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Command and control structure of the European Union
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>The EU command and control (C2) structure is directed by political bodies composed of <a href="/facts/Member_state_of_the_European_Union/hsFC1pJH">member states</a>' representatives, and generally requires unanimous decisions. As of April 2019:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> Liaison: Advice and recommendations Support and monitoring Preparatory work <ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><i>Political strategic level:</i>[5]</td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/European_Union_Institute_for_Security_Studies/a4qFFY1u">ISS</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/President_of_the_European_Council/y08CyCaw">EUCO Pres.</a> (<a href="/facts/European_Council/QLJLlbkt">EUCO</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Command_hierarchy/s91MBp3L">Chain of command</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Coordination/support</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/European_Union_Satellite_Centre/wLDqMkFB">SatCen</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Committee_for_Civilian_Aspects_of_Crisis_Management/Jokd8X4h">CIVCOM</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy/Lqb5Joc1">HR/VP</a> (<a href="/facts/Foreign_Affairs_Council/qesRzpNW">FAC</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/European_Union_Intelligence_and_Situation_Centre/LEsJI94q">INTCEN</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy/Lqb5Joc1">HR/VP</a> (<a href="/facts/Politico-Military_Group/dPJyNlVQ">PMG</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy/Lqb5Joc1">HR/VP</a> (<a href="/facts/Political_and_Security_Committee/9t5GdJFr">PSC</a>)[6]</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> <a href="/facts/Chairman_of_the_European_Union_Military_Committee/N9RlI8LA">CEUMC</a> (<a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Committee/hUYGba3p">EUMC</a>)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Crisis_Management_and_Planning_Directorate_(European_Union)/IpXIGp3C">CMPD</a></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Director_General_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff/0vayaIw7">DGEUMS</a>[3] (<a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Staff/6sDS7cLz">EUMS</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><i>Military/civilian strategic level:</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Director_General_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff/0vayaIw7">Dir MPCC</a>[3] (<a href="/facts/Military_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/wagIKoPV">MPCC</a>)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Joint_Support_Coordination_Cell/WudwM5Mz">JSCC</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Director_of_the_Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/CTW158DP">Civ OpCdr</a> <a href="/facts/Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/DfUaW2TE">CPCC</a>[1]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><i>Operational level:</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">MFCdr[4] (MFHQ)</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">HoM[1]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2"><i>Tactical level:</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">CC[2] Land</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">CC[2] Air</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">CC[2] Mar</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Other CCs[2]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Forces</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Forces</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Forces</td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2">Forces</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table> 1 In the event of a CSDP Civilian Mission also being in the field, the relations with the <a href="/facts/Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/DfUaW2TE">Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability</a> (CPCC) and its Civilian Operation Commander (Civ OpCdr), as well as the subordinate Head of Mission (HoM), are coordinated as shown. 2 Other Component Commanders (CCs) and <a href="/facts/Service_branch/Gzk8yWHD">service branches</a> which may be established. 3 The MPCC is part of the EUMS and Dir MPCC is double-hatted as DGEUMS. Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), either a national OHQ offered by member states or the <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a> Command Structure (NCS) would serve this purpose. In the latter instance, <a href="/facts/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe/yYL936KL">Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a> (DSACEUR), rather than Dir MPCC, would serve as Operation Commander (OpCdr). 4 Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), the MFCdr would be known as a Force Commander (FCdr), and direct a Force Headquarters (FHQ) rather than a MFHQ. Whereas the MFHQ would act both on the operational and tactical level, the FHQ would act purely on the operational level. 5 The political strategic level is not part of the C2 structure per se, but represents the political bodies, with associated support facilities, that determine the missions' general direction. The <a href="/facts/Council_of_the_European_Union/xlE6rYKb">Council</a> determines the role of the <a href="/facts/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy/Lqb5Joc1">High Representative</a> (HR/VP), who serves as <a href="/facts/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission/oNCyLanN">Vice-President</a> of the <a href="/facts/European_Commission/Cc5JgbEI">European Commission</a>, attends <a href="/facts/European_Council/QLJLlbkt">European Council</a> meetings, chairs the <a href="/facts/Foreign_Affairs_Council/qesRzpNW">Foreign Affairs Council</a> (FAC) and may chair the <a href="/facts/Political_and_Security_Committee/9t5GdJFr">Political and Security Committee</a> (PSC) in times of crisis. The HR/VP proposes and implements CSDP decisions. 6 Same composition as <a href="/facts/Committee_of_Permanent_Representatives/bVSIn4S6">Committee of Permanent Representatives</a> (COREPER) II, which also prepares for the CSDP-related work of the FAC. <h2 id="civilian-missions">Civilian missions</h2> <h3>Strategic level</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Civilian_Operations_Headquarters/7uanclrf">Civilian Operations Headquarters</a></p> <p>All civilian missions are directed on the strategic level by the <a href="/facts/Civilian_Operations_Headquarters/7uanclrf">Civilian Operations Headquarters</a> (CivOpsHQ), formerly called the <a href="/facts/Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/DfUaW2TE">Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability</a> (CPCC), a directorate of the <a href="/facts/European_External_Action_Service/JNI3UXAP">External Action Service</a> (EEAS) in <a href="/facts/Brussels/tNzHrQYP">Brussels</a>, Belgium. The Director of the CivOpsHQ acts as Civilian Operation Commander (Civ OpCdr). </p> <h3>Operational level</h3> <p>The CivOpsHQ directs the subordinate Head of Mission (HoM), who administers the mission on the operational level. </p> <h2 id="military-missions-and-operations">Military missions and operations</h2> <h3>Strategic level</h3> <h4>Command options for EU-led missions</h4> <p>For each military mission (certain missions are also referred to as <i>operation</i>), the <a href="/facts/Council_of_the_European_Union/xlE6rYKb">Council</a> nominates a dedicated OHQ. This section outlines the main options for OHQ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h5>Autonomous operations and missions</h5> <ul><li><a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Staff/6sDS7cLz"></a> <a href="/facts/Military_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/wagIKoPV">Military Planning and Conduct Capability</a> (MPCC) of the EEAS' <a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Staff/6sDS7cLz">Military Staff</a> (EUMS) in Brussels, Belgium</li></ul> <p>Established in 2017, the MPCC is the EU's first permanent OHQ and supersedes the previous EU OPCEN. At present it may run only non-executive operations, but will by the end of 2020 the MPCC will also be capable of running executive operations of up to 2500 troops (i.e. the size of one <a href="/facts/EU_Battlegroup/VGoIw5JB">battle group</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>National OHQ offered by member states:</li></ul> Centre for Planning and Conduct of Operations (CPCO) in <a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a>, France <a href="/facts/Einsatzf%25C3%25BChrungskommando/kKVemoxa">Armed Forces Operational Command</a> in <a href="/facts/Potsdam/d9nRjMzn">Potsdam</a>, Germany <a href="/facts/First_Army_(Greece)/BsAzETvm">First Army</a> (Hellenic European Union Operational Headquarters, EL EU OHQ) in <a href="/facts/Larissa/qtYRluUn">Larissa</a>, Greece Italian Joint Force Headquarters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> (ITA-JFHQ) in Centocelle, <a href="/facts/Rome/bh1Ttx3T">Rome</a>, Italy Strategic-level Headquarters of the European Union in Spain (ES OHQ) at <a href="/facts/Naval_Station_Rota%2c_Spain/HUW3sfLR">Naval Station Rota, Spain</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> (<i>see</i> es:Mando de Operaciones, the Spanish national nucleus of the HQ). <p>The practice of activating ad hoc national OHQs has been criticised as being inefficient due to high start-up costs and fact that their temporary nature to a certain extent prevents the staff forming a strong working relationships and ‘collective memory’.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h5>Operations with recourse to NATO assets and capabilities</h5> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Berlin_Plus_agreement/IFEpVp1E">Berlin Plus agreement</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe/NbaGtA8f"></a> <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO Command Structure</a> (NCS): An OHQ would be set up within the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe/NbaGtA8f">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</a> (SHAPE) in Mons, Belgium. SHAPE is the main headquarters of <a href="/facts/Allied_Command_Operations/dsCC93HM">Allied Command Operations</a> (ACO).</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/facts/Berlin_Plus_agreement/IFEpVp1E">Berlin Plus agreement</a> requires that the use of NATO assets by the EU is subject to a "right of first refusal", i.e. NATO must first decline to intervene in a given crisis,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and contingent on unanimous approval among NATO states, including those outside of the EU. For example, Turkish reservations about <a href="/facts/Operation_Concordia/brItok7F">Operation Concordia</a> using NATO assets delayed its deployment by more than five months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h4>Operation Commander</h4> <p>Each OHQ is led by an Operation Commander (OpCdr). </p><p>When the MPCC acts as OHQ, the OpCdr is the MPCC Director, who is also <a href="/facts/Director_General_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff/0vayaIw7">Director General</a> of the <a href="/facts/European_Union_Military_Staff/6sDS7cLz">European Union Military Staff</a> (EUMS). </p><p>When the NCS provides the OHQ, the OpCdr is the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe/yYL936KL">Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a> (DSACEUR). </p> <h3>Operational level</h3> <p>The OHQ directs the subordinate Force Headquarters (FHQ), which carries out the operation on the tactical level (i.e. on the ground). The FHQ is led by a Force Commander (FCdr). </p><p>In case the MPCC acts as OHQ, the FHQ is termed Mission Force Headquarters (MFHQ) instead. The MFHQ is led by a Mission Force Commander (MFCdr). </p> <h3>Tactical level</h3> <p>The FCdr/MFCdr directs Component Commanders (CCs) for all <a href="/facts/Service_branch/Gzk8yWHD">service branches</a> that may be required as part of the operation. The military forces within each component is subordinate to the CC. </p> <h2 id="civilian-military-coordination">Civilian-military coordination</h2> <p>In the event that both a military and civilian mission are in the field, the military OHQ and its Operation Commander (OpCdr) coordinate relations on the strategic level horizontally with the <a href="/facts/Civilian_Operations_Headquarters/7uanclrf">Civilian Operations Headquarters</a> (CivOpsHQ) and its <a href="/facts/Director_of_the_Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/CTW158DP">Civilian Operations Commander</a> (CivOpsCdr). Equally, on the tactical level the military Force Headquarters (FHQ) and its Force Commander (FCdr) coordinate relations horizontally with the civilian Head of Mission (HoM). </p><p>If the <a href="/facts/Military_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability/wagIKoPV">Military Planning and Conduct Capability</a> acts as OHQ, it will coordinate its relations with the CivOpsHQ through the <a href="/facts/Joint_Support_Coordination_Cell/WudwM5Mz">Joint Support Coordination Cell</a> (JSCC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Command_and_control/t1huKNbX">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Structure_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy/yl7ke8kJ">Structure of the Common Security and Defence Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_military_and_civilian_missions_of_the_European_Union/P5snHIST">List of military and civilian missions of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Berlin_Plus_agreement/IFEpVp1E">Berlin Plus agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Structure_of_NATO/pQ5F5Iru">Structure of NATO</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-8798-2019-INIT/en/pdf"><i>European Union Concept for Command and Control</i></a>, <a href="/facts/European_External_Action_Service/JNI3UXAP">European External Action Service</a></li> <li><a href="https://pesco.europa.eu/project/strategic-c2-system-for-csdp-missions-and-operations/">STRATEGIC COMMAND AND CONTROL (C2) SYSTEM FOR CSDP MISSIONS AND OPERATIONS</a>, <a href="/facts/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation/edAkGuJl">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"The Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC)" (PDF). #EUDefence. November 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203956/https://cdn4-eeas.fpfis.tech.ec.europa.eu/cdn/farfuture/aGKF41zrLDLuNeg8csm24scxmjEwj4JBvrRbaLeaY4M/mtime:1542656575/sites/eeas/files/mpcc_factsheet_november_2018.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203956/https://cdn4-eeas.fpfis.tech.ec.europa.eu/cdn/farfuture/aGKF41zrLDLuNeg8csm24scxmjEwj4JBvrRbaLeaY4M/mtime:1542656575/sites/eeas/files/mpcc_factsheet_november_2018.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>EU Command and Control, p. 13, Military Staff <a href="https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-8798-2019-INIT/en/pdf" target="_blank">https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-8798-2019-INIT/en/pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Rehrl, Jochen (2017). Handbook on CSDP (PDF). Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Directorate for Security Policy of the Federal Ministry of Defence and Sports of the Republic of Austria. doi:10.2855/764888 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-92-95201-04-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) <a href="978-92-95201-04-0" target="_blank">978-92-95201-04-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"The Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC)" (PDF). #EUDefence. November 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203956/https://cdn4-eeas.fpfis.tech.ec.europa.eu/cdn/farfuture/aGKF41zrLDLuNeg8csm24scxmjEwj4JBvrRbaLeaY4M/mtime:1542656575/sites/eeas/files/mpcc_factsheet_november_2018.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203956/https://cdn4-eeas.fpfis.tech.ec.europa.eu/cdn/farfuture/aGKF41zrLDLuNeg8csm24scxmjEwj4JBvrRbaLeaY4M/mtime:1542656575/sites/eeas/files/mpcc_factsheet_november_2018.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Joint Forces Brochure" (PDF). www.difesa.it. Retrieved 2019-09-22. <a href="https://www.difesa.it/SMD_/COI/ITAJFHQ/Documents/brochureENG.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.difesa.it/SMD_/COI/ITAJFHQ/Documents/brochureENG.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"CEUMC OpeningRemarks at the MILEX 2018 DV Day" (PDF). www.eeas.europa.eu. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 2019-09-22. <a href="https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/20180423_ceumc_opening_remarks_at_dvd_milex_18.pdf" target="_blank">https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/20180423_ceumc_opening_remarks_at_dvd_milex_18.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Reykers, Yf (2019). "A permanent headquarters under construction? The Military Planning and Conduct Capability as a proximate principal". 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