte: Iran. Vol. 15. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Darmesteter 1883, p. 92. - Darmesteter, James (1883). Müller, Max (ed.). Zend-Avesta II: The Sirozahs, Yasts and Nyayis. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 23. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="https://archive.org/details/mlbd.zendavestasacred0000vol-23.unse_e5w9/page/90/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/mlbd.zendavestasacred0000vol-23.unse_e5w9/page/90/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Panaino 2005, "TIŠTRYA (Pahl. Tištar, NPers. Teštar), an important Old Iranian astral divine being (yazata-), to whom the eighth hymn (Tištar Yašt) of the Later Avestan corpus was dedicated". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Panaino 2005, p. 17: "The eigth Yasht is divided into sixteen karde-s (chapters) comprising a total of 61 paragraphs or stanzas". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Hintze 2014, "The second, ‛hymnic’ group comprises the six hymns Yt. 8 [..], 10 [..], 11 [..], 12 [..], 13 [..] and 14". - Hintze, Almut (2014). "YAŠTS". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/yashts" target="_blank">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/yashts</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Hintze 2014, "[T]he 'hymnic' Yašts predominantly describe features and functions of the deity praised in each hymn". - Hintze, Almut (2014). "YAŠTS". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/yashts" target="_blank">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/yashts</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lommel 1927, p. 5. - Lommel, Herman (1927). Die Yäšt's des Awesta. Quellen der Religionsgeschichte: Iran. Vol. 15. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>MacKenzie 1971, p. 83: "Tištar [...] astr. Sirius". - MacKenzie, David N. (1971). A concise Pahlavi dictionary. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://archive.org/details/a-concise-pahlavi-dictionary/page/86/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/a-concise-pahlavi-dictionary/page/86/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Panaino 2005, "It is also very probable that Vedic Tiṣya (RV V.54.13; X.64.8) corresponds to Av. Tištrya". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Forssman 1968, p. 53: "Somit ist mit gewisser Wahrscheinlichkeit ein indo-iranischer Gestirnname *tištriia ermittelt". - Forssman, Bernhard (1968). "Apaoša, der Gegner des Tištriia". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 82 (1): 37–61. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848215" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848215</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Forssman 1968, p. 53: "Am nächsten liegt [...] zum Dreigestirn Gehörige". - Forssman, Bernhard (1968). "Apaoša, der Gegner des Tištriia". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 82 (1): 37–61. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848215" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848215</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Darmesteter 1883, p. 92. - Darmesteter, James (1883). Müller, Max (ed.). Zend-Avesta II: The Sirozahs, Yasts and Nyayis. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 23. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="https://archive.org/details/mlbd.zendavestasacred0000vol-23.unse_e5w9/page/90/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/mlbd.zendavestasacred0000vol-23.unse_e5w9/page/90/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Nyberg 1974, p. 192: "Tir [tyl] the name of the planet Mercury". - Nyberg, Henrik S. (1974). A Manual of Pahlavi II - Ideograms, Glossary, Abbreviations, Index, Grammatical Survey, Corrigenda to Part I. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447-01580-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/a-manual-of-pahlavi-1-henrik-samuel-nyberg/A%20MANUAL%20OF%20PAHLAVI%202%20-%20HENRIK%20SAMUEL%20NYBERG/page/11/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/a-manual-of-pahlavi-1-henrik-samuel-nyberg/A%20MANUAL%20OF%20PAHLAVI%202%20-%20HENRIK%20SAMUEL%20NYBERG/page/11/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Forssman 1968, p. 37: "Daneben Tir-Yast, infolge der mittelpers. Identifikation Tistar = Tir". - Forssman, Bernhard (1968). "Apaoša, der Gegner des Tištriia". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 82 (1): 37–61. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848215" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848215</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Forssman 1968, p. 53: "[D]afür spricht zum Beispiel die Tatsache, daß derselbe Monat den Namen des einen wie des anderen tragen konnte". - Forssman, Bernhard (1968). "Apaoša, der Gegner des Tištriia". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 82 (1): 37–61. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848215" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/40848215</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Panaino 1995, Chapter V: Tištrya and Tir. - Panaino, Antonio (1995). Tištrya. Part II: The Iranian Myth of the Star Sirius. Serie orientale Roma. Vol. LXVIII-2. Roma: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/8581156/Ti%C5%A1trya_Part_II_The_Iranian_Myth_of_the_Star_Sirius_SOR_LXVIII_2_Roma_1995_XVI_150_pp" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/8581156/Ti%C5%A1trya_Part_II_The_Iranian_Myth_of_the_Star_Sirius_SOR_LXVIII_2_Roma_1995_XVI_150_pp</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Hintze 2014, "All Yašts share the similar introductory (stanza 0) [..] in Pāzand[.] The appropriate formula from the Gāhs depends on the time of the day at which the hymn is recited". - Hintze, Almut (2014). "YAŠTS". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/yashts" target="_blank">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/yashts</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Lommel 1927, pp. 8-12. - Lommel, Herman (1927). Die Yäšt's des Awesta. Quellen der Religionsgeschichte: Iran. Vol. 15. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Panaino 2005, p. 20: "This brief outline shows the three main parts the structure falls into". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Panaino 2005, p. 20: "[T]he first part (karde-s 1-5, sts 1-9) serves as an introduction to the myth". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Tafażżolī & Hanaway 1986, "The Avesta (Yašt 8.6) refers to what was apparently a familiar episode in the epic tradition: Ǝrəxša “of the swift arrow, having the swiftest arrow among the Aryans” shot an arrow from Mount Airyō.xšaoθa to Mount Xᵛanvant". - Tafażżolī, A.; Hanaway, W. L. (1986). "ĀRAŠ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 266–267. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aras-avestan-erexsa/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aras-avestan-erexsa/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Panaino 2005, p. 20: "[T]he second part (karde 6, sts 10-34) relates to the myth itself". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Panaino 2005, "Tištrya is the Iranian protagonist of the myth of the liberation of the waters, which, at least to a certain extent, could be structurally and functionally compared with that of Vedic Indra". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Lommel 1927, p. 47. - Lommel, Herman (1927). Die Yäšt's des Awesta. Quellen der Religionsgeschichte: Iran. Vol. 15. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Panaino 2005, p. 20: "[T]he third part (karde-s 7-16, sts 35-61) [...] and falls into two subdivisions". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Panaino 2005, p. 20: "karde-s 7-15: strictly evocative and eulogistic". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Panaino 2005, p. 20: "karde 16: liturgical, containing the regulation for sacrifice degreed by Ahura Mazda". - Panaino, Antonio (2005). "TIŠTRYA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. <a href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/" target="_blank">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tistrya-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Panaino 1990, p. 20. - Panaino, Antonio (1990). Tištrya. Part I: The Avestan hymn to Sirius. Serie orientale Roma. Vol. LXVIII-1. Roma: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/35233576/Tishtrya_Part_I_The_Avestan_Hymn_to_Sirius" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/35233576/Tishtrya_Part_I_The_Avestan_Hymn_to_Sirius</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Porro 2024, p. 8. - Porro, Jaime Martínez (2024). "Tracing Back the Sources of the Yašt in Manuscript F1". ¿Habló Zaraϑuštra? - Homenaje a Jean Kellens en su 80º aniversario. Girona: Sociedad de Estudios Iranios y Turanios. ISSN 2386-7833. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/118796451/Tracing_Back_the_Sources_of_the_Ya%C5%A1t_in_Manuscript_F1?email_work_card=title" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/118796451/Tracing_Back_the_Sources_of_the_Ya%C5%A1t_in_Manuscript_F1?email_work_card=title</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>König 2017, p. 21. - König, Götz (2017). "Bayān Yasn: State of the Art". Iran and the Caucasus 2. 21: 13–38. doi:10.1163/1573384x-90000003. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384x-90000003" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384x-90000003</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Porro 191, p. 205: "The manuscript F1, ms. 6550 [...] was completed [...] by Āsdīn Kākā Dhanpāl Laxmīdar Homajiār Rāmyār in Navsari, [on] January 1591 AD". sfn error: no target: CITEREFPorro191 (help) <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Porro 2024, p. 205: "Analyzing the whole data, it appears that, at least the Yašts 8, [etc.] collect a huge number of orthographic variants, that can be traced back to Rōstām Mihrābān, i.e. an Iranian source of the 13 th century". - Porro, Jaime Martínez (2024). "Tracing Back the Sources of the Yašt in Manuscript F1". ¿Habló Zaraϑuštra? - Homenaje a Jean Kellens en su 80º aniversario. Girona: Sociedad de Estudios Iranios y Turanios. ISSN 2386-7833. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/118796451/Tracing_Back_the_Sources_of_the_Ya%C5%A1t_in_Manuscript_F1?email_work_card=title" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/118796451/Tracing_Back_the_Sources_of_the_Ya%C5%A1t_in_Manuscript_F1?email_work_card=title</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Westergaard 1852. - Westergaard, Niels L. (1852). Zendavesta: or The religious books of the Zoroastrians. Berling brothers. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Geldner 1889, pp. 105-118. - Geldner, Karl F. (1889). Avesta. The Sacred Books of the Parsis II: Vispered and Khorda Avesta. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217560/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217560/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Darmesteter 1883, pp. 92-109. - Darmesteter, James (1883). Müller, Max (ed.). Zend-Avesta II: The Sirozahs, Yasts and Nyayis. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 23. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="https://archive.org/details/mlbd.zendavestasacred0000vol-23.unse_e5w9/page/90/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/mlbd.zendavestasacred0000vol-23.unse_e5w9/page/90/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Darmesteter 1892, pp. 411-430. - Darmesteter, James (1892). Le Zend-Avesta, Vol. 2: Traduction Nouvelle Avec Commentaire Historique Et Philologique; La Loi (Vendidad); L'Épopée (Yashts); Le Livre de Prière (Khorda Avesta). Paris: E. Leroux. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lezendavestatrad02darm/page/410/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lezendavestatrad02darm/page/410/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Lommel 1927, pp. 46-57. - Lommel, Herman (1927). Die Yäšt's des Awesta. Quellen der Religionsgeschichte: Iran. Vol. 15. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Malandra 1983, pp. 140-149. - Malandra, William W. (1983). An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings from the Avesta and the Achaemenid Inscriptions. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816611157. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttsv8v" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttsv8v</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Panaino 1990. - Panaino, Antonio (1990). Tištrya. Part I: The Avestan hymn to Sirius. Serie orientale Roma. Vol. LXVIII-1. Roma: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/35233576/Tishtrya_Part_I_The_Avestan_Hymn_to_Sirius" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/35233576/Tishtrya_Part_I_The_Avestan_Hymn_to_Sirius</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>