Organization workshop

<h2 id="field-of-study">Field of study</h2>
de Morais' initial observation was that people, forced by circumstances and sharing one single resource base, learn to organize in a complex manner, involving a <a href="/facts/Division_of_labor/eA9MVGzB">division of labor</a>. During the seminal (1954 <a href="/facts/Recife/mQ8gf1QL">Recife</a>, Brazil) event which he attended, a large group of activists had gathered in an ordinary town house, where "the cramped conditions of the house, combined with the need for secrecy so as not to arouse the suspicion of the police, ... imposed on the group a strict organizational discipline in terms of division and synchronization of all the tasks needed for such an event".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The subsequent finding that little was learned about the event's supposed topic but instead, "an enormous lot about organization" became the inspiration and starting point for the design of what eventually was to become the organization workshop. Building on this, subsequent Moraisean practitioners corroborated de Morais' original finding that "organization" is not taught but "achieved" by a properly composed large group.[11]

 
The OW field of study in the broadest sense is <a href="/facts/Social_psychology/VfEKM8U0">social psychology</a>, the discipline that bridges the gap between <a href="/facts/Psychology/duoqW7Sz">psychology</a> and sociology. Because the OW large group approach is <a href="/facts/Cultural-historical_activity_theory/G82AqkQ4">Activity-based</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> it stands out in a field notable for a long tradition of <a href="/facts/Behaviorism/8DHljqrh">behaviorism</a>-based "small group" approaches, such as <a href="/facts/Group_dynamics/Jo0C0Dfa">group dynamics</a> and <a href="/facts/T-groups/CE3n4AEo">T-group</a> training.
"Activity-based" means that for people to learn, a real object has to be actually present; as Jacinta Correia puts it: "to learn how to ride a bike, you need a bike to ride on".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Thus, for a large group to learn how to manage a complex<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> enterprise, it has to have a complex enterprise to manage. In the OW context, this means that a group averaging 150, many of whom often with lower levels of education, are actively engaged, for an entire month, in (a) productive or service provision enterprise(s). For all the apparent, e.g., <a href="/facts/Training/K6REWYIn">on-the-job training</a> and <a href="/facts/Action_learning/aNPNQEp3">action learning</a> parallels, the OW's defining features are not only the need for a cooperative large group and the creation of (a) complex, real enterprise(s), but, principally, the position of the trainer and the way in which training messages are communicated. In OW-learning, the trainer's role is merely subsidiary (known as "scaffolding" in activity theory).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> In other words, it is not the trainer/instructor, but "the object that teaches".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
In South America, its place of origin, this approach is known as the Método de Capacitación Masiva (MCM)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> or <a href="/facts/Large-group_capacitation/lkF9pWNF">large-group capacitation</a> method (LGCM).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="international-scope">International scope</h2>
The OW originated in Brazil with de Morais' 1954 Recife workshop. In the wake of the <a href="/facts/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat/FFyIeSUm">coup d'état</a> of March 1964, de Morais went into a 23-year exile in Chile, and the OW spread from there in the late sixties. After specializing in Cultural Anthropology (<a href="/facts/Santiago_University/paoAQon5">Santiago University</a>) and in Land Reform at the ICIRA (Capacitation and Research Institute for Agrarian Reform Institute), de Morais became consultant for international and national development institutions and NGOs. Since then, the organization workshop has become a constant in a number of agrarian reform efforts in Latin America and (community) development projects elsewhere. From Chile, the OW spread to Costa Rica, Mexico, Panamá, Colombia, El Salvador, Venezuela, Ecuador, Honduras, Peru, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Brazil, the Caribbean, a number of African countries as well as Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> In 2015, for the first time in the UK, a pilot OW took place at 'Marsh Farm' urban housing Estate, Luton (near London) as part of a government supported Enterprise and Job creation project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h2 id="impact">Impact</h2>
<h3>During an OW</h3>
Running an OW requires both a facilitators' enterprise (FE) and a participants' enterprise (PE), originally called "primary" and "secondary" structures by de Morais and called respectively "crew" and "team" in, for example, the SABC-televised Kwanda OWs in South Africa in the noughties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>[35]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> The FE is the framework set up for all organizational and learning activities before, during and after the Workshop. It is created before the workshop and remains in place after it closes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> The participants' first job, in turn, is to set up a PE which, usually after a period of trial and error referred to as anomie by de Morais,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> starts organizing work, subject to negotiation of a contract with the FE. Work delivered during the OW is then paid from the development fund<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> at market rates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> 
Lectures on the "theory of organization" (TO)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> are an integral and compulsory part of the OW process. These lectures (1 ½ hours a day for two weeks) are meant to enable members of the PE to gain a perspective on their historical, social and economic context, on the working of the market economy, on current patterns and models of organization, as well as insights in individual and collective behavior. 
Skills acquired include practical enterprise organization and management skills including labor and time management, financial record-keeping and reporting, planning, quoting and tendering for work, vocational skills such as e.g. building, welding, tailoring, farming, catering or IT skills, and literacy and numeracy development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

<h3>Post-OW</h3>
Sponsoring bodies since the 1960s have ranged from United Nations organizations to local and international development agencies and NGOs, among them <a href="/facts/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization/13WV8JJK">FAO</a>, <a href="/facts/International_Labour_Organization/Lek9y8b6">ILO</a>, <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Development_Programme/y3gpXUHD">UNDP</a>, <a href="/facts/Terre_des_hommes/zyqW0JSv">terre des hommes</a>, <a href="/facts/Concern_Worldwide/zv7paru3">Concern Worldwide</a>, <a href="/facts/Catholic_Relief_Services/XB99GgCe">Catholic Relief Services</a>, <a href="/facts/Hivos/uC6CAdtf">Hivos</a> and <a href="/facts/Norwegian_People%27s_Aid/QWB53Lvo">Norwegian People's Aid</a>, Redd Barna and, recently e.g. in South Africa, the Soul City Institute and government departments such as South Africa's Department of Social Development.
Correia considers drawing up a correct quantitative, let alone qualitative balance sheet of the OW experience a "virtually impossible" task. Based on results of qualitative research into the OW she conducted, she tentatively "ventures some conservative estimates": 15% of OW participants are estimated to subsequently start an enterprise of one kind or another which, in the case of Brazil – (anno 2000, the publication year of 'A Future') – amounts to 9,000 enterprises.

An additional estimated 30% (equivalent to 8,000 persons) subsequently find work. Counting in family members, she arrives at 27,000 persons who, in her research sample, "have drawn some economic benefit from the OW, ... at an estimated unit cost of a mere $16 per person".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Andersson similarly estimates the impact of the 2009–10 Kwanda program in South Africa: 5,000 participants; 200,000 community member beneficiaries; 2,000,000 viewers and listeners reached per week.[47]
The OW's "massive" claim – (re: Capacitación 'Masiva' in Spanish/Portuguese)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> – is at its most visible when, as in the case of Brazil, Honduras or Costa Rica, it is run on a regional or national basis (known as PROGER/PRONAGER or National Job & Income Generation Program)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> which, in de Morais' mind, ought to be the OW's default mode: 110,946 people participated in 282 OWs in Brazil from 2000 to 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> The report further cites 3,194 resulting enterprise start-ups and 25,077 new jobs; 22,000 participated in 104 São Paulo PAE (Self-Employment) Program from 1996 to 1998, resulting in 711 new enterprises, including People's Banks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> 27,000 Hondurans and other nationals participated in more than 200 OWs during the 1973–1976 national PROCCARA Program in Honduras<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> which led to the creation of 1,053 new enterprises, some of the bigger ones still operating today (see e.g. Hondupalma below).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> 6,000 Cooperative (INSCOOP) workers graduated under the 1979 POR/OIT/PNUD/007 Program (Portugal).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> The Costa Rica (2010–13) <a href="/facts/Brunca/P3vL4waP">Brunca Region</a> GERMINADORA Project<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> was decreed a "Project of Public Interest" by President Chinchilla Miranda in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> In 2015, 411 persons participated in the Westonaria (S. Africa) Organization Workshop, originally planned for 350.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>
Long-term survival rates of OW-initiated enterprises—(as compared to conventional <a href="/facts/Micro-enterprise/uImlQ0xM">micro-enterprises</a>, where failure rates allegedly may be as high as 80% in their first year of operation).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a>—are exemplified by e.g.: 13 surviving—in 2000—Costa-Rican cooperatives;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> the Honduran—(ex-1970s PROCCARA campaign)—<a href="/facts/Palm_oil/n8zHXqoG">palm oil</a> growing and processing plants Hondupalma,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> Salama<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> and Coapalma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> In 1999 the Costa Rican Coopesilencio cooperative celebrated its 25th year of operation with a book by Barrantes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> Since then, Coopesilencio has added <a href="/facts/Eco-tourism/JPq6Vyz2">eco-tourism</a> to its activities.

<h2 id="controversy">Controversy</h2>
The activity-based OW approach stands out from mainstream behaviorism-based small group approaches. That is by itself a potential source of controversy in both academia and accepted field practice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>
Critique of the OW (and, indirectly, of de Morais) has come from both <a href="/facts/Left-wing_politics/JUcz1kvS">left</a> and <a href="/facts/Right-wing_politics/CVoubHMm">right</a>, the latter, wary of de Morais' conceptual mode and language "throwback to the 50s" in which de Morais' original Theory of Organization is couched, "felt that his ideas needed rejecting".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> Nonetheless, his format was readily accepted by international organizations over the decades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> Van Dam<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> adds that the Latin American "bourgeois establishment" clearly saw peasant autonomy brought about by the OW as "a threat to the established order" and did all in their power to disrupt it, for example by withholding state support.
The "institutional left", broadly defined as countries identifying, pre 1989, with the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Bloc/12f32hA7">Eastern Bloc</a>, including Cuba, never embraced de Morais' autonomous job creation and income generation method. Revolutionary Nicaragua did allow the 1980 COPERA or "Capacitation Project for the Organization of Producers and Job Creation" OW pilot project, sponsored by the ILO and the Nicaraguan Institute for Agrarian Reform,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> which was to become the mould for a nationwide Nicaraguan SIPGER (Job & Income Generation System), on the Honduran model, but the Sandinista government cut short the project on 29 December 1980, with a memorandum critical of the OW: "those Experimental Laboratories<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> contribute to the bourgeois mindset in capitalist countries" while "surplus production serves the particular group and not the national interest".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> Van Dam concurs by noting that a revolutionary Sandinista government, beset by internal economic crisis, conflict with neighboring States and a Contra uprising, felt that it needed to be strongly 'in control' of the political process, including 'popular participation'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a>
A second strand of "left" criticism tends to come, on the one hand, from the ideological 'hard' left "whose trenchant criticism of de Morais derives partly from [this] apparent neglect of the exploitative features of the <a href="/facts/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)/3mYB4kAw">capitalist mode of production</a>, while there is open admiration for [the OW's] organizing method"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> and, on the other hand, from what could be broadly termed the "<a href="/facts/Liberation_theology/NUBWPsjS">liberation theology</a>/<a href="/facts/Paulo_Freire/Kg8zt3nz">Freirean</a> <a href="/facts/Critical_consciousness/awv2HHDY">conscientization</a>" stream of practice, which de Morais encountered when working with the MST (Landless Workers) Movement in Brazil. Morais (sometimes also spelled "Moraes") – typically is criticized by this group for, among other things, being too "rigid and dogmatic". The latter's critical views tend to express a preference for Freirean-inspired <a href="/facts/Critical_pedagogy/K8zu22JY">critical pedagogy</a> <a href="/facts/Critical_consciousness/awv2HHDY">consciousness-raising</a> and <a href="http://www.liberationhealth.org/documents/freiresummarysimmons.pdf">"root cause"</a>-finding approaches<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> whereas de Morais' method focuses on "organizational" consciousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>
Sobrado points to another source of resistance to the OW, which does not necessarily come from either left or right, but is rooted, instead, in the status quo, perceived to be threatened by "a sure fire way of developing the capacities of the poor". This "annoys the organizations and institutions that appear to operate according to a more or less cleverly disguised <a href="/facts/Clientelism/dfykKjXh">clientelist</a> hidden agenda".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>
The anthropologist Josh Fisher's 2010 detailed Génesis case study Building Consciousness: The Organization Workshop Comes to a Nicaraguan Cooperative can be counted as a critique of the OW. Fisher argues that "the most illuminating aspect of the Génesis OW...is not its success or failure, narrowly defined, but rather the unintended consequences [of the OW] that have originated in large part from the space between the actual existing social and organizational dynamics in the Génesis cooperative before the workshop, on the one hand, and the OW's model for those dynamics, on the other."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Aleksei_N._Leontiev/eH0IJAqx">Aleksei N. Leontiev</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Clodomir_Santos_de_Morais/moyXxn2t">Clodomir Santos de Morais</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Experiential_learning/pY6Tj9Ev">Experiential learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Zone_of_proximal_development/pIfSH1hG">Zone of proximal development</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
<ul><li>Andersson, Gavin (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ">Unbounded Governance: A Study of Popular Development Organization</a>. UK: Open University.</li>
<li>Andersson, Gavin (2010). <a href="http://www.seriti.org.za/index.php/kwanda-downloads/file/116-kwanda-an-axample-of-civic-driven-change">KWANDA. An example of Civic Driven Change?</a>. South Africa: Seriti Institute.</li>
<li>Andersson, Gavin; Richards, Howard (2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215651/http://unboundedorganization.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Unbounded-published-in-Africanus.pdf">"Bounded and Unbounded Organization"</a> (PDF). Africanus. AFRICANUS South Africa Vol 42, Nr 1, pp. 98-119. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-615X">0304-615X</a>. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.</li>
<li>Andersson, Gavin (2013). <a href="http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/chapter%208%20activity%20theory%201012ga.pdf">The Activity Theory Approach</a> (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: (pre-booklaunch) chapter from Unbounded Organization:Embracing Societal Enterprise.</li>
<li>Andersson, Gavin; Richards, Howard (2015). <a href="http://www.dignitypress.org/dignity-press-books/unbounded-organizing-in-community/92-unbounded-organizing-in-community">Unbounded Organizing in Community</a>. World Dignity University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781937570606.</li>
<li>Araújo, Sebastão Lopes (2009). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105113543/http://www.stds.ce.gov.br/phocadownload/trabalhoscientificos/dissertacao/dissertacaosebastiao.pdf">A Metodologia da Capacitação Massiva como Instrumento de inclusão social: Estudo de caso – The Large Group Capacitation Methodology as an Instrument of social inclusion: a case study</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil: Ceará State University, Br. Archived from <a href="http://www.stds.ce.gov.br/phocadownload/trabalhoscientificos/dissertacao/dissertacaosebastiao.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.</li>
<li>Carmen, R; Labra, I.&I.; Davis, M. (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs7EAQAACAAJ">Learning from Brazil. Proceedings of the Manchester Conference of 23rd March 1998 & the Synchronous & Asynchrononous online virtual conferencing</a>. Manchester University UK: Manchester Monographs #38. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780902252295.</li>
<li>Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: <a href="/facts/Zed_Books/Rbb3zIvP">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688">10.1.1.695.1688</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781856497022.</li>
<li>Correia, Jacinta CB (2001). Comunicación y Capacitación en Empresas Autogestionarias surgidas de Laboratorios Organizacionales – Communication and Capacitation in the Selfmanaging Enterprises resulting from Organization Workshops (PhD thesis) (in Spanish). Mexico: Chapingo University.</li>
<li>Correia, Jainta JB (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLmiPgAACAAJ">Comunicação e Capacitação – Communication and Capacitation</a> (in Portuguese). Brasilia, Br: IATTERMUND.</li>
<li>Correia, Jacinta CB (2007). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115048/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/learning%20with%20africa-the%20case%20of%20mozambique.pdf">Learning with Africa: the Case of Mozambique</a> (PDF). Goa (India): Presentation made in Jan 2006 at the 'African Diaspora in India 'TADIA' meeting. Archived from <a href="http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/learning%20with%20africa-the%20case%20of%20mozambique.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</li>
<li>IICA, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (1977). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdgOAQAAIAAJ&q=%22El+caso+de+la+cooperativa+El+Tigre%22&pg=RA5-PA14">Seminario de Analisis y Evaluación de Laboratorios Experimentales – Experimental Workshops Analysis and Evaluation Seminar</a> (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica 12-16 Dec. 1977: PRACA Training and Study Program on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development in the Central American Isthmus.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)</li>
<li>IICA, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (1979). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COJogwqiMJIC&q=Instituto+Interamericano+de+Ciencias+Agricolas+IICA+SENA+Colombia&pg=PR1">Laboratorio Experimental de Capacitación en Organización – Experimental Workshop on Organizational Capacitation</a> (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje.</li>
<li>Labra, Iván (1992). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34Np73i-06EC&q=labra+psicologia+social+necesidad+responsabilidad&pg=PA3">Psicología Social: Responsabilidad y Necesidad – Social Psychology. Responsibility and Need</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/facts/LOM_Ediciones/LflW6zHh">LOM Ediciones</a>. Chile. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9567369526.</li>
<li>Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2012). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf">The Organization Workshop Method</a> (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: Integra Terra Network Editor. Archived from <a href="http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/ow%20method%20laboratories.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016.</li>
<li>Labra, Iván (2014). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145030/http://www.integraterra.org/Repository/Theory/Critique.pdf">A Critique of the Social Psychology of Small Groups & an Introduction to a Social Psychology of the Large Group</a> (PDF). IntegraTerra – Chile: (pre-booklaunch) Chapter I. Archived from <a href="http://www.integraterra.org/Repository/Theory/Critique.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.</li>
<li>de Morais, Clodomir, Santos (1979). <a href="http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=110280555&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E83a9d4a3-684,I250,B341720009+,SY,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R130.88.52.180,FN">Apuntes de teoría de la organización – Notes on theory of Organization</a> (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: PNUD, OIT-NIC/79/010, COPERA Project.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</li>
<li>de Morais, Clodomir, Santos (1987). Objective conditions and subjective factors. PhD Thesis (in Spanish). Rostock GDR. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75042725">75042725</a>.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</li>
<li>Silveira, Caio, M.; et al. (1997). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213825/http://www.estantevirtual.com.br/emanalivros/Caio-Marcio-Silveira-Outros-Metodologias-de-Capacitacao-Cefe-Ge-14020777">Metodologias de Capacitação – Cefe, Gespar, Capacitação Massiva – Methods of Capacitatio – Cefe, Gespar, Large Group Capacitation Method</a>. Rio de Janeiro: FASE. Archived from <a href="http://www.estantevirtual.com.br/emanalivros/Caio-Marcio-Silveira-Outros-Metodologias-de-Capacitacao-Cefe-Ge-14020777">the original</a> on 11 January 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</li>
<li>Sobrado, Miguel; Stoller, Richard (September 2002). "Organizational Empowerment versus Clientelism". Latin American Perspectives. 29 (126/5): 7–19. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.197.8588">10.1.1.197.8588</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X0202900502">10.1177/0094582X0202900502</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154854178">154854178</a>.</li>
<li>Sobrado, Miguel; Rojas, Juan José Herrera (2006). EUNA (ed.). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110616/http://www.tau.org.ar/upload/89f0c2b656ca02ff45ef61a4f2e5bf24/Herrera.pdf">America Latina: crisis del Estado clientelista y la construcción de repúblicas ciudadanas – Latin America: crisis of the clientelist state and building the citizen republics</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Costa Rica. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9977-65-281-3. Archived from <a href="http://www.tau.org.ar/upload/89f0c2b656ca02ff45ef61a4f2e5bf24/Herrera.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 November 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li>
<li>Van Dam, C. (1982). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110043/http://ihder.org/BIBLIOTECA%20DIGITAL/Libros/EL%20LABORATORIO%20EXPERIMENTAL.pdf">EL LABORATORIO EXPERIMENTAL DE C. SANTOS DE MORAIS – UNA PEDAGOGIA PARA LA ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL – The Experimental Workshop of C. Santos de Morais – a pedagogy for social organization</a> (PDF). The Hague Netherlands: CESO. Archived from <a href="http://ihder.org/BIBLIOTECA%20DIGITAL/Libros/EL%20LABORATORIO%20EXPERIMENTAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 November 2013. For 'Experimental' see<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Ellerman, D (2001) <a href="http://www.ellerman.org/Davids-Stuff/Dev-Theory/HPHT-precis.pdf">Helping People Help Themselves: Toward a Theory of Autonomy-Compatible Help</a> Washington D.C.: World Bank Policy Research WP 2693</li>
<li>Engeström, Y. (2009) <a href="http://lchc.ucsd.edu/mca/Paper/Engestrom/expanding/intro.htm">Learning by Expanding: Ten Years After</a> Marburg BdWi-Verlag – NB. Although Engeström, – since 1987 a key internationally renowned Activity authority – does not have any known associations with the activity-based OW --, his 'Activity Triangle' goes a long way in elucidating OW processes – re: 'Engeström's Third Generation Contributions: a Concept of Activity Systems' in: Andersson 2013: p38-50</li>
<li>Langa, M and Von Holdt, K (2011) <a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/71121813/New-South-African-Review-2-New-Paths-Old-compromises'">Bokfontein amazes the nations'</a> Community Work Program (CWP), poverty alleviation and collective trauma healing in a marginal community in: Daniel J, Naidoo P, Pillay D and Southall R (eds.) New South African Review Two. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.</li>
<li>Ramafoko, L., Andersson, G., Weiner R. (2012) "Reality Television for Community Development. The Kwanda Initiative in South Africa" in:<a href="http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/362_ramafoko_andersson_weiner.pdf">Nordicom Review</a>[permanent dead link‍] 33 1. 1–162</li>
<li>Singer, Paul (2006) <a href="http://www.boaventuradesousasantos.pt/media/Chapter%201(3).pdf">"The Recent Rebirth of the Solidarity Economy in Brazil"</a> p. 3-42 in: Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (2006) Another Production is Possible: beyond the Capitalist Canon Verso, London. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1844670783</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgVF3ODWBv4">Organising for Good: The Story of Westonaria's Transformation</a> (Oct-Dec 2015 – S. Africa).</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lk0wPJ1HNFU">The story of Munsieville, Gauteng Prov. South Africa</a>.(5 June 2013).</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SaxNvVBDfks">Ivan Labra and the Organization Workshop/Ivan Labra y el Laboratorio Organizacional</a> (en/esp) (April 2012)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.steunpuntwonen.nl/www/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Kwanda-Amsterdam-Organising-for-Social-Change.pdf">Kwanda Amsterdam</a> Netherlands, (2015).</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sK3fPXFGjkA">Tres años de Germinadora / Three years of Germinadora Project</a> Costa Rica. (3 October 2013)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fqCagGHlWw">Capacitacion Masiva y Germinadora / Large-group Capacitation and the Germinadora Project</a> Costa Rica (22 May 2014).</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cfv32LYK5ZA">"Unbounded Organization" Part 1</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHcVY2pSi_s">Part 2</a> Gavin Andersson on Kurt Lewin and Lev Vygotsky – Part 1 & 2. (30 May 2013).</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, Ch. 2 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"or, as many as local conditions and the amount of 'common pool resources' that can be put at the disposal of the participants allow": de Morais in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 26; Seriti Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine: current field practice sees average numbers of around 150. - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Labra & Labra 2012, pp. 1 & 21: 850 took part in the Matzinho OW, Moz. - Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2012). The Organization Workshop Method (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: Integra Terra Network Editor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">see e.g. Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, pp. 209–10 on the nature of and need for autonomy. - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">de Morais 1987, p. 118 known also as 'the Inventory' or Common-pool resource. - de Morais, Clodomir, Santos (1987). Objective conditions and subjective factors. PhD Thesis (in Spanish). Rostock GDR. OCLC 75042725. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75042725" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75042725</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">de Morais 1979. - de Morais, Clodomir, Santos (1979). Apuntes de teoría de la organización – Notes on theory of Organization (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: PNUD, OIT-NIC/79/010, COPERA Project. <a href="http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=110280555&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E83a9d4a3-684,I250,B341720009+,SY,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R130.88.52.180,FN" target="_blank">http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=110280555&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E83a9d4a3-684,I250,B341720009+,SY,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R130.88.52.180,FN</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Apuntes de teoría de la organización (Book, 1979). [WorldCat.org]. OCLC 493557014. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">IICA 1979, pp. 1–37. - IICA, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (1979). Laboratorio Experimental de Capacitación en Organización – Experimental Workshop on Organizational Capacitation (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COJogwqiMJIC&q=Instituto+Interamericano+de+Ciencias+Agricolas+IICA+SENA+Colombia&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=COJogwqiMJIC&q=Instituto+Interamericano+de+Ciencias+Agricolas+IICA+SENA+Colombia&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Cherrett, Ian (1992). Notes to a Theory of Organization. Newcastle, UK: ETC. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 15 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">de Morais 1987, p. 19–23. - de Morais, Clodomir, Santos (1987). Objective conditions and subjective factors. PhD Thesis (in Spanish). Rostock GDR. OCLC 75042725. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75042725" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75042725</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">de Morais in Carmen & Sobrado 2000 p.32 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Labra 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLabra1994 (help) <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 19 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Andersson 2013. - Andersson, Gavin (2013). The Activity Theory Approach (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: (pre-booklaunch) chapter from Unbounded Organization:Embracing Societal Enterprise. <a href="http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/chapter%208%20activity%20theory%201012ga.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/chapter%208%20activity%20theory%201012ga.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 46 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Correia 1994. - Correia, Jainta JB (1994). Comunicação e Capacitação – Communication and Capacitation (in Portuguese). Brasilia, Br: IATTERMUND. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLmiPgAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yLmiPgAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">because based on the division of labor. <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" target="_blank">/wiki/Division_of_labor</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Andersson 2013, p.24 quoting Vygotsky n.59. - Andersson, Gavin (2013). The Activity Theory Approach (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: (pre-booklaunch) chapter from Unbounded Organization:Embracing Societal Enterprise. <a href="http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/chapter%208%20activity%20theory%201012ga.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/chapter%208%20activity%20theory%201012ga.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 209: the traditional relationship between trainee and instructor ceases to apply - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Andersson 2004, p.221-2 "de Morais' antecedent thought: Objectivised Activity". - Andersson, Gavin (2004). Unbounded Governance: A Study of Popular Development Organization. UK: Open University. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Correia 2007, p. 6: re: Objective Activity. - Correia, Jacinta CB (2007). Learning with Africa: the Case of Mozambique (PDF). Goa (India): Presentation made in Jan 2006 at the 'African Diaspora in India 'TADIA' meeting. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115048/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/learning%20with%20africa-the%20case%20of%20mozambique.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115048/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/learning%20with%20africa-the%20case%20of%20mozambique.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Andersson 2013. - Andersson, Gavin (2013). The Activity Theory Approach (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: (pre-booklaunch) chapter from Unbounded Organization:Embracing Societal Enterprise. <a href="http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/chapter%208%20activity%20theory%201012ga.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/chapter%208%20activity%20theory%201012ga.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Araujo, S. A metodologia da capacitação massiva [Large-group Capacitation Method] (PDF) (in Portuguese). <a href="http://ftp.lna.br/users/mabans/misc/on_is/sebastiao_araujo.pdf" target="_blank">http://ftp.lna.br/users/mabans/misc/on_is/sebastiao_araujo.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Sobrado & Rojas 2006, pp. 193–218. - Sobrado, Miguel; Rojas, Juan José Herrera (2006). EUNA (ed.). America Latina: crisis del Estado clientelista y la construcción de repúblicas ciudadanas – Latin America: crisis of the clientelist state and building the citizen republics (PDF) (in Spanish). Costa Rica. ISBN 9977-65-281-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110616/http://www.tau.org.ar/upload/89f0c2b656ca02ff45ef61a4f2e5bf24/Herrera.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110616/http://www.tau.org.ar/upload/89f0c2b656ca02ff45ef61a4f2e5bf24/Herrera.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Carmen & Sobrado 2000, pp. xv–xix "Translating 'latino' terms into English" & p.208: Capacitation and Discapacitation. - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Andersson 2004, p. 166–170 "Capacitation". - Andersson, Gavin (2004). Unbounded Governance: A Study of Popular Development Organization. UK: Open University. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 51. Part III – The OW in Practice. - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Labra & Labra 2012, p. 3. - Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2012). The Organization Workshop Method (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: Integra Terra Network Editor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">de Morais, C. Santos (1987). Botswana, a workshop on production organization. Rome,Italy: FAO FFHC –Freedom from Hunger Campaign – IDEAS & ACTION No. 175 (1987/4). pp. 8–17. OCLC 17537007. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Labra, Ivan, 2016 The Organisation Workshop at Marsh Farm, Luton, UK. Performance Report Archived 29 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Integraterra – the Network of OW Practitioners. <a href="http://www.integraterra.org/Repository/OWReports/UK/MFOWeng.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.integraterra.org/Repository/OWReports/UK/MFOWeng.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Imagine, 2016 Marsh Farm Organisation Workshop Evaluation Report <a href="https://coanalysis.blog.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/Final-Evaluation-Document_Summary.pdf" target="_blank">https://coanalysis.blog.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/Final-Evaluation-Document_Summary.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Ramafoko, Lebo; Andersson, Gavin; Weiner, Renay (September 2012). "Reality Television for Community Development – The Kwanda Initiative in South Africa". Glocal Times. 17/18 (17/18). <a href="http://ojs.ub.gu.se/ojs/index.php/gt/article/view/1297/1126" target="_blank">http://ojs.ub.gu.se/ojs/index.php/gt/article/view/1297/1126</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Labra & Labra 2012, p. 6. - Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2012). The Organization Workshop Method (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: Integra Terra Network Editor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">In South Africa, the OW was applied by, among others, the Seriti Institute, Soul City Institute and government departments such as South Africa's Department of Social Development. <a href="http://www.seriti.org.za/" target="_blank">http://www.seriti.org.za/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">I.& I. Labra in Carmen, Labra & Davis 1999 p 51-52 - Carmen, R; Labra, I.&I.; Davis, M. (1999). Learning from Brazil. Proceedings of the Manchester Conference of 23rd March 1998 & the Synchronous & Asynchrononous online virtual conferencing. Manchester University UK: Manchester Monographs #38. ISBN 9780902252295. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs7EAQAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs7EAQAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">de Morais 1987, p. 119. - de Morais, Clodomir, Santos (1987). Objective conditions and subjective factors. PhD Thesis (in Spanish). Rostock GDR. OCLC 75042725. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75042725" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75042725</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Van Dam 1982, p. 28. - Van Dam, C. (1982). EL LABORATORIO EXPERIMENTAL DE C. SANTOS DE MORAIS – UNA PEDAGOGIA PARA LA ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL – The Experimental Workshop of C. Santos de Morais – a pedagogy for social organization (PDF). The Hague Netherlands: CESO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110043/http://ihder.org/BIBLIOTECA%20DIGITAL/Libros/EL%20LABORATORIO%20EXPERIMENTAL.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110043/http://ihder.org/BIBLIOTECA%20DIGITAL/Libros/EL%20LABORATORIO%20EXPERIMENTAL.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Correia 2007, p. 9. - Correia, Jacinta CB (2007). Learning with Africa: the Case of Mozambique (PDF). Goa (India): Presentation made in Jan 2006 at the 'African Diaspora in India 'TADIA' meeting. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115048/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/learning%20with%20africa-the%20case%20of%20mozambique.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115048/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/learning%20with%20africa-the%20case%20of%20mozambique.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2008). "Der Organisationsworkshop-Ansatz: eine Großgruppenintervention für die Arbeit mit Basisgruppen" [The Organization Workshop approach to Work: a Large Group intervention with Base Groups]. In Königswieser, Roswita; Keil, Marion (eds.). Das Feuer großer Gruppen [The fire of large groups] (in German). Klett-Cotta. pp. 196–208. ISBN 9783791030432. <a href="9783791030432" target="_blank">9783791030432</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Labra & Labra 2012, p. 25 10.4. - Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2012). The Organization Workshop Method (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: Integra Terra Network Editor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">I. & I. Labra in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, pp. 118–120 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Andersson 2004, pp. 135–142. - Andersson, Gavin (2004). Unbounded Governance: A Study of Popular Development Organization. UK: Open University. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Labra & Labra 2012. - Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2012). The Organization Workshop Method (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: Integra Terra Network Editor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, pp. 199–200 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Sidney, Abel, de Souza (February 2006). "A Metodologia da Capacitação Massiva: uma alternativa à geração de emprego e renda" [A Mass Capacitation Methodology: an alternative to Job and Income Generation]. Revista Espaço Acadêmico (in Portuguese). 57. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023054837/http://www.espacoacademico.com.br/057/57souza.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131023054837/http://www.espacoacademico.com.br/057/57souza.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Nacif, Vera M.S. Programa Nacional de Generación de Empleo y Renta PRONAGER [National Program for Job and Income Generation] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazil: Departamento Cultural. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060236/http://dc.itamaraty.gov.br/imagens-e-textos/revistaesp8-mat3.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060236/http://dc.itamaraty.gov.br/imagens-e-textos/revistaesp8-mat3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">"PRODUZIR report" (PDF) (in Portuguese). FAO. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060355/https://www.fao.org.br/download/152009UTFBRA040BRA_AnexoITermoReferencia.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060355/https://www.fao.org.br/download/152009UTFBRA040BRA_AnexoITermoReferencia.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">"PRODUZIR Amazônia". Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060141/http://www.sudam.gov.br/programas-e-acoes/100-produzir-amazonia" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060141/http://www.sudam.gov.br/programas-e-acoes/100-produzir-amazonia</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Programa de Auto-Emprego – PAE (PDF) (in Portuguese). DIEESE. 2002. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023064915/http://www.dieese.org.br/dieese/projetos/SERT/relatorioEmpreendimentosPAE.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131023064915/http://www.dieese.org.br/dieese/projetos/SERT/relatorioEmpreendimentosPAE.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p188 (Ch.18) and p175-7 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Erazo, Benjamin; Fajardo, Allan (1980). El Proceso de Colectivización del Agro Hondureño [The collectivation process of the Honduran agrarian area] (in Spanish). Mexico: Centro de Estudios Superiores Tercer Milenio – CESTEM no 1. – quoted by de Morais 1987, p. 137 n.245 <a href="http://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocm19331011" target="_blank">http://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocm19331011</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Instituto Nacional Agrario-National Agrarian Institute (1974). Programa de Capacitación Campesina para la Reforma Agraria [Campesino Capacitation Program for Agrarian Reform] (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Government Printer. OCLC 24518003. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Labra & Labra 2012, p. 3. - Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2012). The Organization Workshop Method (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: Integra Terra Network Editor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115323/http://www.seriti.org.za/phocadownloadpap/OW/OW%20Method%20Laboratories.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Silveira 1997. - Silveira, Caio, M.; et al. (1997). Metodologias de Capacitação – Cefe, Gespar, Capacitação Massiva – Methods of Capacitatio – Cefe, Gespar, Large Group Capacitation Method. Rio de Janeiro: FASE. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213825/http://www.estantevirtual.com.br/emanalivros/Caio-Marcio-Silveira-Outros-Metodologias-de-Capacitacao-Cefe-Ge-14020777" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213825/http://www.estantevirtual.com.br/emanalivros/Caio-Marcio-Silveira-Outros-Metodologias-de-Capacitacao-Cefe-Ge-14020777</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Correia 2001, p. 147. - Correia, Jacinta CB (2001). Comunicación y Capacitación en Empresas Autogestionarias surgidas de Laboratorios Organizacionales – Communication and Capacitation in the Selfmanaging Enterprises resulting from Organization Workshops (PhD thesis) (in Spanish). Mexico: Chapingo University. <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p 152 (ch. 15) & 174 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Germinadora Project – Spanish <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055557/http://www.fundevi.ucr.ac.cr/pdf/13_05_TDR3_Dise%C3%B1o.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055557/http://www.fundevi.ucr.ac.cr/pdf/13_05_TDR3_Dise%C3%B1o.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">"Presidential Decree #37771 MP-MBSF QLD" (PDF). La Gaceta. 236: 3. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023143526/http://www.gaceta.go.cr/pub/2012/12/06/COMP_06_12_2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131023143526/http://www.gaceta.go.cr/pub/2012/12/06/COMP_06_12_2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Westonaria Organization Workshop[usurped] "W.O.W." p. 19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404044006/http://unboundedorganization.org/report-of-the-westonaria-organization-workshop-w-o-w/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160404044006/http://unboundedorganization.org/report-of-the-westonaria-organization-workshop-w-o-w/</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 201 quotes a 90% 1st year failure rate according to SEBRAE Archived 30 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine(Brazilian Micro Enterprise Support Service) - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Sobrado & Stoller 2002 quote: "This creates the conditions for the failure of those microenterprises (the failure rate in the first year is over 80 percent) and deepens the desperation of participants." - Sobrado, Miguel; Stoller, Richard (September 2002). "Organizational Empowerment versus Clientelism". Latin American Perspectives. 29 (126/5): 7–19. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.197.8588. doi:10.1177/0094582X0202900502. S2CID 154854178. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.197.8588" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.197.8588</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 56 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Hondupalma celebrated its 30th year of operation in 2012 <a href="http://www.proceso.hn/2012/08/25/Metr%C3%B3poli/Presidente.Lobo.participa/56457.html" target="_blank">http://www.proceso.hn/2012/08/25/Metr%C3%B3poli/Presidente.Lobo.participa/56457.html</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Palm Oil Producers in Honduras Salama p3 Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.minec.gob.sv/cajadeherramientasue/images/stories/fichas/honduras/hn-grasas-y-aceites-comestibles.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.minec.gob.sv/cajadeherramientasue/images/stories/fichas/honduras/hn-grasas-y-aceites-comestibles.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">"Coapalma abona L15 millones a Banadesa – Coapalma pays 15m lempiras to Bandesa". La Prensa. 3 January 2013. <a href="http://www.laprensa.hn/Secciones-Principales/Honduras/Regionales/Coapalma-abona-L15-millones-a-Banadesa" target="_blank">http://www.laprensa.hn/Secciones-Principales/Honduras/Regionales/Coapalma-abona-L15-millones-a-Banadesa</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Barrantes C., Victor J. (1998). La construcción de un sueño: Coopesilencio, 25 años después. Costa Rica: EUNA. ISBN 9789977651415. <a href="9789977651415" target="_blank">9789977651415</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Labra 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLabra1994 (help) <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Andersson 2004, p.60, p.249, p.262-9 "Small group Lewinian Social Psychology". - Andersson, Gavin (2004). Unbounded Governance: A Study of Popular Development Organization. UK: Open University. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">See also Andersson (2013) on Lewin and small group "bounded" approach in external links below. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 21. - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Andersson 2004, p. 130. - Andersson, Gavin (2004). Unbounded Governance: A Study of Popular Development Organization. UK: Open University. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Van Dam 1982, p. 61. - Van Dam, C. (1982). EL LABORATORIO EXPERIMENTAL DE C. SANTOS DE MORAIS – UNA PEDAGOGIA PARA LA ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL – The Experimental Workshop of C. Santos de Morais – a pedagogy for social organization (PDF). The Hague Netherlands: CESO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110043/http://ihder.org/BIBLIOTECA%20DIGITAL/Libros/EL%20LABORATORIO%20EXPERIMENTAL.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110043/http://ihder.org/BIBLIOTECA%20DIGITAL/Libros/EL%20LABORATORIO%20EXPERIMENTAL.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Bornstein, C.T. (1982). A Reforma Agraria en Nicaragua [Agrarian Reform in Nicaragua]. São Paulo, Brazil: Brasiliense. LCCN 83150674., quoted in de Morais 1987, p. 138. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" target="_blank">/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Van Dam was translated into Dutch in 1983 re: Het Experimenteel Laboratorium ISBN 9064432910. As for Experimenteel/Experimental: "LE/EW" – (or "EWTO" – Experimental Workshop on Theory of Organization) – was the early, and subsequently gradually abandoned name for the LO/OW see, e.g. Correia 2001, p. 144, Labra & Labra 2012, p. 2 and Van Dam 1982, pp. 69–72 5.6: Nature and reason for the artificial aspect of the Experimental Workshop. <a href="http://www.abebooks.co.uk/9789064432910/Het-Experimenteel-Laboratorium-Methodologie-Santos-9064432910/plp" target="_blank">http://www.abebooks.co.uk/9789064432910/Het-Experimenteel-Laboratorium-Methodologie-Santos-9064432910/plp</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">"Puntos de consideracion sobre la implementacion de Laboratorios Experimentales" [Points of consideration on the implementation of Experimental Laboratories] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093920/http://www.integraterra.org/Repository/Nicaragua/Evalnic.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093920/http://www.integraterra.org/Repository/Nicaragua/Evalnic.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Van Dam 1982, p. 58. - Van Dam, C. (1982). EL LABORATORIO EXPERIMENTAL DE C. SANTOS DE MORAIS – UNA PEDAGOGIA PARA LA ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL – The Experimental Workshop of C. Santos de Morais – a pedagogy for social organization (PDF). The Hague Netherlands: CESO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110043/http://ihder.org/BIBLIOTECA%20DIGITAL/Libros/EL%20LABORATORIO%20EXPERIMENTAL.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110043/http://ihder.org/BIBLIOTECA%20DIGITAL/Libros/EL%20LABORATORIO%20EXPERIMENTAL.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Andersson 2004, p. 148. Andersson singles out Kate Truscott's vocal criticism of de Morais at a SACNET -(Southern Africa Cooperative Network)- Seminar held in Harare in 1990. - Andersson, Gavin (2004). Unbounded Governance: A Study of Popular Development Organization. UK: Open University. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IeTeSAAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Thomaz, Fernanda (2009). A ORGANIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO CAMPONÊS NA VISÃO DE CLODOMIR SANTOS DE MORAIS – The Organization of rural labor according to Clodomir Santos de Morais (PDF) (in Portuguese). São Paulo, Brazil: XIXth Meeting of the Agrarian Geography group. pp. 1–16. <a href="http://www.geografia.fflch.usp.br/inferior/laboratorios/agraria/Anais%20XIXENGA/artigos/Thomaz_F.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.geografia.fflch.usp.br/inferior/laboratorios/agraria/Anais%20XIXENGA/artigos/Thomaz_F.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Carmen & Sobrado 2000, [organizational] which includes 'critical' consciousness re: Ch. 4 -From Freire to Clodomir Santos de Morais: from Critical to Organizational Consciousness. - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 21 - Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: Zed Books. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1688. ISBN 9781856497022. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.1688</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Fisher, Josh (2010). "Building Consciousness: The Organization Workshop Comes to a Nicaraguan Cooperative". Anthropology of Work Review. 31 (10): 71. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1417.2010.01043.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Van Dam was translated into Dutch in 1983 re: Het Experimenteel Laboratorium ISBN 9064432910. As for Experimenteel/Experimental: "LE/EW" – (or "EWTO" – Experimental Workshop on Theory of Organization) – was the early, and subsequently gradually abandoned name for the LO/OW see, e.g. Correia 2001, p. 144, Labra & Labra 2012, p. 2 and Van Dam 1982, pp. 69–72 5.6: Nature and reason for the artificial aspect of the Experimental Workshop. <a href="http://www.abebooks.co.uk/9789064432910/Het-Experimenteel-Laboratorium-Methodologie-Santos-9064432910/plp" target="_blank">http://www.abebooks.co.uk/9789064432910/Het-Experimenteel-Laboratorium-Methodologie-Santos-9064432910/plp</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Organization workshop open-in-new

Organization workshop