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Cacán language
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<h2 id="varieties">Varieties</h2> <h3>Loukotka (1968)</h3> <p>Varieties classified by Loukotka (1968) as part of the Diaguit language group:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Diaguit - extinct language once spoken by many tribes in the Argentine <a href="/facts/Catamarca_Province/3rog9lX8">province of Catamarca</a>. All the survivors are now Quechuanized. Dialects, all extinct: <ul><li>Quilme - once spoken by the <a href="/facts/Quilmes_people/W3kKvcFG">Quilmes people</a>, originally from neighboring <a href="/facts/Tucum%25C3%25A1n_Province/buWLWCaf">Tucumán Province</a>, later relocated to the city of <a href="/facts/Quilmes/JyaaRE1y">Quilmes</a>, <a href="/facts/Buenos_Aires_Province/HkAcQKBN">Buenos Aires Province</a></li> <li>Yocabil - once spoken in Catamarca in the Yocabil Valley.</li> <li>Andalgalá - once spoken around the city of <a href="/facts/Andalgal%25C3%25A1/ExMauX03">Andalgalá</a>, Catamarca.</li> <li>Abaucan or Tinogasta - once spoken in the <a href="/facts/Abauc%25C3%25A1n_River/L7ujVaqx">Abaucán</a> Valley, Catamarca.</li> <li>Pasipa - once spoken in the Vicioso Valley, Catamarca.</li> <li>Ancasti - once spoken in the Sierra de <a href="/facts/Ancasti/WM41z2P7">Ancasti</a>, Catamarca.</li> <li>Hualfin - once spoken in the <a href="/facts/Hualfin/1FIMdpUl">Hualfin</a> Valley, Catamarca.</li> <li>Famatina - once spoken in the province of La Rioja in the <a href="/facts/Famatina/B2UCeng4">Famatina</a> Valley.</li> <li>Caringasta - once spoken <a href="/facts/Calingasta_Department/AkP7afHk">Calingasta</a> in the Anguco Valley, San Juan province.</li> <li>Sanogasta - once spoken in the province of La Rioja in the <a href="/facts/Sanogasta/tXQsGUzp">Sanogasta</a> Valley.</li> <li>Calian or Mocalingasta - once spoken in La Rioja province in the valley of Guadacol.</li> <li>Sanagasta - once spoken in the <a href="/facts/Sierra_de_Velasco/5QzPm61k">Sierra de Velasco</a>, La Rioja province.</li> <li>Musitian - once spoken in La Rioja province in the Sierra de los Llanos.</li> <li>Nolongasta - once spoken in the <a href="/facts/Chilecito/WlKm1Sr0">Chilecito</a> Valley, La Rioja province.</li></ul></li> <li>Calehaqui or Cacan or Tocaque - extinct language once spoken in Salta province, in the Quimivil and Santa María Valleys. Dialects are: <ul><li>Guachipa - once spoken in Salta Valley.</li> <li>Tolombon or Pacioca - once spoken in the province of Tucumán in the <a href="/facts/Tolombon/PcSKAL4j">Tolombon</a> Valley.</li> <li>Amaicha - once spoken in the Sierra de <a href="/facts/Aconquija/8P50aEht">Aconquija</a>, Tucumán province.</li> <li>Tucumán or Tukma - once spoken around the city of <a href="/facts/Tucum%25C3%25A1n/buWLWCaf">Tucumán</a>.</li> <li>Soleo - once spoken in Tucumán province north of the Tucumán tribe.</li></ul></li> <li>Cupayana or Capayana - extinct language once spoken in San Juan and La Rioja provinces.</li> <li>Amaná - once spoken around the city of <a href="/facts/Aman%25C3%25A1/sIB9j2GR">Amaná</a>, La Rioja province. (Unattested)</li> <li>Chicoana or Pulare - once spoken in <a href="/facts/Salta_Province/6MRV0l5y">Salta Province</a> in the <a href="/facts/Rosario_de_Lerma/A4tG2UUb">Lerma</a> Valley. (Unattested)</li> <li>Indama or Ambargasta - once spoken north of <a href="/facts/Salinas_Grandes/WacR67u1">Salinas Grandes</a>, Santiago del Estero province. (Unattested)</li> <li>Copiapó - once spoken around the city of <a href="/facts/Copiap%25C3%25B3/aWaHFSNn">Copiapó</a> in the province of Atacama, Chile. (Unattested)</li></ul> <h3>Mason (1950)</h3> <p><a href="/facts/John_Alden_Mason/dRf8c77z">Mason</a> (1950)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> lists the Diaguita subgroups of Abaucan, Amaycha, Anchapa, Andalgalá, Anguinahao, Calchaquí, Casminchango, Coipe, Colalao, Famatina, Hualfina, Paquilin, Quilme, Tafí, Tocpo, Tucumán, Upingascha, and Yocabil. Acalian, Catamarca, and Tamano are possibly also Diaguita subgroups according to Mason (1950). </p> <h2 id="vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2> <p>Cacán vocabulary possibly exists today in toponyms and local surnames, but the etymologies are often dubious. </p><p>Other known words include: </p> <ul><li><i>Ao</i>, <i>hao</i>, <i>ahao</i> — house</li> <li><i>Gasta</i> — town</li> <li><i>Kakanchik</i> (transcribed into Spanish: <i>cacanchic</i>) — name of a deity apparently of fertility</li> <li><i>Titakin</i> (transcribed to the Castilian <i>titaquin</i>) — lord and king</li> <li><i>Zupka</i> — altar, place of sacrifice.</li></ul> <p>Calchaqui words listed in Loukotka (1968):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>enxam</i> — head</li> <li><i>ma</i> — water</li> <li><i>tutu</i> — fire</li> <li><i>fil</i> — sun</li> <li><i>ki</i> — tree</li> <li><i>hua</i> — maize.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Calchaqui.pdf">Alain Fabre, 2005, <i>Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: CALCHAQUÍ</i></a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Cacan". Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2009-01-31. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218223104/http://www10.gencat.net/pres_casa_llengues/AppJava/frontend/llengues_detall.jsp?id=681&idioma=5" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120218223104/http://www10.gencat.net/pres_casa_llengues/AppJava/frontend/llengues_detall.jsp?id=681&idioma=5</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" target="_blank">/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317. <a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Mason" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Alden_Mason</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" target="_blank">/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>