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Conductive ink
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<h2 id="current-and-prospective-uses">Current and prospective uses</h2> <p>These inks are commonly used for RFID systems, the traceability of certain products and are expected to develop in the medical, veterinary, agri-food, access control and security fields, anode and cathode printing (e.g. for "printable" enzyme batteries or for the printing of piezoelectric devices printed flexible or elastic recovering energy from movement based on organic materials P(VDF-TrFE). </p><p>Around 2015, they began to be available on the industrial market on an industrial scale. At the end of the 2000s, elastic polymer inks could already be used in "soft robotics". In the future, nanoinformatics hopes to be able to print functional electronic microcircuits, for example for nanorobots or microrobots. </p><p>Some (at Harvard University and MIT) have developed "biosensitive" inks for temporary patches or for real so-called smart tattoos (printed <i>biosensors</i>). Once on or in the skin, the ink gives indications of temperature or health status, for example by turning from blue to brown depending on the sugar level in the interstitial fluid (see diabetes), or from purple to pink depending on the pH of the skin and changing intensity according to the salt level. Theoretically, such tattoos could remain invisible and only appear when the wearer is sick, or in a particular light. A tattoo could appear or change color in case of high UV or air pollution, etc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The health sector is often cited as an example but other uses are possible. </p> <h2 id="environmental-sustainability-issues">Environmental sustainability issues</h2> <p>In addition to the health risks associated with the production/use of nanoparticles, they could encourage an explosion in the marketing of a number of light display devices, as well as so-called "communicating" and/or "smart" surfaces, objects, buildings and vehicles thanks to the ease of printing presence, pressure and temperature sensors on a wide variety of media. Manufacturers argue that electronics will thus be lightened or even diffuse (the motherboard disappears in favor of printing on structural or exterior parts, replacing screens, microphones, keys, joysticks and buttons) which is presented as a source of savings. But a "rebound effect" is <i>a priori</i> foreseeable in terms of resource and electricity consumption. The market for conductive inks for the automotive industry is expected to grow from €100 million in 2019 to €2 billion in 2024. From 30 to 40 today, the number of sensors in a car could increase to a hundred without weighing down the vehicle. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Circuit_Scribe/W0haXfKu">Circuit Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Etching/PM0FmoSb">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Organic_solar_cell/JYasD3Ld">Organic solar cell</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Teledeltos/JDoapdvf">Teledeltos</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Steven Osborn (September 17, 2013). Makers at Work: Folks Reinventing the World One Object Or Idea at a Time. Apress. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-1-4302-5992-3. <a href="978-1-4302-5992-3" target="_blank">978-1-4302-5992-3</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Orts Mercadillo, Vicente; Chan, Kai Chio; Caironi, Mario; Athanassiou, Athanassia; Kinloch, Ian A.; Bissett, Mark; Cataldi, Pietro (September 19, 2022). "Electrically Conductive 2D Material Coatings for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: A Comparative Review of Graphenes and MXenes". Advanced Functional Materials. 32 (38): 2204772. arXiv:2207.06776. doi:10.1002/adfm.202204772. S2CID 250526258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202204772" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202204772</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Khan, Junaid; Mariatti, M. (November 20, 2022). "Effect of natural surfactant on the performance of reduced graphene oxide conductive ink". Journal of Cleaner Production. 376: 134254. Bibcode:2022JCPro.37634254K. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134254. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 252524219. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622038264" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622038264</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Khan, Junaid; Jaafar, Mariatti (November 2021). "Reduction efficiencies of natural substances for reduced graphene oxide synthesis". Journal of Materials Science. 56 (33): 18477–18492. Bibcode:2021JMatS..5618477K. doi:10.1007/s10853-021-06492-y. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Khan, Junaid; Mariatti, M; Zubir, Syazana A; Rusli, Arjulizan; Manaf, Asrulnizam Abd; Khirotdin, Rd Khairilhijra (January 29, 2024). "Eco-friendly alkali lignin-assisted water-based graphene oxide ink and its application as a resistive temperature sensor". Nanotechnology. 35 (5): 055301. Bibcode:2024Nanot..35e5301K. doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ad06d4. PMID 37879329. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Khan, Junaid; Mariatti, M; Zubir, Syazana A; Rusli, Arjulizan; Manaf, Asrulnizam Abd; Khirotdin, Rd Khairilhijra (January 29, 2024). "Eco-friendly alkali lignin-assisted water-based graphene oxide ink and its application as a resistive temperature sensor". Nanotetopchnology. 35 (5): 055301. Bibcode:2024Nanot..35e5301K. doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ad06d4. PMID 37879329. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lv, Songwei; Ye, Siyuan; Chen, Chunling; Zhang, Yi; Wu, Yanhong; Wang, Yiqing; Tang, Runli; De Souza, M. M.; Liu, Xuqing; Zhao, Xiubo (2021). "Reactive inkjet printing of graphene based flexible circuits and radio frequency antennas". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 9 (38): 13182–13192. doi:10.1039/D1TC02352G. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD1TC02352G" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD1TC02352G</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Zhu, X.; Liu, W.; Shuang, S.; Nair, M.; Li, C. -Z. (January 1, 2017), Narayan, Roger J. (ed.), "6 - Intelligent tattoos, patches, and other wearable biosensors", Medical Biosensors for Point of Care (POC) Applications, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 133–150, ISBN 978-0-08-100072-4, retrieved December 31, 2024 <a href="978-0-08-100072-4" target="_blank">978-0-08-100072-4</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>